1. GRAMMAR BOOK Jacobo Nagy

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nacionalidades
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Af firmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Af firmative tu commands, irregulars, and pronoun
placement
11. Negative tu commands, irregulars, and pronoun placement
12. Sequencing Events

4. STEM-CHANGING VERBS
 Boot verbs change only inside the “boot”
 There are 4 types of boot verbs:
1. Oue – almorzar, costar, dormir, poder
2. Eie – entender, pensar, querer
3. EI – servir, repetir, pedir
4. Uue - jugar

5. PARA
Use “para” (for) to indicate…
 The recipient of items: El regalo para tu mamá
 Purpose: Vamos al restaurante para comer
 Implied Purpose: Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo

6. INDIRECT OBJECTS PRONOUNS
me nos Use Indirect Object Pronouns
to tell to whom or for whom.
te os
le les

7. PRONOUN PLACEMENT
IOP/DOP – 4 places:
 Before a conjugated verb
 Attach to infinitive
 Attach to gerund
 Attach to af firmative command

8. GUSTAR
me nos
Conjugate “gustar” to gustan if
the recipient is plural, and
conjugate to gusta if the
te os recipient is singular
2 or more infinitives? Still singular
le les
Gusta can come before an infinitive

9. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
Af firmatives Negatives
 Algo – Something Nada - Nothing
 Alguien – Someone Nadie – No One
 Algún/Alguno – Some Ningún/Ninguno – None
 Siempre – Always
 También - Also
In Spanish, it is correct
grammar to use double negatives.

10. SUPERLATIVES
 -Ísimo, -ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas
 Added to adjectives and adverbs
 Means “extremely” or “very” before adjective or adverb
 MaloMalísimo
 MuchasMuchísimas
 DifícilDeficilimo
Adjectives-Adverbs ending in c, g, or z change to qu, gu, and c
respectively
RicoRiquisísimo
LargaLarguísima
FelizFelicísima
 Adjectives and Adverbs ending in n or r = císimo/císima

11. REFLEXIVES
 In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object
 The person does and receives the action
 Subject, pronoun, and verb are all in the same form
 Example: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana
 Example: Ella se despierta muy temprano
1. Conjugate the verb
me nos
2. Add the reflexive pronoun
te os Position
1. In front of conjugated verbs
2. Attach to gerund
3. Attach to infinitive
se se * Reflexive pronoun shows that the
direct object is the same as the doer

12. AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS
 Positive (+) – 1 . put into second person
2. drop the “s”
 Irregulars (+)
DecirDi
HacerHaz
IrVe
PonerPon
SalirSal
SerSé
TenerTen
VenirVen
DI HAZ VE PON SAL SÉ TEN VEN!

13. NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS
 Negative (-) – 1 . put into “yo” form
2. change vowel
- are
- er/ira
3. add “s”
 Irregulars (-) –
1. T Tener no tengas
2. V Venir no vengas
3. D Dar/Decir no de/digas
4. I Ir no vayas
5. S Ser no seas Do not talk!
6. H Hacer no hagas Hablar
7. E Estar no estés 1. Hablo
8. S Saber no sepas 2. Hable
3. Hables
¡No Hables!