This document discusses breeding for aphid resistance in rapeseed and mustard plants. It describes the aphid complex that affects brassicas, including the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), and the parthenogenetic life cycle of aphids. Methods for screening plant varieties for aphid resistance are outlined, such as seedling screening and measuring aphid infestation indexes. Breeding techniques used to develop resistant varieties include hybridization and induced mutations. The potential for genetic engineering to transfer resistance genes from wild plants is also mentioned. Effective integrated pest management approaches include biological and chemical control of aphids.

1. BREEDING FOR APHID RESISTANCE IN RAPESEED
AND MUSTARD
PRESENTED BY :SOHINI SARKAR
M.Sc
14.03.2018
CHAIRMAN:DR.PRABIR KUMAR BHATTACHARYA
SEMINAR LEADER: MR.GOURANGA SUNDAR MANDAL
DR.JOYDEEP BANERJEE

2. RAPESEED AND MUSTARD
• Family: Cruciferae
• Genus: Brassicae
BRASSICA INCLUDES:
RAPE
(Brassica
campestris)
SARSON
TORIA
MUSTARD
(Brassica
juncea)
RAI OR
LAHA

3. HOW TO DISTINGUISH RAPE AND MUSTARD
IN FIELD:
RAPE(Brassica campestris)
Most importantly the leaves are
glabrous and hairy,the lower part
of lamina grasps the stalk
partially or completely.
MUSTARD(Brassica juncea)
While here the leaves are not
dilated at the base and clasping
as in case of rape but are stalked
and broad.
Binoy (B9)
I
VARUNA
IMAGE SOURCE: FIELD AT MANDOURI TEACHING

4. APHID COMPLEX OF BRASSICAS
MAJOR
APHIDS
Turnip/mustard aphid
[Lipaphis erysimi ]
Cabbage aphid [Brevicoryne
brassicae (L.)],
Peach-potato aphid [Myzus
persicae (Sulzer)]
Petiole gall aphid [Pemphigus
populitransversus Riley]
Bean root aphid [Smynthurodes
betae Westwood]

5. BIOLOGY OF APHIDS
Family : Aphididae
Approximately 5000 species nearly 100 are very damaging
for crop plants (Blackman and Eastop 2000,2007).
More amazingly reproduction during a part of its life cycle
doesn’t requires male aphid!!
And that’s what we call
PARTHENOGENTIC VIVIPARY
Source:http://www.backyardnatu
re.net/aphid_lc.htm

6. LIFE CYCLE
OF APHIDS
HETEROECIOUS
Lives on one plant during
winter(primary host) and migrates
to taxonomically unrelated plant
species(secondary host) during
summer and again to primary host
during winter
MONOECIOUS/AUTOECI
OUS
aphids remain either on the same
or closely related host species
throughout the year. They
complete both sexual and
parthenogenetic life cycle on the
same host species.

7. GENETICS OF INSECT RESISTANCE:
IMMUNITY: An immune cultivar is one that a specific insect will never
consume or injure under any known condition. Here r=0.
RESISTANCE: Plants possesses qualities resulting in small damage by a
specific insect under a given set of conditions. Less disease than
susceptible where r>0 but r<1.
SUSCEPTIBLE: A susceptible variety is that which shows average or more
than average infestation or damage by an insect. Here, r=1.
TOLERANCE:A tolerant variety gives normal yield even in the presence
of severe intensity of disease. Here r=1.

8. Cultivated Brassica germplasm has failed to provide any
source of resistance against L. erysimi.
Wild germplasm is a potential source of resistance
against aphids. On wild germplasm screening, it was
noted that the wild crucifer Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern
confers resistance against L. erysimi.
In order to transfer the resistance trait from R.
indica to Brassica juncea, somatic hybridization was
carried out between these sexually incompatible pair. The
somatic hybrid and their Brassica type backcrossed
progenies (backcrossed with B. juncea) also showed R.
indica type resistance.

9. Source: Identification of Genes Involved in Wild Crucifer Rorippa indica Resistance
Response on Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi Challenge
Lekha Bandopadhyay, Debabrata Basu, Samir Ranjan Sikdar.

10. DEFENCE COMPONENTS OF
BRASSICA:
MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL DEFENCE:Many
morphological and anatomical characters may influence the
suitability of a plant as host to the insect (Southwood 1986).
Major types are:
Morphological
Defence
Epicuticular
wax
Trichomes
Depth of
vascular
bundles

11. BIOCHEMICAL DEFENCE MECHANISM OF
BRASSICA
TYPES
Glucosinolates
Phytoalexins and
Phytoanticipins
Volatile
Compounds

12. WHAT SHOULD WE FOCUS ON AS A
BREEDER:
Breeders never paid heed to maintain
insect or disease resistance which led
to severe loss of genes!!
So, screening of large Brassica germplasm for resistance
against insects is highly required.

13. SCREENING METHODOLOGIES:
SCREENING AT SEEDLING STAGE
SCREENING AT ADULT STAGE
MORPHOLOGICAL SCREENING
OTHER SCREENING METHODS(electrical
penetration graphs)

14. SCREENING AT SEEDLING STAGE:
•Bakhetia and Bindra (1977) have tried to develop seedling screening methodology.
•Based on the seedling mortality at a defined aphid population level.
•Population level of
•11 aphids for cotyledonary stage
•20 aphids for 2leaf stage
• 20 and 30 wingless aphids for 4leaf stage
• 1ml (1ml=600nymphs plus wingless adults) for 6leaf
• 5ml for flower bud initiation stage
Analysis was done and screening was possible.
SCREENING AT ADULT STAGE:
•Mainly on different injury symptoms shown by aphid feeding.
•Different injury grades are given to the test entries on the basis of degree of insect
damage.
•The most advantageous part of this method is it reflects the resistance shown by
plants under actual field conditions.

15. INFESTATION OF APHIDS:
The susceptibility of different varieties of mustard has been given on the basis of pooled
data over periods and none of the varieties were found free from aphid infestation.
Sl.NO GENOTYPE
S
APHID
INDEX
TEST
WEIGHT
YIELD(q/ha
)
1. GM 1 1.26 3.59 10.50
2. VARDHAN 1.42 2.26 9.96
3. PUSA
JAGNATH
1.58 5.01 7.93
4. PUSA BOLD 2.52 5.01 7.93
Population of aphid ,test weight and yield of different genotypes of mustard:
SOURCE: Author Tikamsinh Motisinh Bharpoda,BA College of
Agriculture.

16. • Free from aphid infestation
• Plant shows excellent growth0
• Normal growth, no curling or yellowing of the
leaves
1
• Average growth, curling and yellowing of a few
leaves. Average flowering and pod setting on all
the branches
2
• Growth below average, curling and yellowing of
the leaves on some branches3
• Very poor growth, heavy curling and the
yellowing of leaves, stunting of plants, little or no
flowering .Heavy aphid colonies.
5
• Heavy stunting of plants, curling, crinkling and
yellowing of almost all the leaves. Full of
aphids.
4
APHID INFESTATION INDEX

17. ANALYSIS:
APHID INFESTATION INDEX REACTION
0.00–1.50 Resistant
1.51–2.50 Moderately resistant
2.51–3.50 Susceptible
> 3.50 Highly susceptible
The higher the Aphid infestation index, the lower
the level of resistance in an entry

18. MECHANICAL SCREENING
For aphids yellow sticky
cards(4”x12” or 8”x12) are
excellent.
At growers level by using pieces of
fluorescent yellow chart paper and
pasting castor oil/mustard oil or
commercial grade adhesive,the
polybutene, on both the surfaces.
Traps are placed in a grid pattern
and 1-2 yellow sticky cards/traps in
the crop with the help of strings
about 4” to 6” above the plant
canopy.

19. ELECTRICAL PENETRATION GRAPHS:
Simple system consisting of
a partial circuit which is
only completed when a
species such as aphids,
which are the most
abundantly studied, inserts
its stylet into the plant in
order to probe the plant as
a suitable host for feeding.
The completed circuit is
displayed visually as a
graph with different
waveforms indicating
either different insect
activities .

20. BREEDING FOR APHID RESISTANCE:
• Different breeding methods have been used to develop resistant cultivars. These
include intervarietal hybridization, induced mutagenesis or autotetraploidy.
• B. napus strains and colchicine-induced tetraploid Toria (B. rapa) appeared more
resistant to mustard aphid in contrast to diploids (Rajan 1961; Singh et al., 1965;
Jarvis 1970; Gill and Bakhetia 1985; Kalra et al., 1987).
• Recently Kumar et al. (2011) reported wild B. fruticulosa to be resistant to
mustard aphid and described attempts at the introgression of resistance gene(s)
from B. fruticulosa to B. juncea.
• Different workers have attempted to induce mutations in B. juncea for aphid
resistance through chemical (Srinivasachar and Verma 1971) and physical
mutagens (Srinivasachar and Malik 1972; Labana 1976).

21. GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR APHID
RESISTANCE:
• The different strategies can be employed
such as expression of protease inhibitors,
RNA interference (RNAi), antimicrobial
peptides and repellents.
• Lectins are another class of proteins that
have toxic effects on aphids and have the
potential to be used for aphid control
through genetic engineering.

22. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), the chitin-binding lectin from wheat germ, has
been shown to be antimetabolic, antifeedant and insecticidal to the mustard
aphid.
.
Source:Transgenic Indian mustard (Brassica
juncea) with resistance to the mustard aphid
(Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.)
-Soumen Kanrar, Jaganatha Venkateswari,
Pulugurtha Bharadwaja Kirti, Vishal Chopra.
A transgene encoding WGA
was transferred to Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea cv.
RLM-198)
through Agrobacterium-
mediated transformation.
Bioassays using leaf discs showed
that feeding on transgenics
induced high mortality and
significantly reduced fecundity of
aphids.

23. MANAGEMENT
BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Lady beetles Cocciniella septempunctata and
cheilomones vicina are good aphid predators.
The Lacewing , Chrysoperla carnea also predates on
mustard aphid
CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT
Imidacloprid 17.8%
@0.25ml/l,Thiamethoxan 25 WG
@0.2g/l
apply Dimethoate 30EC@ 1ml/l of
water

24. ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE SCOPE:
Some genotypes in B. juncea such as T 6342, Glossy
B 85, RH 7846, RH 7847 and S. alba have been
reported to show less infestation.
A wild crucifer, Brassica fruticulosa is known to be resistant
to mustard aphid. An artificially synthesized amphiploid, AD-
4 (B. fruticulosa × B. rapa var. brown sarson) was developed
for use as a bridge species to transfer fruticulosa resistance
to B. juncea
Seedling survival, estimated aphid injury, aphid
infestation index, aphid fecundity and field
evaluation of genotypes are some of the
parameters used for identification of aphid
tolerant sources.
So Mustard Aphid is one of the serious pest
transmiting several plant viral diseases.

25. REFERENCES:
• Blackman RL, Eastop VF (1984) Aphids on the World’s crops. Wiley, Chicheste
• Birkett MA, Campbell CAM, Chamberlain K, Guerrieri E, Hick AJ, Martin JL, Matthes M,
Napier JA, Pettersson J, Pickett JA, Poppy GM, Pow EM, Pye BJ, Smart LE, Wadhams
GH, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM (2000) New roles for cis-jasmone as an insect
semiochemical and in plant defense. P Natl Acad Sci USA 97:9329–9334
• Cole RA (1994a) Locating a resistance mechanism to the cabbage aphid in two wild
Brassicas. Entomol Exp Appl 71:23–31
• Bakhetia DRC, Bindra OS (1977) Screening techniques for aphid resistance in Brassica
crops. SABRAO J 9:91–107
• Kumar S, Atri C, Sangha MK, Banga SS (2011) Screening of wild crucifers for resistance
to mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and attempt at introgression of
resistance gene(s) from Brassica fruticulosa to Brassica juncea. Euphytica 179:461–470.
doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0351-z

26.  Gill RS, Bakhetia DRC (1985) Resistance of some Brassica napus and B. campestris strains
to Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). J&Oilseeds Res 2:227–239
 Kalra VK, Singh H, Rohilla HR (1987) In"uence of various genotypes of Brassica juncea on
biology
of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). Indian J&Agric Sci 57:277–279
 Srinivasachar D, Malik RS (1972) An induced aphid resistant, non-waxy mutant in turnip,
Brassica rapa. Curr Sci 41:820–821
Srinivasachar D, Verma PK (1971) Induced aphid resistance in Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. Curr
Sci 49:311–313
Labana KS (1976) Release of mutant variety of raya (Brassica juncea). Mutat Breed Newsl
7:11