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Using Records to Troubleshoot Transition Cow Performance
1. Using Records to Troubleshoot
Transition Cow Performance
Greg Bethard, Ph.D.
G&R Dairy Consulting, Inc.
DRMS
Blacksburg, VA
greg.bethard@gmail.com
2. Concepts
• Benchmarking is a bad idea
– Goal Setting and tracking makes a lot of
sense
• Pay attention to what is being
measured and how it is measured
• Economics trumps Biology
3. What is Transition Success?
• Healthy Transition
• Cows ready to get pregnant
• Good start to lactation
4. What Are the Questions?
• Important to formulate questions
appropriate for the dairy
• Strive to develop monitoring systems
to answer questions quickly
• Can’t afford to dig a hole it takes
months to dig out of
5. Parity Differences
• Must consider Lact=1 and Lact>1
separately in all transition metrics.
• Issues are different, physiology is
different, solutions are different.
6. Watch-outs
• Repeats?
– Activity Intervals in PCDART
– Event Gaps in Dairy Comp
• Too few cows
• Ignoring Failures
• Inconsistent diagnosis of disease
8. Misleading metrics
• Peak Milk
– Lagging, too much momentum, ignores
failures, vague, imprecise
• 1st Test Day Milk
– Range error, Average error
• Conception Rates
• Fat test as proxy for health
9. Misleading metrics
• Metrics with Variation
– Too few cows…
• Metrics with Bias
– Ignoring animals…conception rate
• Metrics with Momentum
– Too much time..
• Metrics with Lag
– Too long to measure..
10. Variation
• One number can greatly distort the
results
• Small herds are a big problem
• Example: DA Rate
– 10 cows calved in Jan
– No DA’s (0%)
– If 1 DA, increases to 10%
• Solution: Add more time (calvings) to
calculation
12. Momentum
• When too much time goes into the
calculation, changes are difficult to
detect, or take too long to detect.
• Large changes can have a small impact
on parameter
15. Bias
• Errors that occur when data is ignored or
not used in the calculation
• Using the wrong subset of cows, not
including all of the cows, or not recording
all of the data.
16. First service conception rate –
A Biased Number
• 2 breeding pens with 100 heifers each
• Pen 1
– 50 heifers bred, 40 conceived
– 80% 1st service conception rate
• Pen 2
– 100 heifers bred, 60 conceived
– 60% first service conception rate
• 20 more pregnant heifers in #2
17. Transition Numbers with
Bias…
• 1st service Conc rate
• Peak Milk
• Days Open
• Calving Interval
18. What Are Some Questions
Related to Transition Success?
• Three Areas
1. Healthy Transition
2. Cows ready to get pregnant
3. Good start to lactation
19. Healthy Transition:
Questions
• How many cows are leaving in early
lactation?
• How many cows are getting sick?
• Are cows eating?
• What do they look like?
20. Healthy Transition
Metrics I like….
• 30 and 90 day cull rates
– Cohort vs monthly
– Goals
• 3% and 7% for lact=1
• 5% and 10% for lact>1
• DA, RP, MET, and MAST rate
– Set goals for each dairy
• % cows <40 DIM that are <50 lbs
22. Healthy Transition
Metrics I don’t like…
• Fat percent of fresh cows
• Fat:Protein ratios for fresh cows
23. Healthy Transition
Future metrics?
• BHB in milk
• Body Weight in Fresh Cows?
• Temp in Fresh cows?
24. Cows Ready to Get Pregnant:
Questions
• Are cows losing too much body
condition?
• Do cows have adequate body condition
by 50 DIM?
• How many cows are inseminated
within 21 days of the VWP?
• How many cows are pregnant within
21 days of the VWP?
25. Getting Cows Pregnant,
Metrics I like…
• 1st cycle Preg Rate for recent calvings
• 1st cycle service rate for recent
calvings
• Scatter-plot of Days to 1st breeding
vs. date
• % Preg by 100 DIM and 150 DIM
26. Getting Fresh Cows Pregnant,
Metrics to use with caution…
• Conception rates
– 1st service
– By DIM
• Conception rates are potentially
biased, so you need to understand the
bias
27. Getting Fresh Cows Pregnant,
Metrics I don’t like…
• Days Open
• Calving Interval
28. Fresh Cow Milk:
Questions
• Are cows ramping up quickly in milk?
• Do they milk during the peak window?
• How many cows are “falling through
the cracks”
29. Fresh Cow Milk
Metrics I like…
• Week 4 Milk
• Week 8 milk
• % over 100 lbs in herd
• % of cows <40 DIM that are <50 lbs
• 305ME projection at 2nd test day
31. Why do we ignore
components when assessing
performance?
32. Biological measure of
efficiency vs economics
• Biology
– 3.5% Fat corrected Milk
• (0.515 x milk lbs) + (13.86 * fat lbs)
– 4.0% Fat corrected Milk
• (0.40 x milk lbs) + (15.00 * fat lbs)
– Energy Corrected Milk
• (0.323 x milk lbs) + (12.82 * fat lbs) + (7.13 x prot lbs)
33. Biological measure of
efficiency vs economics
• Economics
– Money Corrected Milk™
• Value of milk produced relative to 3.5% fat, 3.0%
protein and static component values
• Units: pounds per day
34. Example
Cow A Cow B
• 90 lbs milk • 113 lbs milk
• 4.20% fat • 3.30% fat
• 3.40% protein • 2.60% protein
• 5.65% other solids • 5.65% other solids
Which Fresh Cow is
better?
37. Which Cow is better?
Cow A Cow B
• 90 lbs milk • 113 lbs milk
• 4.20% fat • 3.30% fat
• 3.40% protein • 2.60% protein
• 5.65% other solids • 5.65% other solids
38. Which cow is better?
Cow A Cow B
• 90 lbs milk • 113 lbs milk
• 4.20% fat • 3.30% fat
• 3.40% protein • 2.60% protein
• 5.65% other solids • 5.65% other solids
• FCM: 98.7 lbs • FCM: 109.8 lbs
FCM = 3.5% Fat Corrected Milk
39. Which cow is better?
Cow A Cow B
• 90 lbs milk • 113 lbs milk
• 4.20% fat • 3.30% fat
• 3.40% protein • 2.60% protein
• 5.65% other solids • 5.65% other solids
• FCM: 98.7 lbs • FCM: 109.8 lbs
• ECM: 99.3 lbs • ECM: 105.2 lbs
ECM = Energy Corrected Milk
40. Which cow is better?
Cow A Cow B
• 90 lbs milk • 113 lbs milk
• 4.20% fat • 3.30% fat
• 3.40% protein • 2.60% protein
• 5.65% other solids • 5.65% other solids
• FCM: 98.7 lbs • FCM: 109.8 lbs
• ECM: 99.3 lbs • ECM: 105.2 lbs
• MCM: 103.3 lbs • MCM: 103.3 lbs
MCM = Money Corrected Milk
41. Which cow is better?
Cow A Cow B
• 90 lbs milk • 113 lbs milk
• 4.20% fat • 3.30% fat
• 3.40% protein • 2.60% protein
• 5.65% other solids • 5.65% other solids
• FCM: 98.7 lbs • FCM: 109.8 lbs
• ECM: 99.3 lbs • ECM: 105.2 lbs
• MCM: 103.3 lbs • MCM: 103.3 lbs
• Income/day = $20.61 • Income/day = $20.61
42. Conclusions
• Understand what you are measuring
• Be sure there are enough cows to
determine differences
• Look at the cows
• Don’t ignore components