Inorɡanic ppt (1).pptx

Introduction ,Types and natural
occurence of borates

Contents:
Introduction to borates
Importance of borates
Types of Borates Formed in the
Laboratory
Borates: An Integral Part of Nature
Types of Naturally Occurring
Borates
Harmful effects of borates

Introduction
Boron is the fifth element on the periodic table.The minerals that
naturally occur in nature containing this element are called
borates.
These are matallic salt of boric acid.
Oxygen and boron compounds are called borates .
Boron cannot exist by itself in nature.

Cont.…..
It has to combine with other elements, either forming boric acid or
inorganic salts, which are called borates.
Joined together via shared oxygen atoms and may be cyclic or linear
in structure.
BO3
3−is the simplest ion of borate.

Importance of borates :
stimulate plant growth
nhibit bacteria and fungi
increase crop yields
to remove stains
increase its resistance to heat and chemicals
to personal care products to prevent bacterial growth
as flame retardants

Types of Borates :
The types of borates are as follows:
1. Triborate anion
2. Tetraborate anion
3. Pentaborate anion
4. Hexaborate anion
5. In aqueous form, borates exist as near-neutral or acidic forms. An example of this form of borate
is boric acid.

1. Triborate anion:
The triborate anion is a six-member BO ring
(referred to as a boroxyl ring)
triborate B₃O₃-⁷, found in CaAIB₃O₇ .

2. Tetraborate anion:
The tetraborate anion is a bridged eight-
member B-O ring
sodium tetraborate, Na₂[B₄O₅(OH)₄].8H₂O,
which is commonly called borax, formula is
often written as Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O.

3. Pentaborate anion:
Consists of two six-member B-O rings sharing
a common boron atom.

4. Hexaborate anion:
Consists of three B-O rings that share three boron atoms and one oxygen atom.

5. Boric Acid:
Boric acid is a weak acid.
It exists as a colourless crystal or white powder.
Its molecular formula is H₃BO₃, and it has many antiviral, antifungal, and antiseptic properties.
Boric acids are highly soluble in water.
Boric acid naturally occurs in the environment. It can be found in soil, water, and plants.
Boric acid dissolves in water and can move with water through the soil.

Borates: An Integral Part of Nature
• Borates are integral part of the natural world,
present in water, rocks, soil, plants, and
people.
• The earth consists of trace amounts of more
than 200 minerals that contain boron.
Fiɡ 1 : Borates in natural resources

Types of Naturally Occurring Borates:
Ulexite: The chemical formula of ulexite
is NaCaB₅O₆(OH)₄·8H₂O, and it is read as hydrated sodium
calcium borate hydroxide.
They occur either as round crystals, which are white in colour
or as fibrous crystals, which are closely packed.It has some
unusual optical characteristics, due to which it is referred to as
‘TV rock’.
Fiɡ 2: Ulexite

Colemanite:
(CaB₃O₄(OH)₃H₂O) secondary mineral that forms by
alteration of borax and ulexite
It has many industrial uses, like the manufacturing of
heat resistant glass.
Deposits in parts of Turkey, the United States
(particularly Death Valley, Argentina,and Kazakhastan,
as well as other parts of the globe.
Fiɡ 3: Colemanite

Conti….
Borax: Boron combines with oxygen and soda to form borax. Borax is the most commonly used
borate.
It exists in three forms – sodium borate formula, sodium tetraborate formula, and disodium
tetraborate formula.
Naturally occurring borax is first purified before it is used for any purpose.
The purification is done by the process of recrystallization.
The chemical formula of the most common type of borax is Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O It is soft, colourless,
and can dissolve in water.

Harmful effects of borates:
Borates are widely used everywhere for different purposes. Although they are toxic, the degree of
toxicity is less.
If ingested or inhaled in large quantities, it might cause irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Some
harmful effects of borates are listed as follows:
Harms the male reproductive system
Leads to miscarriages in pregnant women
Disrupts the hormones in the body
Causes skin allergies and Irritates the eyes
Leads to the toxicity of organs

Are borates and borax the same
thing?

No, borates and borax are not the same thing.
Borates are a class of minerals that contain boron.
Borax is a specific compound, the chemical formula of borax is
Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O. It can also be written as Na2B4O7.10H2O.
The IUPAC name of borax is sodium tetraborate decahydrate.
It is a white-colored solid substance. It is soluble in water.
That is used in cleaning products, As an Insect Killer, For weldinɡ
of iron and steel and it is used as a water softening agent.

Classification of Borates
SUBMITTED TO:MAM AISHA
SUBMITTED BY :KASHAF ZUBAIR
ROLL NO:19011507-071

Contents
1. Orthoborate
2. Pyroborate
3. Metaborate
 Cyclic Metaborate
 Polymeric metaborate
4.Peroxoborate
5.Mixed borate

Introduction
Borates are classified into many types and
borates are classified according to:
1) No of Oxygen atoms shared
2) Nature of Boron(due to hybridization)

OrthoBorate
• This is simplest type of borate.
• It is discrete unit (means in this no oxygen is shared)
• In this monomeric unit is present which is [BO3 ] -3 and it is
the basic unit in borates.
• Orthoborates has sp2 hybrization.
Trigonal planar in shape.

Examples of Orthoborates
1. Mg3 (BO3 )2
2. Ca3 (BO3 )2

Pyroborate
• It contains (B2O5 )-4 as an discrete unit.
• In this one oxygen atom is shared.
• It contains two units.
• Both Boron atoms have sp2
Hybridization and form a
planar structure

Examples
1. Mg2B2O5
2. Ca2B2O5

Metaborate
In this no of oxygen atom shared = 2
Exist in 2 forms
Cyclic Metaborate
Polymeric(Linear) Metaborate

Cyclic Metaborate
• It is a trinuclear borate.
• In this repeating unit is BO2
- .

Polymeric Metaborate
In this repeating unit is BO2
- .

Peroxoborates
There is a peroxide linkage present in this.

Example
• Most important example is sodium perborate
• The elementary structure of sodium per borate is a dianion B2O4(OH)4
2- in
which two boron atoms are joined by two peroxy linkage(–B–O–O–B–O–O–
) in a chair-shaped 6-membered cyclic structure with two hydroxy groups
attached to each boron atom and the ring adopts a chair conformation and the
simplistic formula of sodium per borate is NaBO3·nH2O.

Uses
Sodium borate is source of active oxygen
used in teeth whiteners and bleaches and
is also a disinfectant. It is also important
additive to washing powders.

Mixed Borate
• Mixed Borate are that type of borate which is solely depends on
hybridization.
• As the name indicates it contains boron atoms of different
hybridization.
Example:
Borax(Na₂[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·8H₂O)

Preparation and Properties of Borates
PRESENTED TO : DR. AISHA
PRESENTED BY: RIMSHA IHSAN
ROLL NO: 19011507-111

Contents
Preparation of
◦ Zinc borates
◦ Sodium borates
◦ Calcium borates
Properties of
◦ Zinc borates
◦ Sodium borates
◦ Calcium borates

Preparation of Borates
•Borates result from the reaction of boric acid or boron oxide
with a molten metal oxide or hydroxide.
•Borates also result from the reaction of a base with a boron
oxyacid.

Preparation of zinc borates
I. By action of ZnO
Zinc borates result by the reaction of zinc oxide and boric acid in
water at 70°C.
ZnO + 3B(OH)3 → Zn[B3O4(OH)3] + 3H2O

II. By action of zinc salts
Zinc borates result by the reaction of zinc salt, such as zinc sulfate with
borax and boric acid at 70°C. Sodium sulphate and water are produce as
byproducts.
ZnSO4 + Na2B4O7.10H2O + H3BO3 → Zn[B3O4(OH)3] + Na2SO4 + 3H2O

III. At different temperatures
• Zinc borates with different structures and morphologies
were selectively prepared starting from zinc sulfate
hydroxide and boric acid.
• At different temperature zinc borates of different
morphology are produce.

I. At 80°C temperature
When boric acid and zinc sulfate hydroxide react in presence
of citric acid at 80°C then platelet-like zinc borates with the
formula of 2ZnO.3B2O3·3H2O are formed.
H3BO3 + Zn4SO4(OH)6 → 2ZnO.3B2O3·3H2O
Platelet-like

II. At 90°C temperature
Reaction of boric acid and zinc sulfate hydroxide in presence of
polyethylene glycol and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in the
reaction solution at 90°C favored the formation of small- sized
polyhedral 2ZnO.3B2O3·3H2O particles.
Polyhedral

III. At temperature < 80°C
When boric acid and zinc sulfate hydroxide react at
temperature less than 80°C then rod-like heptahydrate zinc
borates with the formula of 2ZnO.3B2O3·7H2O are formed.
Rod-like

 Properties of zinc borates
Appearance White crystalline or
amorphous powder
Molecular weight 313.75g/mol
Melting point 980°C
Density 3.64g/cm3
pH 7.6
Solubility Insoluble in water
Toxicity Low toxicity

 Preparation of sodium borates
I. By action of Sodium carbonate
Boric acid on reacting with sodium carbonate forms sodium
borate and water and carbon dioxide are formed as byproducts.
4H3BO3 + Na2CO3 → Na2B4O7 + 6H2O + CO2

II. From colemanite
Colemanite is a borate mineral, which in reaction with sodium
carbonate in the presence of heat forms sodium borate and calcium
carbonate.
Ca2B6O11+ 2Na2CO3 + Heat → Na2B4O7 + 2NaBO2 + 2CaCO3 ↓

III. From sodium metaborate
Sodium metaborate on reaction with carbon dioxide leads to
formation of sodium tetraborate.
4NaBO2 + CO2 → Na2B4O7 + Na2CO3

 Properties of sodium borates
Forms Exist in two forms
• Hyrated form
• Dehyrated form
Formula • Na2B4O7.10H2O (Hyrated form)
• Na2B4O7 (Dehyrated form)
Molecular weight • 381.38g/mol (Hyrated form)
• 201.22g/mol (Dehyrated form)
Color White in color
State Can be in a crystalline or
amorphous state

Conti….
Density 1.73g/dm3
Boiling point 1575°C
Solubility Soluble in water and ethylene glycol
Flammability It is a flammable compound and
produces a greenish-yellow flame
when burned.
Reactivity Hyrated form is very reactive and
shows reactivity with acids and
bases.

 Preparation of calcium borates
Calcium borates result from the reaction of borax and calcium
chloride. Sodium chloride is produce as byproduct.
Na2B4O7.10H2O + CaCl2 → CaO.2B2O3.10H2O + 2NaCl

 Properties of calcium borates
Formula CaB4O7
Molecular weight 195.32g/mol
Color and form White solid
Solubility Complely soluble in water
Sensitivity Heat sensitive
Purity 98%

Applications of Borates
PRESENTED BY : SABA NADEEM
ROLL NO: 19011507039

Contents
Detergents
Adhesives
pH Stabilizers
Rustproofing
Flame proofing
Ceramics
Agriculture
Industrial fluids and lubricants

Detergents
Borates are a crucial component in detergents other cleaning
products as well.
They can be used in powdered and liquid forms.
They can boost cleaning power, or they can be added as
sodium perborate for bleaching action.
Enzymes for stain removal need to be stabilized in liquids, and
borates have proven exceptionally effective for this purpose.

Adhesives
Borates are used in starch-based or dextrin-based adhesive to
reach
optimum viscosity,
resulting in greater tack,
 faster bonding,
and the right fluid properties.

pH Stabilizer
Borates are used to balance the acidity and alkalinity.
Buffer pH from increasing, limit algae growth, lower chlorine
demand, Improve water clarity
B(OH)3 + H2O ↔ B(OH)4- + H+

Cont.….
Although the borate buffer system buffers in both a rise and a
fall in pH, it buffers better against a rise in pH.
It’s useful tool in salt water chlorine generating swimming
pools
This reduces the rate of scale formation that form on the salt
water chlorine generator’s cell.
For example, it can be added as boric acid, as borax, as a
neutralized borate and as sodium tetraborate pentahydrate.

Rustproofing
Borates are a part of the composition of the coatings on iron.
This prevents corrosion caused by rusting.
Inhibit corrosion by forming a protective oxide layer on metal
surfaces, stopping the anodic reaction.

Flame proofing
Borates are used as flame retardant.
Sodium borates, Na₂[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·8H₂O (hydrated alkaline borate)
release water from their crystalline structure which will help as a fire
retardant.
Zinc borate extinguish the fire, providing char forming value on the
surface of the cellulose due to the presence of its boron value.

Ceramics
Borates enhance luster in ceramics.
They are used for enameling and glazing ceramic wares.
It improves appearance, reduce firing times, glass viscosity,
and lower surface tension.
Borates also increase durability and resistance against
chemical or aqueous attacks and increase mechanical strength
and scratch-resistance of the final product.

Agriculture
Boron is vital for agriculture offer micronutrients.
Seeding, fruiting, and fertilization in plants are not possible
without them.
Borate fertilizers are used in agriculture to increase crop yields
as it aids in the proper nourishment of plants.
For example: Boron is an essential micronutrient for growth
and development of healthy plants
 Boric acid (H3BO3) and disodium octa borate tetrahydrate are
highly soluble in water to produce liquid fertilizers for foliar
fertilization.

Industrial Fluids and Lubricant
Borates’ anticorrosive, antimicrobial, and pH-balancing
capabilities make them useful components in industrial fluid
formulations.
From cleaning compounds to gear lubricants to metallurgy,
borates keep numerous manufacturing processes running
smoothly.

References
https://www.adhesivesmag.com/articles/93226-boring-boron-and-adhesives
https://www.serviceindustrynews.net/2020/10/31/borates-stabilize-ph-beautify-
water/#:~:text=The%20c
http://www.americanborate.com/all-about-borates/borate-applications/borate
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.0c03916?fig=abs1&ref=pdf
http://www.americanborate.com/all-about-borates/borate-applications/borates-
as-lubricants/

Introduction to zeolites their
occurrence and structure
PRESENTED BY:
19011507-099

Introduction of zeolites
Definition:
Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates with a very well ordered
arrangement of silicon and aluminium tetrahedral.
A zeolite is a crystalline substance with a structure characterized by a
framework of linked tetrahedral, each consisting of four ‘o’ atoms
surrounding cation.

Conti….
Zeolites are microporous, three dimensional crystalline solids of
aluminium silicate. Zeolites have small openings of fixed size in them
which allow small molecules to pass through them ; that’s why they
are sometimes called molecular sieves.
The regular structural framework of zeolites are made up of three
primary components, namely oxygen, silicon, and aluminium.
The micro pores present in their chemical structures are known to
contain water and certain cations such as alkali(Na+, k+)and alkaline
earth metals(Ca2+). That are exchangeable.

Types of zeolites
Zeolites are either formed naturally or can be synthesized or produced
industrially. There are 50 different types of zeolites that are available nowadays.
Few Examples of Zeolites:
1. Na2K2CaMg(AlO2)2(SiO2)2.6H2O (Erionite)
2. Na2Ca(AlO2)2(SiO2)4.6H2O (Gemelinite)
3. Hx[(AlO2)x(SiO2)96−x].16H2O (ZSM-5)

Nomenclature
The term “zeolite” was first used in the year 1756 by Axel Fredrik
Cronstedt, a Swedish mineralogist. During a process of rapidly heating a
material that was observed to be stilbite, it produced large amounts of
steam. This was due to the water that the material had absorbed earlier.
After witnessing such developments, he coined the term zeolite. It has been
derived from Greek words, (zéō), meaning “to boil” (líthos), meaning
“stone”.

Conti……
General formula:
Mx/n[AlO2]x.(SiO2)y.mH2O
M = any one metal
n = valency of the metal cation.
m = number of water molecules in the structure of the zeolite.
y/x = Atomic Si/Al ratio

Occurrence of zeolites
Zeolites are found naturally in places where
the volcanic rocks and ash layers react with alkaline
groundwater. As far as the reports go around 245
unique zeolite frameworks have been discovered, and
there are about 40 naturally occurring zeolite
frameworks that are known.
Natural zeolites occur in volcanic rocks as cavity
fillings, probably as a result of deposition by fluids.
they also are found in chemical sedimentary rocks of
marine origin. Extensive deposits of zeolites occur in
all oceans.

Conti…..
Naturally occurring zeolites are rarely pure and are contaminated to
varying degrees by other minerals, metals, quartz, or other zeolites. For
this reason, naturally occurring zeolites are excluded from many important
commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential.
 synthetically produced zeolites have few advantages over natural
zeolites. Synthetic zeolites are produced in a uniform and phase-pure state.
Further, unique zeolite structures can also be manufactured industrially.
For example, Zeolite A. Furthermore, as silica and alumina are the most
abundant mineral components on earth, therefore zeolites can be produced
and supplied in an unlimited manner.

Structures of zeolites:
All zeolites are made up of the aluminosilicate framework where silicon
and aluminium are tetrahedrally coordinated. Silicon cation and aluminium
cations are enclosed by four oxygen anions (O2-). The tetrahedral structure
of Si04 and Al04 forms the building block of zeolite.
The crystalline structure of zeolite is very different as compared to other
crystalline solids. Zeolite can be considered as a special crystalline solid
having a characteristic framework structure with cavities occupied by ions
and water molecules that have considerable freedom of movement.

Structure:
Three types of building units form the structure of zeolites.
Primary units:
These units are tetrahedron of four oxygen ions surrounding either Si and
Al
These units form three dimensional framework.
These tetrahedral are linked to form rings containing equal no of ‘o’ and
Si atoms.
All the oxygen ions are shared by two tetrahedron.
The negative charge on the framework can be balanced by cations of
alkali and alkaline earth metals.

Secondary and tertiary units
The tetrahedra connected via corners form the secondary units.
Tertiary units:
the secondary units join together to form tertiary units.
These tertiary structures joined together to form different types of
zeolites.

Properties And Types of Zeolites
PRESENTED BY:
NABEELA DILAWAR
19011507-017

Properties:
 Zeolites are very stable solids under different
environmental conditions. The melting point of zeolite is
very high, i.e.1000oC.
 They are insoluble in water or other inorganic solvents.
 They do not undergo oxidation in the presence of air.

Conti…
 The characteristic property of zeolite is its open cage-
like framework structure that helps zeolite trap water
and ions of potassium and calcium.
 The natural form of zeolite occurs in random forms
and pore sizes are not uniform whereas synthetic
zeolites are synthesized in a very precise manner with
uniform pore size.

Conti…
 Zeolites that are rich in alumina are attracted to polar
molecules like water whereas zeolite rich in silica are
attracted towards nonpolar molecules.
 Since zeolites are not reactive and are obtained from
naturally occurring minerals, therefore, they do not
have any harmful environmental effects; although skin
contact or inhalation may have a carcinogenic effect.

Types
• Natural zeolite
• Synthetic Zeolites

Natural zeolite
Natural zeolites are hydrothermal and of mainly
volcanic origin.
They can occur both in crystallized forms
found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and
grains of smaller diameters accumulated in
sedimentary rocks.
 Ocean bottom sediments are relatively huge
and rich in zeolites, but these deposits are so
far inaccessible to humans.

Conti…
 Natural zeolites are :-
 Crystalline and microporous.
 Pores are nearly uniform.
 Ion exchange property,
 Durable, thermally stable
 More acid resistant to synthetic Zeolites.
 Low cost.

About 60 natural zeolites are
discovered. and out of these
only six occurs in large
quantity:
 Clinoptilolite
 Erionite
 Chabazite
 Mordenite
 Analcime
 Phillipsite

Synthetic Zeolites
 Under natural conditions zeolites were
formed as a result of the reaction of
volcanic ash with the waters of the basic
lakes.
 In laboratory conditions, synthetic zeolites
can be made to imitate hydrothermal
processes using elevated temperature or
pressure and using natural raw materials
and/or synthetic silicates.

Conti…
 Feldspar, kaolin, sand etc. can be used as raw material
for silica and Alumina.
 In 1905, the German chemist Dr. Robert Gons developed
the first commercial scale synthetic zeolite by fusing
feldspar Kaolin, Pearlash and soda. Fused mass and used
is then crushed and wash out for water softening.
 Synthetic zeolites. are prepared by heating silica,
Alumina and Alkali.

Conti…
 Synthetic Zeolites;
 have regular opening of fixed Size
 have higher exchange capacity per unit weight.
 are less expensive.
 Have higher density.
 Gons named it as. Permutit". Permutit is derived from
Latin word "Permutare" meaning "To exchange".
 Because they have ability to exchange its sodium ions.

Conti…
More than 200 synthetic zeolites have
been synthesized till now.
 Examples-
 Synthetic Mordenite
 Synthetic Ferrierite
 Faujasite
 Zeolite A (used in detergent)

Type 1:
 This type consists of (Si Al)O4 tetrahedra linked into
four and six-membered rings which are joined together
into three-dimensional network as in analcite,
NaAISi2O2. H2O.
 In analcite, there is a complex arrangement of linked
SiO4, and AlO4, tetrahedra, resulting in a comparatively
large channels through the structure in which Na+ ions
and water molecules could be accommodated.

Type 2
This involves lamellar
zeolites which consists
of closely knit sheets of
tetrahedra cleaving into
slates as in heulandite
Ca2[Al2Sil4 O36].12H2O.

Type 3
 This type is made up of fibrous zeolites in which
chains of characteristic type can be distinguished.
 However, these chains are cross-linked to each
other by comparatively few bonds, resulting in
the crystal having a fibrous structure.
 Examples are Natrolite Na 2Al 2Si 3O 10 · 2H 2O.

SUBMITTED TO: DR. AYESHA
SUBMITTED BY: RABIA
19011507-113
Applications Of Zeolites

Contents
Applications of zeolites
1.Softening of water
1.1 Reaction involved
1.2 Regeneration
1.3 Setup
2.Separation of gaseous mixture
2.1 Example
2.2 Structure

1. Softening of Water
Zeolite Softening Process is the process of removing permanent as
well as temporary hardness of the water.
 Zeolite Softening occurs when magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca)
zeolites (insoluble) in water get precipitated.
 In this zeolite softening process, zeolite works as a catalyst which
helps in exchanging ions from Ca2+or Mg2+ with sodium ions.

Cont...
Certain complex inorganic salts possess the property of exchanging
calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water for Na2+ ions.
 An important salt of this type is sodium aluminium orthosilicate or
sodium zeolite (Na2Al2Si2O8.xH2O), commonly known as permutit
(artificially synthesized zeolite).
This sodium zeolite salt belongs to a family of complex salts known
as zeolites.

Cont...
When hard water containing magnesium and calcium ions passes
through a zeolite bed of sodium, then sodium (Na2+) ions get
displaced or replaced by the ions of Mg2+ and Ca2+ and when the
replacement is complete i.e. all the sodium ions get replaced by
Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions then the zeolite get inactivated.
This zeolite then gets regenerated by passing brine solution through
the inactive zeolite bed. This process of softening water is mainly
used in laundry.

2.Separation Of Gaseous Mixture
A widely used property of zeolites is that of gas separation.
The porous structure of zeolites can be used to "sieve" molecules
having certain dimensions and allow them to enter the pores.
This property can be fine tuned by variating the structure by
changing the size and number of cations around the pores.
Gases are able to pass through the channels in Zeolite crystal by a
process which is a combination of adsorption and diffusion.

2.1 Examples
For example with sodium cations the channels are of cross-section
4.0 to 4.9 Å.
This substance occludes nitrogen( molecular diameter 3Å) and
oxygen ( molecular diameter 2.8Å) and methane and ethane ( mol.
Cross-section 4.0Å) only slowly.
It does not occlude hydrocarbons with greater cross-section.

Cont...
If however the sodium cations are replaced by calcium cations the
cross-section of channel is reduced to 3.8Å and methane and ethane
are no longer absorbed.
By choice of appropriate zeolite and appropriate conditions it is
possible to bring about a complex separation of gases.

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