1. The document discusses concepts of energy restriction in dairy cattle nutrition. It covers classification of animals in dairy herds, goals for a well-managed herd, key performance indicators like mastitis and body condition score.
2. The document discusses body condition scoring, nutritional targets for replacement and lactating herds, causes and solutions for ketosis, and the effect of pre-calving energy intake on post-calving performance.
3. General conclusions presented are to make feeding groups to reduce competition, limit forage intake, and alter protein to energy ratios for non-lactating herds. Model predictions of nutrient requirements must account for differences between models.
Human & Veterinary Respiratory Physilogy_DR.E.Muralinath_Associate Professor....
Concept of restricted energy in dairy cattle
1. Concepts of Energy Restriction in Dairy
Cattle Nutrition
Muhammad Naveed ul Haque
PhD Dairy Nutrition INRA France
Certified Livestock Management MSU USA
Assistant Professor
Department of Animal Nutrition
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Lahore Pakistan
mnaveedulhaque@gmail.com
0333 47 83 691
11/29/2017 M N Haque, PhD 1
2. 1. Classification of animals at Dairy Farm
M N Haque, PhD
Dairy Herd
Those producing
milk
Those that will
produce milk
Lactating Cow 1. Calf
2. Replacement
heifers
3. Dry cows
4. Close ups
3. 1. Goals for a well managed dairy herd
M N Haque, PhD
Calf
Rep
Heifer
Pregnant
Close up
Lactating
cow
1. Weaning in 2 Mo
2. Hip Height 90 cm
3. ADG 0.8 kg/d
4. BW = 90 kg
5. BCS 2.25
1. Breeding in 14 Mo
2. Hip Height 127 cm
3. ADG 0.8 kg/d
4. BW = 375 kg
5. BCS 2.75
1. Calving at 24 Mo
2. Hip Height 135 cm
3. ADG 0.9 kg/d
4. BW = 600- kg
5. BCS 3.5 (max)
1. BCS 2.75-3.25
2. Milk yield kg/d
As per breed
3. Pregnant in 123 ± 21
DIM
4. a. Mastitis
b. Reproductive Efficiency
c. Body Condition Score (BCS)
11/29/2017 M N Haque, PhD 4
1. Key Performance Indicators of a Dairy
Farm
5. 1. The 5 point body condition score
• Refers to the relative amount of subcutaneous body fat
or energy reserve in the dairy cow.
– maximizing milk production and reproductive efficiency
– reducing the incidence of metabolic and other peripartum
diseases
• The Score ranges from 1 (thin) to 5 (fat) with 0.25
increments
• More reliable range 2.5 to 4, if outside this range means
a major upset
M N Haque, PhD11/29/2017 5
7. 1. The 5 point body condition score
https://www.elanco.us/pdfs/ai10752-body-condition-score-insert.pdf
(3) Hook rounded (2.75) Hook Angular (2.5) Pin Angular
(2.25) visible
corrugations short ribs
(3.25) sacral and tail
head ligament visible
(3.5) Tail head
barely visible
(3.75) sacral barely
visible
(4) Straight line
7
8. 1. Nutritional targets for Replacement Herd
M N Haque, PhD
Age (Mo) BW kg Hip Height, cm ADG/d BCS
2 90 90 0.8 2.25
14 375 127 0.8 2.75
24 630 135 0.9 3.5
11/29/2017 8
9. M N Haque, PhD
1. Nutritional targets for Lactating Herd
11/29/2017 9
Early Lactation
Low Feed intake and High Milk Production cause Negative energy
balance in the early lactation
10. M N Haque, PhD
1. Nutritional targets for Lactating Herd
11/29/2017 10
Body weight loss to satisfy the demand of milk production
11. M N Haque, PhD
Nutritional targets for Lactating Herd
3.5
3.0
2.75 3.0
3.25
3.5
BCS Goals
11/29/2017 11
12. 11/29/2017
1. 60% farms cows were over conditioned at close up (3.75+ BCS)
12
1. Recent Survey of Commercial Dairy Farms in
Punjab
Uzair Akhtar, Muhammad Naveed ul Haque, Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha
13. 11/29/2017
2. Observed a strong
association between BCS
and Reproductive
Paramters
13
1. Recent Survey of Commercial Dairy Farms in
Punjab
Uzair Akhtar, Muhammad Naveed ul Haque, Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha
Row Labels
BCS
3.4
BCS
3.8
P-
Value
No of farm used 10 11
Calving Interval, d 407 491 0.01
No. of
Service/conception 3.3 8.0 0.01
Abortion, % 4.6 5.6 0.7
Culling, % 18 29 0.44
14. 2. Energy Metabolism and Ketosis
• Ketosis is defined as an increased concentration of
ketone bodies in blood i.e. 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone,
acetoacetate in blood so that they start secreting through
urine and milk in dairy cows
• Subclinical = BHBA from 10-14 mg/dL (Prevalence 40%
in US)
• Clinical = BHBA >14 mg/dL is an indication of clinical
ketosis
• Economic loss = 200-300 litre less milk yield/305 days
11/29/2017 M N Haque, PhD 14
15. 1. Over condition cow at calving with BCS > 3.5
2. Fat cow have more fat to mobilize that accumulates
around liver (Fatty liver)
3. Low DMI at calving (both cause and effect)
M N Haque, PhD
2. Energy Metabolism and Ketosis: Causes
11/29/2017 15
16. 1. Orally drench propylene glycol (glucose precursor)
2. Feed calcium propionate (propionate converted to
glucose in liver)
3. Feed rumen-protected choline prepartum and/or
postpartum (important component in transport of fat
from liver)
M N Haque, PhD
2. Energy Metabolism and Ketosis: Possible
Solutions
11/29/2017 16
17. M N Haque, PhD
2. Limit energy intakes pre-calving improve the post-
calving energy intakes
11/29/2017 17
18. M N Haque, PhD
11/29/2017 18
2. Limit energy intakes pre-calving improve the post-
calving energy intakes
19. 11/29/2017 M N Haque, PhD 19
2. Limit energy intakes pre-calving improve the post-
calving energy intakes
22. Milk Yield, L/d
Days in milk
Lactation Curve of High Producing Cows at UVAS (Peak 40+)
Calving at BCS 3.5
M N Haque, PhD11/29/2017 22
23. Milk Yield, L/d
Days in milk
Lactation Curve of Medium Producing Cows at UVAS (Peak 30+)
M N Haque, PhD
11/29/2017 23
Calving at BCS 3.75
24. Milk Yield, L/d
Days in milk
Lactation Curve of Low Producing Cows at UVAS (Peak 20+)
M N Haque, PhD
11/29/2017 24
Calving at BCS 4.0
25. M N Haque, PhD
240 days pregnancy 150 DIM
BCS Weight kg/d BCS
Weight,
kg
Milk
yield
Change in
BCS
3.5 562 3.25 550 33.7 0.25
3.75 559 3.25 538 32.4 0.5
4 588 3.25 506 23.4 0.75
Association between pre vs. post calving BCS
UVAS herd
11/29/2017 25
2. Limit energy intakes pre-calving improve the post-
calving energy intakes
26. Targets for a successful transition
M N Haque, PhD
Acceptable Not acceptable
Milk Fever 1% > 3%
Clinical ketosis < 1% > 2%
Abomasal displacement < 1% > 2%
Clinical Mastitis 5% in Ist 30 days > 5% in Ist 30 days
Lameness < 2% with > score 2> 4% with score > 2
Retained placenta >24 hr < 4% > 6%
Calving requiring assistance < 2% > 3%
Clinical acidosis 0% 1%
11/29/2017 26
27. 11/29/2017 M N Haque, PhD 27
3. Heifers Nutrition and Improved Milk Production
Age (Mo) BW kg Height, cm ADG/d BCS
2 90 90 0.8 2.25
14 375 127 0.8 2.75
24 630 135 0.9 3.5
Targets
28. 11/29/2017 M N Haque, PhD 28
3. Heifers Nutrition and Improved Milk Production
Birth to 2 Mo Isometric growth of MG
2 to 6 Mo Isometric growth >
allometric growth
Heifer 6 Mo to puberty Allometric to 10-12 months
(puberty)
Pubert to 3 Mo of
Gestation
Isometric growth to 3 m of
gestation
3 Mo Gestation to calving Allometric
Mammary Development in Dairy Heifers
29. • ad libitum feeding prior to puberty reduced secretory
tissue in the mammary gland by 23% and tissue DNA by
32% compared to restricted feeding.
2 Important Question
• Is the effect of accelarated rate of BW gain is similarly
important in pre vs. post puberty?
• Is it the energy intake or total nutrient intake that
matters?
Current Recommendation are to take average Daily gain at
0.82 kg/day
M N Haque, PhD
3. Heifers Nutrition and Improved Milk Production
30. 11/29/2017 M N Haque, PhD 30
4. Conclusions: General For ALL Non Lactating Herd
• Make Groups: Reduce Competition
• Fed Limited amount of Forage
– Monitoring the offered feed time at feed bunk (2-3
hrs/12 hrs)
– Altered Protein-to-Energy Ratio
– Try alternatives (Berseem, Alfalfa, Oat Silage)
– Recording: BCS. Weight, Height, Age
– Wheat straw is not a good substitute
31. 11/29/2017 M N Haque, PhD 31
CNCPS
5.1
NRC
2001 % Diff
MP Required, g/d 595 491 21%
ME Required, Mcal/d 12.18 9.1 34%
MP/ME Ratio, g/Mcal 49 54
4. Conclusions: Model Predictions Must be
Accounted
Replacement Heifer BW 180 kg, Age 6 Mo, with a
Mature BW 650 kg for Holstein Breed
32. • In Midwest USA, highest culling reasons was mortality
on farm
• Cows in herds with higher milk yield had lower mortality
hazard (M Q Shahid et al., JDS 2015)
We need a high producing dairy cow
M N Haque, PhD11/29/2017 32
33. M N Haque, PhD
Vă mulțumesc pentru atenție
Thank you for your attention
Merci pour votre attention
Department of Animal Nutrition
University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore
11/29/2017 33
Acknowledgment
Editor's Notes
We can divide cows in to 2 different categories in a dairy herd: 1) those producing milk and 2) those that will produce milk. Infact, the worst term we use in dairy in my opinion is non lactating cows that actually undermines greatly their importance. In this presentation we will discuss some major updates on Calf and replacement heifers Nutriition, preparing cow for milk production etc..
Note that one thing is common in whole farm (BCS)
123 +- 21 d means we are averaging at 3 services per conception assuming a VVP of 60 days
Monitoring tools?
It’s a score that we do to see the extent to which fat is deposit in different part of the
It’s a score that we do to see the extent to which fat is deposit in different part of the
It’s a score that we do to see the extent to which fat is deposit in different part of the
Ketones are three related compounds produced during the metabolism of fats, two of which are used as a source of energy instead of glucose during a period of fasting or very low carbohydrate intake (the third being acetone, which is excreted).
