Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Bcs 040 Descriptive Statistics
1. Statistical Techniques BCS-040
Prepared by :Narayan
Thapa
Lecturer at Tribhuvan
University, Amrit Science
College(ASCOL)
Part time lecturer ICA
college 1
Descriptive Statistics
2. Introduction
Statistics is the science of art of learning from data
It is concerned with the collection of data, its subsequent description, and its
analysis, which often leads to the drawing of valid conclusions
It may be defined as the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation
of numerical data.
2
3. Descriptive statistics
The part of statistics concerned with the description and summarization
of data is called descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics measures the measure of location, measure of
dispersion, measure of skewness, measure of kurtosis etc.
3
4. Inferential statistics
The part of statistics concerned with the drawing of conclusion is called
inferential statistics
In inferential statistics; samples are taken from the population in such a
way that the drawn sample can represent the entire population
4
5. Data
Data are the raw materials
for final statistical conclusions
It can either be quantitative
or qualitative or attributes
5
7. Primary data
The data which are originally collected by investigator or researcher
for the first time for the purpose of statistical enquiry is called primary
data
It is collected by government, in individual, institution and research
bodies
It needs more fund, time and manpower
It is more reliable and suitable
7
8. Secondary data
The data that has been already collected for a particular purpose and
used for next purpose is called secondary data
It is not new and original data
These types of data are generally published in newspapers,
magazines, bulletins, reports, journals, website, radio etc.
8
9. Population
It is totality of units or items under study belonging to a particular a class
or group
For example children in a school, patients in a hospital, fruits in a tree,
fishes in a pond etc.
Population can be divided
into finite, infinite, homogeneous
population, heterogeneous
population
9
12. Construct the bar diagram of the following data
Month January February March
Number of
visitors
150 300 250
12
The following table shows the number of visitors to a park for the
months January to March.
23. Summarisation of data
Summarization is a key data mining concept which involves techniques
for finding a compact description of a dataset.
Some of the important measures are
a) Measure of central tendency
b) Measure of dispersion
23
24. Measure of central tendency
The single value that represents the characteristic of the entire data.
Such a value is called the central value or an average
The process of obtaining an average value from the entire data is
known as measure of central tendency
It is designed to measure the concentration of the value in the central
part of the distribution
It also enables us to compare two or more sets of data to facilitate
comparison
24
26. Mean or Average
26
Arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of all
observation is divided by the number of the
observation
It is also called Arithmetic average
28. Calculate the Arithmetic mean of the following
Income (Rs.): 1780, 1760, 1680, 1750, 1830, 1940, 1100, 1800, 1060,
1950
Variabes 15 20 25 30 40 45 49 50 54 55
Frequen
cy
2 5 6 7 1 3 4 6 1 1
Marks
obtained
10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of
students
4 5 7 10 12 6 3
28
29. Median
The variate value dividing the total number of observation into two
equal parts is called Median
The median divides the whole observation into two equal halves.
It is the positional average
It is denoted by Md
29
37. Calculate the median from the following data
Wages per
week
10 - 14 15- 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34
No of workers 4 7 8 3 4
37
38. Conversion of inclusive into exclusive class interval
To convert the inclusive series into exclusive series ;
Correction factor = (15-14)/2=0.5
This is added to the upper limit and subtracted from the lower limit of
the class. The exclusive class interval table is shown below
Wages per
week
9.5 – 14.5 14.5- 19.5 19.5 – 24.5 24.5 – 29.5 29.5- 34.5
No of workers 4 7 8 3 4
38
40. Calculate the median from the following data
Height(in
cm)
161-167 167-173 173-179 179-185 185-191 191-197
No. of
students
79 92 60 22 5 2
Marks
obtained
Below 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50 and
above
No. of
students
4 6 10 15 8 7
40
43. Measure of dispersion
Dispersion means scatter or spread
or variation
It is the descriptive statistical measure
which is used to measure the variation
or spread of the items from the central
value
43
44. Methods of studying dispersion
Range
Quartile deviation (or Semi-Inter Quartile Range)
Standard deviation
Mean deviation
Coefficient of variation
44
47. Standard deviation
47
Standard deviation is
defined as the positive
square root of the mean of
the squared deviations taken
from the mean. It is the
most important and widely
used measure of dispersion
or variability