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1. Origin, Evolution, Current area And
Production Of Brassica
By
MUHAMMAD ANAS
Roll No.250 Bs.c (Hon) 7th
semester
Departmentof Plant BreedingAnd Genetics
Submitted to
Prof. Dr. FARHATULLAH SIR
Acting Deanin the Faculty of Crop ProductionSciences
The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No Title Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Species 3
3. Species formerly placed in Brassica 4
4. Origin and Domestication 4
5. Evolution of Brassica 5
6. Triangle of U 5
7. Overview 6
1. Table no. 6,7
8. Current Area and Production of Rapeseed and Mustard 7
9. Table no.3 Area, productionand yieldofrapeseedand mustard inPakistan 8
10. References 9

3. INRTODUCTION .
Table no.1
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Brassica
L.
Brassica is a genus of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are
informally known as cruciferous vegetable, or mustard plants. Crops from this genus are sometimes
called cole crops—derived from the Latin caulis, denoting the stem or stalk of a plant.[1]
The genus Brassica is known for its important agriculture and horticultural crops and includes a
number of weeds, both of wild taxa and escapees from cultivation. Brassica species and varieties
commonly used for food include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, choy sum, rutabaga, turnip and
some seeds used in the production of canola oil and the condiment mustard. Over 30 wild species
and hybrids are in cultivation, plus numerous cultivars and hybrids of cultivated origin. Most are
seasonal plants (annuals or biennials), but some are small shrubs. Brassica plants have been the
subject of much scientific interest for their agricultural importance. Six particular species (B.
carinata, B. juncea, B. oleracea, B. napus, B. nigra, and B. rapa) evolved by the combining
of chromosomes from three earlier species, as described by the Triangle of U theory. Although of no
agricultural importance of itself, the brassica Arabidopsis thaliana is of great scientific importance as
a model plant species.
The genus is native to Western Europe, the Mediterranean and temperate regions of Asia. Many
wild species grow as weeds, especially in North America, South America, and Australia.
A dislike for cabbage or broccoli can result from the fact that these plants contain a compound
similar to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), which is either bitter or tasteless to people depending on their
taste buds.
Species
There is some disagreement among botanists on the classification and status of Brassica species
and subspecies.The following is an abbreviated list, with an emphasis on economically important
species.
 Brassica balearica: Mallorca cabbage

4.  Brassica carinata: Abyssinian mustard or Abyssinian cabbage, used to produce biodiesel
 Brassica elongata: elongated mustard
 Brassica fruticulosa: Mediterranean cabbage
 Brassica hilarionis: St Hilarion cabbage
 Brassica juncea: Indian mustard, brown and leaf mustards, Sarepta mustard
 Brassica napus: rapeseed, canola, rutabaga
 Brassica narinosa: broadbeaked mustard
 Brassica nigra: black mustard
 Brassica oleracea: kale, cabbage, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kai-lan, Brussels
sprouts, kohlrabi
 Brassica perviridis: tender green, mustard spinach
 Brassica rapa (syn. B. campestris): Chinese cabbage, turnip, rapini, komatsuna
 Brassica rupestris: brown mustard
 Brassica tournefortii: Asian mustard
 Species formerly placed in Brassica
 B. alba or B. hirta (white or yellow mustard)—see Sinapis alba
 B. geniculata (hoary mustard)—see Hirschfeldia incana
 B. kaber (wild mustard or charlock)—
Origin and Domestication
The elucidationof the originof cauliflowerandbroccoli,asforall othercrops
belongingto Brassicaoleracea,isstill an importanttaskfor several researchers.
Initial studiesonthe DNA polymorphismsuggestedamonophyleticorigin(Songat
al.,1990), whereasforotherauthorsthe domesticationof several of the cultigroups
of BrassicaoleraceaL. ispolyphyleticandisstrictlyrelatedtoseveral wildBrassica
specieswhichrepresentacommoncomplex gene pool (Snogerupetal.,1990). The
latterauthorshypothesizethatseveral cropsoriginate fromB.olearaceassp.
oleracea, widespreadfromthe EuropeanAtlanticcoastto the Gibraltarstrait and
fromDenmarkto the Black and Caspianseas.Thissubspeciesisbiennial or
perennial withwoodystem,upto3 m tall,large leavesandhighglucosinolates
content.The plantisdiploid(2n=18),cross-pollinated,self-incompatible,withhigh
tendencytomutations,andcrossesfreelywithseveralwild Brassica species
widespreadinthe Mediterraneanbasin.
The originof cauliflowerandbroccoli cropsfromthe spp.oleraceaseemstobe
locatedinthe Mediterraneanbasinandlinkedtoothersrelativeswhichare likelyto
be B. cretica,B. incana,B. insularis,B.macrocarpa,B. montana,B. rupestrisandB.
villosa.Forsome Authorsthishypothesisisnotpossible because the B.oleracea
crops presenthairlessleaveswhereasthose of the presumedrelativesare more or less
hairy(Snogerupetal.,1990).
The evolutionof cauliflowerandbroccoli wouldseemtohave takenplace in
the Mediterraneanbasin,inparticularinitseastcoast.The intense trading

5. relationshipsbetweennumerouscountriesof the MediterraneanareainRomantimes
supportedthe spreadandexchange of geneticmaterialsinseveralregions(Gray,
1982). Duringthisperiodthe evolutionprocessesprobablyledtoadaptationto
differentsoil-climaticconditionsbythe several ssp.of B.oleracea.The cultivation
and selectionof genotypeswithinterestingagronomical andqualitative traits
permittedthe identificationof severaltypesandformsof cauliflowerandbroccoli
(Nuezetal., 1999).
Several studiesonthe relationshipbetweencauliflowerandbroccoli have been
performedoverrecentyearsonthe basisof bio-morphological,anatomical,
biochemical,andmoleculartraits.Onthe basisof the reproductive processesawider
gene pool wassuggestedtoexistforcauliflower,ascomparedtobroccoli (Gray,
1982). The DNA polymorphismforcauliflowershowedadirectoriginfrombroccoli
and an indirectoriginfromwildBrassicatypeswithintrogressionof the broccoli
gene pool (Songetal.,1988). Thislatterhypothesisissupportedbythe
morphological characteristicsof broccoli whichare muchmore similartoseveral
wildBrassicaspeciesratherthanto cauliflower(Nuezetal.,1999)
Evolution of Brassica
Triangle of U
The "triangle of U" diagram, showing the genetic relationships among six species of the genus Brassica.
Chromosomes from each of the genomes A, B and C are represented by different colours.

6. The triangle of U is a theory about the evolution and relationships among members of
the plant genus Brassica. The theory states that the genomes of three ancestral diploid species
of Brassica combined to create three common tetraploid vegetables and oilseed crop species.[1]
It
has since been confirmed by studies of DNA and proteins.
The theory is summarized by a triangular diagram that shows the three ancestral genomes, denoted
by AA, BB, and CC, at the corners of the triangle, and the three derived ones, denoted by AABB,
AACC, and BBCC, along its sides.
The theory was first published in 1935 by Woo Jang-choon, a Korean-Japanese botanist (writing
under the Japanized name "Nagaharu U" Woo made synthetic hybrids between
the diploid and tetraploid species and examined how the chromosomes paired in the resulting
triploids.
Overview
The six species are
Table no.2
Genomes Chr.Count Species Description
Diploid
AA 2n=2x=20 Brassica rapa (syn. Brassica campestris) turnip, Chinese cabbage
BB 2n=2x=16 Brassica nigra black mustard

7. CC 2n=2x=18
Brassica
oleracea
cabbage, kale, broccoli, Brussels
sprouts, cauliflower, kohlrabi
Tetraploid
AABB 2n=4x=36
Brassica
juncea
Indian mustard
AACC 2n=4x=38 Brassica napus rapeseed, rutabaga
BBCC 2n=4x=34
Brassica
carinata
Ethiopian mustard
Current Areaand Productionof RapeseedandMustard
Rapeseedandmustardare importantspeciesgrownasoilseedcropsinPakistan.Thesespeciesare rich
source of oil andcontains40-46% goodqualityoil.Inaddition,itsmeal has38-40% proteinwhichhasa
complete profile of aminoacidsincludinglysine, methionineandcystine.The oil fromcanolaquality
rapeseedvarietiesissuperiorforhumanconsumptionandmeal isanexcellentfeedforanimalsand
birdsespeciallypoultry.Thusthe developmentof canolaqualityrapeseedwill enhance the use of
rapeseedoil foredible purposeandmeal foranimal andpoultryfeeding.Amongoilseedcrops,canola
has considerablycontributedinthe local productionof edible oil due toitshighvarietal potential and
increase inarea.However,there isagreat potential toincrease the areaunderthe canola7 crop in river
belts,SilabaandKhushkabaareasandplantingasintercroppingwithsugarcane.Moreover,adjustment
of thiscrop indifferentcroppingpatternswillalsohelpincreasingareasandoilseedproductivity. During
2012-13, rapeseedandmustardwere grownonan area of 238,861 hectares,productionof 220,318
toneswithaverage yieldof 922 kg/ha.Its hasshown10.8% and 23% increase inarea andproductionas
comparedto lastyear and11% average increase inyield.
Constraintstoincreasedproductionare: - Use of marginal lands. - Use of low qualityseed. - Use of
unbalance fertilize- Damage byaphids - Competitionwithotherwintercropssuchas wheat,chickpea,
lentil andwinterforages. - Highlevelof erucicacidandglucosinolates - Lack of specificseeddrill and
harvestingmachines.

8. Table no.3 Area, production and yieldof rapeseedand mustard in Pakistan
Year Panjab Sindh Balochistan KPK Pakistan
(Area:000:Hactares)
2000-01 128.9 74.2 24.3 44.7 272.1
2001-02 134.9 76.1 19.3 38.6 268.9
2002-03 150.8 71.7 19.9 38.2 280.6
2003-04 157.2 67.4 20.7 34.5 279.8
2004-05 158.3 53.1 21.6 24.2 257.2
2005-06 127.6 49.9 18.9 30.9 227.3
2006-07 135.6 70.4 19.6 40.2 265.8
2007-08 127.4 49.1 16.4 35.0 227.9
2008-09 142.8 47.6 17.7 36.8 244.9
2009-10 111.5 40.7 15.3 22.8 190.3
2010-11 135.6 47.3 17.1 16.5 216.5
2011-12 132.6 45.9 16.7 20.2 215.4
2012-13 152.8 49.1 18.8 18.1 238.8
Production '000' tonnes)
2000-01 127.6 59.4 15.4 28.2 230.6
2001-02 130.5 58.8 8.5 23.5 221.3
2002-03 146.1 57.6 8.9 22.4 235.0
2003-04 151.3 57.3 9.0 20.6 238.2
2004-05 142.5 47.6 10.2 15.5 215.8
2005-06 108.6 44.7 8.6 18.9 180.8
2006-07 120.2 70.1 9.4 21.3 221.0
2007-08 103.6 50.3 7.6 18.5 180.0
2008-09 120.5 51.1 7.4 19.9 198.9
2009-10 96.3 46.5 7.3 12.1 162.2
2010-11 124.5 50.2 7.9 12.4 191.9
2011-12 109.8 49.3 7.3 12.5 178.9
2012-13 148.2 52.6 8.5 11.0 220.3
YieldinKgs per hectare)
2000-01 990 799 579 599 836
2001-02 967 773 435 609 823
2002-03 969 803 447 586 837
2003-04 962 850 435 597 851
2004-05 900 896 472 640 839
2005-06 851 896 455 612 795
2006-07 886 996 480 530 831
2007-08 817 1031 463 540 793
2008-09 844 1073 418 541 812
2009-10 864 1151 477 531 852
2010-11 918 1061 450 812 886
2011-12 828 1074 437 619 830
2012-13 969 1071 451 606 922
Source:Agricultural Statisticsof Pakistan2012-13

9. References
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