The document discusses Baroque music during the Enlightenment period. It describes three representative composers: Antonio Vivaldi, known for works like The Four Seasons; Johann Sebastian Bach, who composed cantatas, chorales, and the piece "Jesu Joy of Man's Desiring"; and George Frederick Handel, famous for works like Messiah and the "Hallelujah Chorus". It then discusses classical music composers like Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. The document also mentions three enlightened despots: Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia, who implemented limited political and social reforms.

1. The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
SpreadsSpreads
Chapter 22, Section 3Chapter 22, Section 3

2. Baroque MusicBaroque Music
Representative ComposersRepresentative Composers
Antonio VivaldiAntonio Vivaldi
Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach
George Friedrich HandelGeorge Friedrich Handel

3. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 Most famous workMost famous work LeLe
quattro stagioniquattro stagioni ((The FourThe Four
SeasonsSeasons) written in 1723.) written in 1723.
 46 operas46 operas
 76 sonatas76 sonatas
 Chamber musicChamber music
 Sacred musicSacred music

4. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 cantatascantatas
 choraleschorales
 organ worksorgan works
 lute musiclute music
 chamber musicchamber music
 canons and fuguescanons and fugues
 Famous piece: “Jesu JoyFamous piece: “Jesu Joy
of Man’s Desiring”of Man’s Desiring”

5. George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 42 operas42 operas
 29 oratorios29 oratorios
 120 cantatas, trios, duets120 cantatas, trios, duets
 numerous ariasnumerous arias
 chamber musicchamber music
 Most famous work:Most famous work:
MessiahMessiah oratorio traditionallyoratorio traditionally
performed during theperformed during the
Christmas season, includingChristmas season, including
“Hallelujah Chorus”.“Hallelujah Chorus”.

6. Classical MusicClassical Music
 Representative ComposersRepresentative Composers
Joseph HaydnJoseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

7. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
 Known as “Father of theKnown as “Father of the
Symphony” and “FatherSymphony” and “Father
of the String Quartet”of the String Quartet”
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 104 Symphonies104 Symphonies
 numerous concertos fornumerous concertos for
various instrumentsvarious instruments
 15 operas15 operas
 other musicother music

8. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
 Representative worksRepresentative works
 23 operas23 operas
 numerous symphoniesnumerous symphonies
 ““Toy Symphony”Toy Symphony”
 concertosconcertos
 ““Flute concerto no. 2 in DFlute concerto no. 2 in D
Major, K 314”Major, K 314”
 piano musicpiano music
 chamber musicchamber music
 sacred musicsacred music
 massesmasses

9. Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 Symphonies (5Symphonies (5thth
and 9and 9thth
probably the mostprobably the most
famous)famous)
 Piano musicPiano music
 ““Fur Elise”Fur Elise”
 Vocal musicVocal music
 OperasOperas
 Choral musicChoral music

10. Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
 Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia
 Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria
 Catherine II (the Great) of RussiaCatherine II (the Great) of Russia

11. Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia
 Ruled Prussia from 1740
to 1786; granted religious
freedoms, reduced
censorship, improved
education

12. Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria
 ReligionReligion
 Joseph II had the most progressiveJoseph II had the most progressive
policy of religion toleration in all ofpolicy of religion toleration in all of
Europe. He granted toleration towardEurope. He granted toleration toward
Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-
clerical and liberal innovationsclerical and liberal innovations
provoked a visit from the Pope Piusprovoked a visit from the Pope Pius
VI in 1782. Joseph showed himself aVI in 1782. Joseph showed himself a
good Catholic, but was not persuadedgood Catholic, but was not persuaded
to change his liberal positions onto change his liberal positions on
religion.religion.
 The ArtsThe Arts
 He was known as the “musical king.”He was known as the “musical king.”
He was a huge patron of composers.He was a huge patron of composers.
He is featured prominently in theHe is featured prominently in the
moviemovie AmadeusAmadeus, the fictionalized, the fictionalized
biography of Mozart.biography of Mozart.

13. Catherine II (the Great) of RussiaCatherine II (the Great) of Russia
 Ruled Russia from 1762
to 1796; put in place
limited reforms; vastly
enlarged the Russian
empire

14. Answers to Reteaching ActivityAnswers to Reteaching Activity

15. Diderot’sDiderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
 Diderot began to publish a series of books in
1751 that were compilations of articles from
leading scholars. Even though the French
government and the Catholic Church censored
the Encyclopedia, it was responsible for spreading
Enlightenment ideas all over Europe.

16. Neoclassical StyleNeoclassical Style
 Neoclassical art began to replace baroque art during
the late 1700s. Neoclassical art followed a simple
and elegant style that drew on ideas from
classical Greece and Rome.

17. Changes in music during theChanges in music during the
EnlightenmentEnlightenment
 Classical music, with a new, lighter style, emerged
during the Enlightenment. Haydn, Mozart, and
Beethoven were three classical composers from
Austria.

18. Changes in literature during theChanges in literature during the
EnlightenmentEnlightenment
 Eighteenth century writers began writing novels,
lengthy works of prose fiction. Pamela, by
Samuel Richardson, is often considered the first
English novel.

19. Enlightened despotsEnlightened despots
 Enlightened despots supported the ideas of the
philosophes and made enlightenment reforms.
Europe’s most important enlightened despots
included Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of
Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia.

20. Frederick IIFrederick II
 Ruled Prussia from 1740
to 1786; granted religious
freedoms, reduced
censorship, improved
education

21. Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great
 Ruled Russia from 1762
to 1796; put in place
limited reforms; vastly
enlarged the Russian
empire