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1. COMPAREIBREEDING IMETHODS IOFISESAMEIUSED IIN
IPAKISTAN IWITH ITHEIBREEDING IMETHODS IUSEDIINIMIDDLE
IEAST?
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
By
MUHAMMADiANAS
RolliNo.250 iBSc i(Hon)i7th
isemester
DepartmentiofiPlantiBreeding iandiGenetics
i i i i i i i i i i i
Submittedito
Prof.iDr.iFARHATULLAHiSIR
ActingiDeaniinitheiFacultyiofiCropiProductioniSciences
TheiUniversityiofiAgricultureiPeshawariPakistan

2. INDEX
Tableioficontents
1. Breedingiobjectives
2. BreedingiMethodsiUsediiniPakistani
 ConventionaliBreeding
 PureiLineiandiMassiSelection
 Hybridization
Pedigree method
Bulkmethod
Single seeddescentmethod
 Mutation iBreeding
 Somatic iHybridization
 BREEDINGiMETHODOLOGYiANDICROSSING TECHNIQUESUSED IN MIDDLE EAST
 Pollination
 Selfingtechniques
1. Emasculationandcrossing
2. Soda strawmethod
3. CONCLUSION
4. Reference

3. BreedingiObjectives
There iare ivariousiobjectivesiforisesameibreeding.
 Highiseediyields
 Superioriplantiarchitecturei(ideotype)
 Indehiscenticapsules
 Improved ioiliquality
 Resistance itoidiseasesiandipests
BreedingiMethodsiUsediIniPakistani
Plantibreedingiisiaicombinationiofibothiscienceiandiartiforieffectiveimanagementiofiavailableigenetic
ivariability iandicreationiofinewionesitoiattainidesiredigoals.iItiisitheiprocessitoiidentifyiandiselectiplants
ipossessingidesirableitraits,iand/oritoidevelopianiidealitypeiplantibyicombiningitheseidesireditraitsiinto
isingleiplant.iBreedingimethodsiusediforisesameigeneticiimprovementiareisimpleivaryingifromiplant
iselection itoihybrididevelopmentiandimolecularibreeding.iApplication iofibiotechnologyiandimolecular
ibreedingimethodsicaniboostitheibreedingiprocessiforidevelopmentiofisuperiorisesameivarieties.
ConventionaliBreeding
Conventionalibreedingiisiunderitheicontroliofihumaniforichoiceiofiparentalilines,iandiselectioniofitheir
ioffspringitoidirectitheievolutioniprocessiforicropiproductioniaccordingitoitheiridesires.iAlthoughilow
ipercentage ioficrossipollinationiisireported,itheisesameiisipredominantlyiregardediasiaiself-pollinated
iplant. iDevelopmentiofisesameitypesiwithidesirableicharactersiisiachievedithroughipedigreeiselection
ifromisegregatingigenerationsiofidifferenticrosses.iIniconventionaliplantibreedingitheseitraitsiare
imanipulated itoigetidesiredigeneticicombinationithroughivariousiprocedures.
There iare iseveraliadvantagesioficonventionalibreeding, iitiisitechnicallyisimple,iconvenientiandineedino
isophisticateditools.iItiisisuitableiforiimprovementiofimanyitraitsioripolygenicioritraitsiwithiunidentifiied
igenesiationeitime.iHowever,ithereiareicertainidisadvantages ioficonventionalimethodsiincluding
iincompatibilityiinicrosses, ilimitationiofigeneticivariationiwithinicropigene-poolianditimeiconsuming.
iSelection iofiplantsiwithidesirableitraitsifromisegregatingigenerationsiisiaitime-consumingiprocess,iand
isexual ibreedingimethodsiareinotiusefuliforiimprovingisexuallyisterileicrops.
PureiLineiandiMassiSelection
Evaluation iandiconsequentiselectioniofiimprovedilinesiareitheifirstistepiinibreedingiprocessithat
ilargely idependsionitheiknowledgeiofiplantigeneticidiversityiandiheritability.iSelectioniisiregardedias
ithe imostiancientiandibasiciprocedureiiniplantibreedingiiniwhichidesirediplantsiareiselectedifrom
igeneticallyivariableipopulation.iTheseilinesiareievaluatediagainstiexistingicommercialivarietiesifor
iyieldiandiotheritraitsiforimakingijustifiediplantiselection.

4. Hybridization
Iniconventionaliplantibreeding,ihybridizationiisitheimostifrequentlyiuseditechnique.iItihelpsitoicombine
ithe idesirableitraitsifromidifferentiplantilinesiintoiaisingleiplantithroughicrossipollination.iDesireditraits
isuchiasidiseaseiresistanceiandiimprovedioiliqualityicanibeitransferred ifromiwildirelativesiofiaicrop
ispeciesitoitheicultivatediforms.iHeritabilityiestimatesiandicombiningiabilityistudiesiassistiinipredicting
igeneticiimprovementiofidifferentitypesiandiareiusefuliinihybridiselectioniprogram.
Inisesame,iemasculationiisitheisimplestiandimosticommonlyiuseditechniqueiforiproducingiFi1ihybrids
ithroughicrossipollination.iAdditivelyicontrolicharactersicanibeieffectivelyitransferredithrough
ihybridizationiprocess. iInisesameihighiheritabilityiforiyield-relatediparameters,ii.e.,itheinumberiof
ibranches iperiplant,itheinumberioficapsulesiperiplant,iseediyieldiperiplantiandiseediyieldiperisquare
imeter, ishows ithatiadditiveigeneiactionigovernsitheseicharactersimadeicrossesiamongi24idiverseiand
iun-adaptediparentalilinesiinivariousicombinations iandiselectedihigh-yieldingisesameiplantsifromia
iprogeny iofi103icrosses.iPhyllody-resistantisesameicultivarsiwereidevelopedithroughiintra-iandiinter-
specificicrossesiamongidifferentisesameicultivatediandiwildispecies, iandiitiwasirevealedithatidisease
iresistanceiisigovernedibyioneidominanti(wildispecies)iandioneirecessivei(cultivatedispecies)igene.
Types of Hybridization
Pedigree Methods
For homozygosityachivmentof the progenyindividualplantsare selectedinthismethod.FromF2
generationthe selectionof plantsare startedforthe combinationof desirable traitsandthe processis
continuedinsucceedinggeneration untilitreachedtothe highergeneticpurity.The selectionisstartin
F2 segregatinggeneration.

5. BulkMethod
The methodisknownas mass or populationmethodwhichismostlyusedinself-populationspeciesand
the selectionisstartfromF6 generation,fromF2-F5the seedof the material isbulktill itreachedtoF6
and fromthere selectionisstarts.Following procedure show blukmethod.

6. Single seed descent Method
The methodisusedfor the advancedsegregatinggenerationof self-pollinnated crops. Inthismethod
seedof the single self-pollinatedcropsare grow overand overfor geetingthe highlevel of
homozygosityfromone generationtootherby usingsingle seeddescentmethod.

7. Mutation iBreeding
Mutagenicitechniquesiareisuccessfully iemployediinisesameitoiinduceigeneticivariability.iApplicationsiof
iappropriate idosesiofiphysicalimutagenioriconcentrationiofichemicalimutageniareiimportantitoiget
iadequate imutationsithaticouldibenefitisesameibreedingiprogram.iResearchersiatiFAO/IAEAihave
iinitiatedicoordinatediresearchiprojectiforigeneticiimprovementiinisesame,iandidevelopedi142imutants
ihavingiagronomicallyiusefulicharactersibyiusingibothiphysicaliandichemicalimutagensiandidevised
imethodiforimutationibreedingiforisesame.
Somatic iHybridization
Sesame iisiaiself-pollinatedicrop;ihowever,iconventionalicrossesibetweenicultivatedisesameiandiitsiwild
irelativesihaveibeeniattempted,itheihybridsiwereidifficultitoiproduce. iUseiofiwildirelativesiin
ihybridizationiprogramiisirestrictedidueitoicrossiincompatibilityiandilowihybridifrequencyithrough
iembryoiculture.iHybridiplantsicanialsoibeidevelopedithroughifusioniofisomaticiplanticells.iProtoplast
ifusioniisihelpfulitoiovercomeisexualiincompatibilityiasidistantlyirelatedispeciesicanibeifused.iInivitro
iculturingisystemicanihelpitoimultiplyiFi1iplantsiinitheilabifirstiandithenitoitransferithemiintoitheifield.
Inisesame,isuccessfullyidevelopediinter-specificihybridsibetweenicultivatediS.iindicumiandiitsiwild
irelativesiS.iradiatumiandiS.ioccidentaleithroughiovaryiandiovuleiculture.iInianotheristudy, iaisimpleiand

8. iefficientiprotocoliforiproductioniofihybridsiofiaicrossibetweeniSesamumialatumiandiS.iindicumiwere
ioptimized ithroughiovuleiculture.
BREEDINGiMETHODOLOGYiANDICROSSING TECHNIQUES USED IN MIDDLEEAST
Pollination
 Sesame isself-pollinatedcrops(95%) alsosaidto be predominantlyself-pollinatedcrop.
 4.6-5% naturallycrosspollinationalsotakesplace inthe sesame.
 Some of the experimentsshows the copcan reachupto 65% of cross pollinationbutitisgreatly
variesfromone locationtootherand some factors.
Selfing Techniques
 Bagging: the floweriisbaggedjusttoavoidnatural crosspollinationviainsects.
 The bud of the floweristie withasmall thread12-16 hrs before openingthe flower.
1. Emasculation and crossing
I. Both emasculationandcrossingisdone inthrpreviouseveningorearlyinthe morningof
floweringbetween5-6pmand6-7am respectively.
II. Emasculationisdone holdingthe tipof corollaandpulleditout.
III. The emasculatedflowerisbaggedmostlythe paper bagsare usedby meansnotto preventair.
IV. Afteremasculationisdone it’stime topollinatethe flowerartificiallyandmostlikelyitisdone in
the eveningandearlyinthe morning5-6am witha fine brush.
2. Soda strawmethod
a) The corollashouldbe removed fromperviouseveningbutthe pistil shouldremainintact.
b) One of the sectionof the sodastaw isslippedonthe pistil andfoldedtothe free endlightly.
c) On the nextmorningthe rippedanthersare rubbedoverstigmaandsodastraw isagain inserted
overthe pollinatedpistil.
CONCLUSION
Conventionaliandiinnovativeibreedingimethodsiareicomplementaryitoieachiotheriforiimprovingicrops.
iDependingionibreedingiobjectives, itheiriapplicationicanibeiappropriateioriinappropriate;ihowever, inone
iof itheiimprovementistrategiesialoneiisitotallyiperfect.iSesameibreedingiobjectivesicanibeiachievediby
idevisingibreedingiprogramsiwithispecificitargetsiforicropiimprovement.iApplicationiofibiotechnology
ialongiwithiconventionalibreedingimethodsiisiaiusefuliapproachiforibreedingisuperiorivarietiesiiniaishort
itime. iIniaddition,itheiconstructioniofimolecularigeneticsimaps,itagging-desireditraitsiforimarker-assisted
iselection iandipositionalicloningicouldibeimoreireliableitoolsiinigeneticistudiesithanimorphologicalitraits.
References
AbdellatefiE,iSirelkhatemiR,iMohamediAMM, iRadwaniKH, iKhalafallaiMMi(2008) iStudyiofigenetic
idiversityiiniSudaneseisesamei(iSesamumiindicumiL.)igermplasmiusingirandomiamplifiiedipolymorphic
iDNA i(RAPD)imarkers.iAfriJiBiotechnoli7:4423–4427

9. Pakistan iAgriculture iResearch iCouncil
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