1.  What is a Compound?
 Chemical combination of two or more
elements.
 What is a covalent bond?
 Electrons are shared between atoms.
 What are Van der Waals forces?
 A slight attraction between the
oppositely charged regions of nearby
molecules.

3.  The study of all compounds that contain
bonds between carbon atoms is called
organic chemistry.
 Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons,
which allows them to form 4 covalent
bonds with many other elements. Ex: H,
O, P, S, and N.
 Carbon can bond with other carbon
atoms to form almost unlimited chains.

4.  Carbon can form millions of complex
structures, no other element can do what
carbon can do.
 Carbon is COOL!

5.  They are made from hundreds and
thousands of smaller molecules.
 Polymerization – Large compounds are
built by combining smaller compounds
together.
 Monomers – Small unit that can join
together with other small units to form
polymers.
 Polymers – Large compound formed
from combinations of many monomers.

6. 1.)Carbohydrates
2.) Lipids
3.) Nucleic Acids
4.) Proteins

7.  Carbohydrate – Compounds made of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
 Living things use carbohydrates as a
main source of energy.
 Plants and some animals use
carbohydrates for structural support.
 The break down of a carbohydrate like
glucose provides immediate energy for
use in cells.

8.  Plants and animals store extra sugar as
complex carbohydrates known as
starches.
 Monosaccharide – single sugar molecules.
Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose
 Polysaccharide – Large macromolecules
formed from monosaccharaides.
Ex: Glycogen
 Instead of glycogen to store excess sugar
plants use something called cellulose,
which gives them strength and rigidity.

9.  Lipids – are made mostly
from carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
 Fats, oils, and waxes
 Lipids can be used to
store energy. Some lipids
are also important parts of biological
membranes.
 Steroids are lipids, many of which serve as
chemical messengers.

10.  Many lipids form when a molecule known as
glycerol combines with compounds called
fatty acids.
 If each atom in a lipids fatty acid chain is
joined to another carbon atom by a single
bond then it is saturated.
 If there is one double bond in the fatty acid
chain then it is unsaturated. Ex: Olive oil
 If there is more than one double bond in the
fatty acid chain then it is polyunsaturated.
Ex: Corn, sesame, canola, and peanut oil

11.  Nucleic Acids – macromolecules made
of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus.
 Nucleotides – consists of three parts; a
five carbon sugar, a phosphate group,
and nitrogenous base.
 Nucleic Acids store and transmit
hereditary, or genetic information.

12.  DNA or  RNA or Ribonucleic
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, has the sugar
Acid, has the sugar ribose.
deoxyribose.

13.  Proteins – macromolecules that contain
nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
 Amino Acids – are compounds with and
amino group (-NH2)on one end and a
carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other
end.
 The instructions of how to arrange amino
acids into proteins is stored in DNA.

14.  Some proteins control the rate of reactions
and regulate cell processes. Some are used
to form bones and muscle. Others transport
substances into or out of cell or help fight
diseases.

15.  1.) Sequence of amino acids in a protein
chain.
 2.) The amino acids in the chain start to
twist and fold.
 3.) The chain its self folds.
 4.) The arrangement and folding of
several amino acid chains.
 Van der Waals forces and hydrogen
bonds help maintain a proteins shape.