1) Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a participatory methodology used for planning, initiating, and evaluating development interventions. It draws on methods like participatory research to facilitate critical reflection and action by marginalized groups. 2) PRA aims for local people to represent and analyze information about their livelihoods and make their own plans. This process is enhanced through visual tools and can motivate stakeholders to act differently. 3) PRA represents a fusion of traditions like agricultural research and participatory action research. It privileges local knowledge and inverts power relations between local communities and outsiders.

1. Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term III – End Term Examination
< Participatory Rural Appraisal >
< 12 APRIL 2021 >
< Nidhi Tulsyan, P41088 >
Page 1 of 5
ANS 1-
Perhaps the foremost widespread appearance of participation in mainstream development has been
seen within the kind of participatory methodologies of research, intended to assemble a large range
of data from local people at their livelihoods, needs, and strengths, at the identical time as
'empowering' them through a process of collaborative analysis and learning. There's a profusion of
acronyms and approaches. The principal approaches ainclude; Training for Transformation (Hope
& Timmel 1984); Participatory Research and Participatory Action Research (Tandon 1988; Park et
al. 1993; fals-Borda and rahman1991; Reason 1994); Participatory Rural appraisal ( Chambers
1992, 1997 and 2004) and Participatory Theatre (mda1993; Boal 1998). One in every of the
foremost popular of those methodologies is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), a variety of
participatory research used for planning, initiating, and evaluating development interventions. PRA
draws on Freire’s legacy of critical reflection and other, earlier participatory research methods to
develop a collection of practices, tools and methodologies which facilitate critical reflection,
analysis and action by marginalised groups. The aim is for local people to be ready to represent and
analyse information about their livelihoods or other issues, and make their own plans. This learning
process is enhanced by the employment of visual graphics and might motivate those involved –
researchers, development practitioners, local people and policy makers, to behave differently and to
undertake different kinds of action (Guijt and Cornwall, 1995:3). PRA represents a fusion and
evolution of several different traditions, including agricultural and anthropological research, and
PAR. Intended to effect variety of reversals in development practice, PRA has the potential to
privilege local knowledge over that of outsiders by overcoming urban and technological biases, and
inverting power relations in development interventions. PRA focuses on facilitating changes in
attitudes and behaviours which is able to enable the 'empowerment' of local people.
ANS 2-
In-Depth interviews
In this type of interview there is one-to-one method of data collection that involves an interviewer
and an interviewee, and they discuss about the specific topics in detail for which in-depth interview
is taken.
Focused group discussion
This can be said as an interactive discussion between not more than 10 to 12 people and between 4
to 8 pre-selected participants and they focus on the specific issue which is led by moderator. From
the discussion we can gauge the view of the people about the issue.
SIMILARITIES-

2. Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term III – End Term Examination
< Participatory Rural Appraisal >
< 12 APRIL 2021 >
< Nidhi Tulsyan, P41088 >
Page 2 of 5
In-Depth interviews Focused group discussion
Conducted for qualitative research Conducted for qualitative research
Useful for exploratory, explanatory and
evaluative research.
Useful for exploratory, explanatory and
evaluative research.
It allows researchers to understand the problem
of the people and get their view points.
It allows researchers to understand the problem
of the people and get their view points.
DIFFERENCES-
In-Depth interviews Focused group discussion
It is one to one discussion between the
individuals to discuss about the research topic.
It is not one to one discussion but the group
discussion where people discuss about the
specific issue.
There are open-ended questions. There are pre-determined questions.
They are conducted in a place where there is
privacy for both the individuals. Conversation
need to carefully open and close so as to
maintain the decorum.
People are asked to be seated in a circle. And
moderator is responsible for the healthy
discussion. And also makes sure that everyone
speaks.
Here we seek information from people based on
their personal experience.
Here we collect information on a range of
opinions from participants not on personal
experiences.
It is not quick, it takes time to collect
information.
It is quick and efficient.
ANS 4- Participant and Non Participant Observations on the Gender Biases in the society:
Participant observations involves spending time, building close relationship and detailed field
note of the work.
1. Participant:
• In terms of educational reservation to eliminate the Gender inequality in the educational
field.
• Women are given no decision power in case of financial or home buying decisions.
• Property inheritance is mainly done bye male members of the family.
• The dowry system prevailing in the marriage systems across the nation.
• Pay variance for the similar kind of job.

3. Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term III – End Term Examination
< Participatory Rural Appraisal >
< 12 APRIL 2021 >
< Nidhi Tulsyan, P41088 >
Page 3 of 5
• In my area commuters do not use railway station properly and railway station is not
clean due to their behavior of not throwing bins in the dustbins.
Non-participant observations can be done by using video camera etc.
2. Non Participant:
• Combat roles still denied for Women in military services.
• There is an increasing rate of domestic violence against the women in the society.
• Sex selective abortion rates are high when compared to the global average.
• Varying minimum ages of marriage acceptance.
• Political reservations to increase the participation of women in politics.
• In my area women don’t generally work in agriculture but they do sometimes other
activities which can be done though being at home.
ANS3- Venn diagram in the context of PRA tools-
It is a map to understand who is influential inside or outside the organization, village, households,
etc.
When we do VFS segment as a part of PRA tools it helps to understand to what extent village is
dependent on institutions or outside the village.
It also describes the social and political relationship and their power in decision making

4. Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term III – End Term Examination
< Participatory Rural Appraisal >
< 12 APRIL 2021 >
< Nidhi Tulsyan, P41088 >
Page 4 of 5

5. Institute of Rural Management Anand
PGDM-RM41 – Term III – End Term Examination
< Participatory Rural Appraisal >
< 12 APRIL 2021 >
< Nidhi Tulsyan, P41088 >
Page 5 of 5