This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.

1. CHAPTER 6
Formulation of Hypothesis
By Niranjan H N

2. HYPOTHESIS
• The word hypothesis consists of two
words –Hypo+Thesis. ‘Hypo’ means
tentative or subject to the verification.
‘Thesis’ means statement about
solution of the problem.

3. HYPOTHESIS
 The word hypothesis consists of two words
–Hypo+Thesis. ‘Hypo’ means tentative or
subject to the verification. ‘Thesis’ means
statement about solution of the problem.

4. Definition by John W. Best
• “A hypothesis is a statement temporarily accepted
as true in the light of what is, at the time, known
about a phenomenon, and it is employed as a basis
for action in the search for new, truth, when the
hypothesis is fully established, it may take the form
of facts, principles and theories.”

5. Nature of Hypothesis:
(i) Conceptual: Conceptual elements in the framework are involved in a hypothesis.
(ii) Verbal statement in a declarative form: It is a verbal expression of ideas and
concepts. It is not merely mental idea but in the verbal form, the idea is ready enough for
empirical verification.
(iii) It represents the tentative relationship between two or more variables.
(iv) Forward or future oriented: A hypothesis is future-oriented. It relates to the future
verification not the past facts and information.
(v) Pivot of a scientific research: All research activities are designed for verification of
hypothesis.

6. Importance of a Hypothesis
Investigator’s
eyes
Focuses
research
Clear and
specific goals
Links together
Prevents blind
research
Guiding light

7. Other Importance
• It provides direction to research and prevent the review of irrelevant literature and the collection of useful or
excess data.
• It sensitizes the investigator certain aspects of situation which are irrelevant from the standpoint of problem at
hand.
• It enables the investigator to understand with greater clarity his problem and its ramification.
• It is an indispensable research instrument, for it builds a bridge between the problem and the location of
empirical evidence that may solve the problem.
• It provides the investigator with the most efficient instrument for exploring and explaining the unknown facts.
• It provides a framework for drawing conclusion.
• It stimulates the investigator for further research.

8. Parameters Of A Good Hypothesis
Ask
Ask Yourself
Questions
Be
Be Logical And
Use Precise
Language
Make
Make Sure Your
Hypothesis Is
Testable

9. Forms of Hypothesis
DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS
NON-DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS

10. Directional Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis connotes an expected direction in the relationship or difference
between variables.
This type of hypothesis developer appears more certain of anticipated evidence.
it reveals two possible conditions.
additional evidence is scarcely needed.
researcher has examined the variables very thoroughly and the available evidence
supports the statement of a particular anticipated outcome.
Example : There will be a positive relationship between extra coaching and academic
achievements

11. Non-Directional Hypothesis
This hypothesis is stated in the null form which is an
assertion that no relationship or no difference exists
between or among the variables.
Difference can be in any directions
Example : There will be a difference in adaptability of
fathers and mothers towards rearing of their children

12. Question form
Simplest level of empirical
observation.
It divides hypothesis forms into
acceptable / rejectable categories

13. Declarative Statement
• Provides an anticipated relationship or difference between
variables.
• It is merely a declaration of the independent variables effect on
the criterion variable.
• When researcher makes a positive statement about the outcome
if the study, the hypothesis takes the declarative form
• Ex: There will be a significant difference in the instructional
standards of Boys and girls in school

14. Null
Hypothesis
It is a negative statement.
It states that there is no relationship between variables
concerned
It can be tested statistically so it is termed as statistical
hypothesis
Also called testing hypothesis.
Denoted by H0.
EX: There is no significant change in an individual’s work
habits whether they get eight hours or nine hours of sleep.

15. Alternative
Hypothesis
Denoted by H1
An alternative hypothesis is a claim that is
contradictory to the null hypothesis. To
disprove a null hypothesis, researchers will
seek to discover an alternative hypothesis.
Work habits improve during the times when
one gets 8 hours of sleep only, as opposed to
9 hours of sleep only.

16. Logical Hypothesis
A logical hypothesis is a proposed explanation possessing limited
evidence.
In reference to these examples, there is currently no evidence to
support these hypotheses. However, we can form a hypothesis based on
the data available to us to draw a logical conclusion.
Ex: Beings from Mars would not be able to breathe the air in the
atmosphere of the Earth.

17. Predication Form Hypothesis
It allows the researcher worker to state
principles which he expects to emerge
from the experiment.
It is more useful in action
research studies.

18. Sources of hypothesis
Theory Observation
Institution &
Personal
Experience
Findings Of
Studies
Continuity Of
Research

19. What are the key components of a
hypothesis?
If [cause], Then [effect],
Because
[rationale].
A definition of the
problem, a
proposed solution,
and a result.

20. What is the format of a hypothesis?
A hypothesis often follows a basic format of:
“If {this happens} then {this will happen}.”
One way to structure your hypothesis is to describe what will happen to
the dependent variable if you make changes to the independent
variable.

21. Formulation of Testable
Hypothesis
Define
Define
Variables
Study
Study the
variables
Specify
Specify the
nature of
relationship
Identify
Identify
Study
Population
Make
Make sure
Variables
are testable

22. Example of
Hypothesis
Rewards increase reading
achievements
Rewards decrease reading
achievements
Rewards have no effect on
reading achievements

23. 1. Define Variables
What do you want
test?
Clearly defined
Quantifiable Measurable

24. Example
• Will you test that rewards increase reading
achievement? Or rewards decrease reading
achievement?

25. 2. Study In-
Depth the
Variables
Specify independent and
depedent variables
Rigorous questions
Ex: you need to intense
study how rewards increase
reading achievements?

26. 3. Specify the
nature of
relationship
Identify what relationship exist
between variables
What variable influence another
variable
Ex: How Rewards impact
achievements? If reward plays a key
role in reading achievements, then
reward is the independent variable.

27. 4. Identify
Study
Population
Target Population
The population in
research we mean the
entire group of individuals
is going to study.

28. 5. Make Sure
Variables are
Testable
The hypothesis would be worthless if its cant
be tested
Your research study must accept or reject a
variable.
Variables you must need to test.
Testable variables can only be accepted or
rejected.
Moreover, the sole aim of a research
hypothesis is to test variables in the long run.