2. Life as we know it is
carbon based.
A carbon atom can form
chemical bonds with other
carbon atoms in long
chains or rings called
hydrocarbon chains.
3. Carbon compounds in living organisms include:
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
8. The chemical process of joining
monomers to form polymers. At the end
of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom
and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer
is added, a molecule of water is given
off.
9. The chemical breakdown of
polymers into monomers through the
addition of water; essentially the
opposite of dehydration synthesis
11. Carbohydrates are energy-
rich macromolecules
made from carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
Cells use carbohydrates to
get and store energy.
Carbohydrates are also
called sugars or starches.
12. Plant cells store energy as starch.
Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches.
13. Carbohydrates function to provide quick and
short-term energy, regulate blood glucose,
breakdown fatty acids, and preserve muscles.
There are three basic types of carbohydrates:
monosaccharides (monomer – simple sugars
such as glucose), disaccharides (di=2,
includes lactose and maltose), and
polysaccharides (poly=many, includes starch,
glycogen, and cellulose/fiber).
15. Lipids are nonpolar
macromolecules made
mostly from carbon and
hydrogen that vary in
structure.
Lipids are made by cells
to store energy for long
periods of time.
16. Lipids function in long-term energy storage,
insulate against heat loss, as protective
cushions around organs, and often act as
chemical messengers in the body.
The basic types of lipids are triglycerides (fats
and oils), phospholipids (cell membranes),
steroids (cholesterol), and waxes (protective
coating on fruits).
17. Lipids are found
in fatty foods,
butter,
margarine, and
cooking oils, as
well as in some
vegetables
(spinach and
broccoli).
18. Proteins are very
large
macromolecules
made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.
Protein molecules
are made of
monomers (smaller
molecules) called
amino acids.
20. Proteins are the building blocks of living
materials. They are a major source of energy
and function in the composition of structural
parts such as keratin in hair and nails,
antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and
enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions)
The basic types of proteins are globular (more
water soluble; used in transporting, catalyzing,
and regulating), fibrous (form muscle fiber,
tendons, connective tissue and bone), and
membrane (relaying signals within cells, allowing
cells to interact, and transporting molecules).
21. Proteins are
found in meat,
eggs, nuts, and
cheese.
Proteins, such as
keratin, are also
found in the hair
and nails of
organisms.
22. Nucleic acids are macromolecules made of long,
repeating chains called nucleotides.
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the
information cells need to make all of their
proteins.
23. Nucleic acids function in the storage and
transmission of genetic information
(determines the phenotype of an organism)
and is therefore important in growth and
development as well as repair and
reproduction.
There are three types of nucleic acids:
DNA(contains the genetic code), RNA
(converts genes into amino acids that are
used to make proteins) and ATP (a nucleic
acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria
and used as the main storage unit of energy
in the cell).
24. Nucleic acids are
found in all living
organisms.
All meats, including
organ meats (liver),
and seafood contain
high levels of nucleic
acids. Conversely, dairy
products, breads and
nuts are considered
low-nucleic acid foods.
