1.
Main objectives of the GGPR
• Provide a diagnosis of the state of environment
• Help the Indonesian government evaluate
progress on green growth goals
• Identify and share good practices and
innovative solutions in Indonesia
• Identify most pressing challenges holding back
green growth
• Provide targeted policy recommendations
to overcome these
2

2.
Economic growth has been
impressive
50
100
150
200
250
300
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2005=100
Real GDP in selected ASEAN countries, China and OECD, 2005-17
China (P.R.) Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand OECD
Source: OECD (2018), OECD National Accounts Statistics (database); World Bank (2018), World Development Indicators (database).

3.
Decoupling of energy use and GHG
emissions from economic growth
40
80
120
160
200
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
2005=100
Source: OECD (2016), “Greenhouse gas emissions by source”, OECD Environment Statistics (database); MfE (2016) Inventory Submission to
the UNFCCC; OECD (2016), OECD National Accounts statistics (database).
GDP
GHG emissions
(excl. land use)
Total GHG
emissions
(incl. land use)
Energy supply

4.
Indonesia is prone to natural
disasters
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
China
United States
India
Indonesia
Philippines
Viet Nam
Japan
Pakistan
Haiti
Mexico
Top 10 countries with the highest number of
reported natural disaster events
Climatological Geophysical Hydrological Meteorological
Source: CRED (2017), Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2016.

5.
AIR POLLUTION
6

6.
Air pollution is above WHO guidlines
7
9
6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
8 8
10 10 10 10 10
12 12 12 12 12
13 13 13
14 14
16 16 16 16 16 16 17
18
21 21 21
22
25 25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mean population exposure to PM2.5
OECD and BRIICS countries (2016), µg/m3
53
WHO guideline value
90
Source: IEA (2018), IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database).

7.
Selected recommendations
• Continue to develop air quality
monitoring systems
• Make information on air emissions
publicly available & develop a national
emissions inventory
• Update standards for industries
8

8.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
9PHOTO: Melissa Hobson, manta with plastic in Indonesia

9.
Waste management remains a
challenge
Landfilled
66%
Not
managed
20%
Composted
7%
Waste
bank
2%
Other
5%
Waste management in urban
areas, 2016
Source: MEF (2017), Peran Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Pelaksanaan Mitigasi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Sektor Limbah [The role of the regional
government in the implementation of GHG reduction targets in the waste sector], presentation, Jakarta 24 August 2017.
47%
53%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Status of landfills, 2017
Controlled landfills
Open-dump landfills

10.
Selected recommendations
• Close open dumps and expand public
waste services to 100% of the
population
• Strengthen enforcement to ensure that
the environmental standards are met in
the landfills
• Implement extended producer
responsibility
11

11.
WATER MANAGEMENT
12

12.
Access to water and sanitation is
improving
13
0
20
40
60
80
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
%ofhouseholds
Access to improved water sources and sanitation, 2006-17
Improved sources of drinking, bathing and cooking water Improved sanitation services
Source: BPS (2018), Environmental Pillar: Indicators of Sustainable Development 2018.

13.
Selected recommendations
• Develop long-term strategies to ensure
water security
• Enhance monitoring of groundwater levels
and enforcement of permits.
• Enhance water pollution prevention and
mitigation by improving sanitation facilities
and expanding centralised sewerage
networks in metropolitan areas
14

14.
15
CLIMATE CHANGE

15.
Indonesia plays an important role in
addressing climate change
Note: GHG emissions include emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry.
Source: CAIT Climate Data Explorer, Country Greenhouse Gas Emissions, World Resources Institute. MoEF (2018), Laporan
Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca dan MRV Nasional 2017 [GHG Inventory Report and National MRV 2017].
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE][CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
GHG emissions, top 20 world's emitters,
2014 and change in 2000-14

16.
GHG emissions are on the rise
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Mt CO2 eq
GHG emissions by sector (2000-16) and targets
Energy Industrial processes
Agriculture Waste
Forestry and other land use Peat fires
BAU
2020
BAU
2030
-26%
- 41%
- 29%
- 41%
BAU
-29%
-41%
Source: Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2018), Laporan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca dan MRV Nasional 2017 [GHG Inventory Report
and National MRV 2017].

17.
18
The electricity mix relies on coal,
increasing GHG emissions
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Korea
Indonesia
Australia
Estonia
Mexico
SaudiArabia
Netherlands
China
Israel
SouthAfrica
OECD
Japan
CzechRepublic
Germany
UnitedStates
Poland
Finland
Russia
Italy
SlovakRepublic
Ireland
Greece
Chile
Belgium
Spain
Turkey
Hungary
Argentina
Slovenia
Luxembourg
France
Austria
Switzerland
Denmark
UnitedKingdom
Brazil
NewZealand
Latvia
Canada
India
Sweden
Portugal
Norway
Iceland
gofCO2/kWh
Carbon intensity of electricity production, OECD and G20 countries, 2017
Source: IEA (2018), IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database).

18.
19
Investment in renewables needs to
accelerate
0
5
10
15
20
25
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
%
Share of renewables in primary energy supply (2007-25)
Biofuel Geothermal Hydropower Total renewables
Note: Excludes energy supply of biomass (mainly firewood and charcoal) and negligible quantities of solar and wind energy.
Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2018), Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2017.
Projected increase based
on past growth rates
Increase needed to
reach target
Target: 23%

19.
MAKING THE TRANSITION
MORE COST-EFFECTIVE

20.
21
There is room for better use of
environmental taxes
1.6%
0.8%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
% of GDP
Revenue from environmentally related taxes,
selected emerging economies, 2016
Source: OECD (2018), OECD calculations based on OECD Environment Statistics (database).

21.
Most GHG emissions from energy use
face no carbon price
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
CHE
LUX
NOR
FRA
GBR
IRL
ISL
SVN
NLD
KOR
GRC
ITA
AUT
ESP
DNK
DEU
FIN
PRT
SVK
SWE
BEL
CAN
ISR
HUN
LVA
POL
MEX
JPN
CZE
EST
TUR
USA
NZL
ARG
AUS
CHL
IND
ZAF
CHN
BRA
IDN
RUS
Carbon pricing gap at EUR 30 in 2015, OECD and G20 countries
Note: The carbon pricing gap measures how much countries fall short fall short of pricing CO2 emissions in line with a benchmark value for carbon
prices of EUR 30 (a low-end estimate of the climate damage from 1 tonne of CO2 emissions). Data refer to CO2 emissions from energy use only.
Source: OECD (2018), Effective Carbon Rates; IEA (2018), IEA CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics (database).
86% of CO2 emissions
from energy use face are
not priced

22.
Great progress in reducing subsidies
for fossil fuel consumption…
3.6%
0.8%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019*
IDR trillion
Government expenditure on energy consumption subsidies
Electricity LPG Kerosene Diesel Petrol
* Planned budget.
Source: Government of Indonesia (2017), Country submission to the G20 Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform Initiative.
% of GDP

23.
The land-use, ecosystems
and climate nexus

24.
• 10-15% of global flora and fauna
• One of the world’s largest tropical
forests
• 20% of mangroves
• 20% of coral reefs
One of the world’s most biodiverse
countries
25

25.
Deforestation is high, but declining
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
million ha
Ten countries with the largest average annual reduction in
forest cover
2010-15 2005-10
Source: FAO (2018), FAOSTAT (database).

26.
Deforestation has decreased since 2015
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Million ha
Net deforestation in Indonesia, 2012-17
-56%
Source: OECD (2018), OECD calculations based on OECD Environment Statistics (database).

27.
Protected areas need to expand to
reach the Aichi target
Source: OECD (2018), "Biodiversity: Protected areas", OECD Environment Statistics (database).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
% of
territory
Terrestrial protected areas in
selected G20 countries, 2018
Aichi target
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
% of the
EEZ
Marine protected areas in selected
G20 countries, 2018
Aichi target

28.
Terima kasih
Thank you