1. 24.4 Revolutions in the Arts24.4 Revolutions in the Arts
Artistic and Intellectual movements
both reflect and fuel changes in Europe
during the 1800’s

2. Romantic Movement
 The Ideas of Romanticism
Romanticism – Interest in nature, preferring
emotion, individuality
Romanticism linked to folk traditions and
nationalism.
Romanticism rejects the Enlightenment ideas
that elevate reason as the ultimate reality, and
validated emotion as an authentic experience
of reality. Emotions of trepidation, horror,
terror, and awe gain a new emphasis.

3. Romantic MovementRomantic Movement
Romanticism in LiteratureRomanticism in Literature
Poetry, music, and painting are thePoetry, music, and painting are the
arts best suited to romanticismarts best suited to romanticism
Many British romantic poets believeMany British romantic poets believe
nature is the source of beautynature is the source of beauty

4. British Romantic Poets
 William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth
Lyrical Ballads, with a FewLyrical Ballads, with a Few
Other PoemsOther Poems
 Lord ByronLord Byron
Don JuanDon Juan
 Percy Bysshe Shelley
Prometheus Unbound (play)
"Hymn to Intellectual Beauty""Hymn to Intellectual Beauty"
 John Keats
"Ode on a Grecian Urn"
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(not pictured)
"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a
Dream: A Fragment"

5. German writersGerman writers
 Germany’s Johann
Wolfgang von
Goethe is a great
early romanticist.
 28 August 1749 – 22
March 1832
 He wrote the play
Faust about a doctor
who sells his soul to
the devil to get
whatever he wants.

6. German WritersGerman Writers
 Jakob and Wilhelm
Grimm, known as “The
Brothers Grimm”
popularized stories like:
 RumpelstiltskinRumpelstiltskin
 Snow WhiteSnow White
 RapunzelRapunzel
 CinderellaCinderella
 Hansel and GretelHansel and Gretel
 The Frog PrinceThe Frog Prince

7. French RomanticsFrench Romantics
 Victor HugoVictor Hugo
 Les MiserablesLes Miserables
 The Hunchback ofThe Hunchback of
Notre DameNotre Dame

8. Gothic Fiction
Gothic horror
novels taking place
in medieval castles
become popular
 The Castle of Otranto
(1764) by Horace
Walpole is considered the
first gothic novel.
 Walpole built his English
villa Strawberry Hill in the
Gothic Revival style much
like a medieval castle.

9. Examples of Gothic FictionExamples of Gothic Fiction
 The “penny dreadful” serialized
novels such as The String of
Pearls: A Romance (1846-47)
which debuts the character
Sweeney Todd: The
Demon Barber of Fleet
Street. “Penny dreadfuls”
were the precursors to pulp
fiction and the modern comic
book.
 Another popular pennyAnother popular penny
dreadful wasdreadful was Varney theVarney the
Vampire or The Feast of BloodVampire or The Feast of Blood
anonymously written foranonymously written for
publication (1845-47).publication (1845-47).

10. Examples of Gothic FictionExamples of Gothic Fiction
 Stories by Edgar
Allen Poe
 “The Fall of the House
of Usher”
 “The Pit and the
Pendulum”
 “The Tell Tale Heart”

11. Examples of Gothic FictionExamples of Gothic Fiction
 The most well knownThe most well known
gothic novel isgothic novel is
FrankensteinFrankenstein by Maryby Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley.Wollstonecraft Shelley.

12. Composers Emphasize
Emotion
Composers abandon Enlightenment style
of music
Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from
Enlightenment to romanticism
Some composers draw on literature or
cultural themes

13. Ludwig van Beethoven
 baptized 17 Dec. 1770 – 26baptized 17 Dec. 1770 – 26
March 1827March 1827
 He was a crucial figure in theHe was a crucial figure in the
transitional period between thetransitional period between the
Classical and Romantic erasClassical and Romantic eras inin
Western classical music, andWestern classical music, and
remains one of the mostremains one of the most
acclaimed and influentialacclaimed and influential
composers of all time.composers of all time.
 Around 1796, Beethoven beganAround 1796, Beethoven began
to lose his hearing.to lose his hearing.
 Beethoven's hearing loss did notBeethoven's hearing loss did not
prevent his composing music,prevent his composing music,
but it made playing at concerts—but it made playing at concerts—
lucrative sources of income—lucrative sources of income—
increasingly difficult.increasingly difficult.

14. Franz Liszt
 October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886
 Was a Hungarian composer,Was a Hungarian composer,
virtuoso pianist and teacher.virtuoso pianist and teacher.
 Liszt became renowned throughoutLiszt became renowned throughout
Europe during the 19th century forEurope during the 19th century for
his great skill as a performer.his great skill as a performer.
 He was said by his contemporariesHe was said by his contemporaries
to have been the most technicallyto have been the most technically
advanced pianist of his age andadvanced pianist of his age and
perhaps the greatest pianist of allperhaps the greatest pianist of all
time.time.

15. Robert Schumann
 8 June 1810 – 29 July8 June 1810 – 29 July
18561856
 German composer,German composer,
aesthete andaesthete and
influential music critic.influential music critic.
He is one of the mostHe is one of the most
famous and importantfamous and important
Romantic composersRomantic composers
of the 19th century.of the 19th century.

16. Felix Mendelssohn
 February 3, 1809 –February 3, 1809 –
November 4, 1847November 4, 1847
 German composer,German composer,
pianist, organist andpianist, organist and
conductor of the earlyconductor of the early
Romantic period.Romantic period.
 He was born into aHe was born into a
notable Jewish family,notable Jewish family,
although he himself wasalthough he himself was
brought up initially withoutbrought up initially without
religion, and later as areligion, and later as a
Lutheran Christian. HeLutheran Christian. He
was recognized early aswas recognized early as
a musical prodigya musical prodigy

17. Frederic Chopin
 1 March 1810 –1 March 1810 –
17 October 184917 October 1849
 Was a Polish composerWas a Polish composer
and virtuoso pianist. He isand virtuoso pianist. He is
considered one of theconsidered one of the
great masters ofgreat masters of
Romantic music.Romantic music.
 The great majority ofThe great majority of
Chopin's compositionsChopin's compositions
were written for the pianowere written for the piano
as solo instrument.as solo instrument.

18. Hector Berlioz
 December 11, 1803 – March 8,December 11, 1803 – March 8,
18691869
 French Romantic composer, bestFrench Romantic composer, best
known for his compositionsknown for his compositions
Symphonie fantastiqueSymphonie fantastique andand GrandeGrande
messe des morts (Requiem).messe des morts (Requiem).
 Berlioz made significantBerlioz made significant
contributions to the moderncontributions to the modern
orchestra with his Treatise onorchestra with his Treatise on
Instrumentation. He specified hugeInstrumentation. He specified huge
orchestral forces for some of hisorchestral forces for some of his
works; as a conductor, heworks; as a conductor, he
performed several concerts withperformed several concerts with
more than 1,000 musicians.more than 1,000 musicians.

19. Guiseppe Verdi
 October 9 or 10, 1813 –October 9 or 10, 1813 –
January 27, 1901January 27, 1901
 an Italian Romantican Italian Romantic
composer, mainly ofcomposer, mainly of
opera. He was one of theopera. He was one of the
most influentialmost influential
composers of the 19thcomposers of the 19th
century.century.
 One of his most wellOne of his most well
known tunes isknown tunes is "La donna"La donna
è mobile" ("Woman isè mobile" ("Woman is
fickle") from the operafickle") from the opera
RigolettoRigoletto

20. Richard Wagner
 22 May 1813 – 13 February 188322 May 1813 – 13 February 1883
 German composer, conductor,German composer, conductor,
theatre director and essayist,theatre director and essayist,
primarily known for his operas.primarily known for his operas.
 Unlike most other operaUnlike most other opera
composers, Wagner wrote both thecomposers, Wagner wrote both the
music and libretto for every one ofmusic and libretto for every one of
his works.his works.
 Wagner’s music is controversialWagner’s music is controversial
because Wagner himself wasbecause Wagner himself was
antisemitic in his essays. The Nazisantisemitic in his essays. The Nazis
appropriated much of Wagner’sappropriated much of Wagner’s
writings and music for their ownwritings and music for their own
ends.ends.

21. The Shift to Realism in the ArtsThe Shift to Realism in the Arts
Realism – art style attempting to
depict life accurately
Paintings and novels in this style
show the working class

22. Photographers Capture Reality
 Daguerreotypes, early
photographs, are
surprisingly real
 They are named after
their French inventor,
Louis Daguerre

23. Daguerreotype photos
The solar eclipse of July
28, 1851 was the first
correctly exposed
photograph of a solar
eclipse, using the
daguerreotype process.
The first authenticated
image of Abraham
Lincoln was this
daguerreotype of him as
U.S. Congressman-elect
in 1846, attributed to
Nicholas H. Shepard of
Springfield, Ill.
The best-known
image of Edgar
Allan Poe was a
daguerreotype taken
in 1848 by W.S.
Hartshorn, shortly
before Poe's death.

24. Photographers Capture Reality
 William Talbot invents
negative, allows
copies of photograph

25. Writers Study Society
Charles Dickens and Honore de BalzacCharles Dickens and Honore de Balzac
write about society and class.write about society and class.
Some realist literature sparks reforms inSome realist literature sparks reforms in
working conditions.working conditions.

26. Honoré de Balzac
 French author who wrote a 100French author who wrote a 100
novel series titlednovel series titled La ComédieLa Comédie
humaine,humaine, “The Human“The Human
Comedy,” about life in FranceComedy,” about life in France
after the fall of Napoleonafter the fall of Napoleon
Bonaparte.Bonaparte.

27. Émile Zola
 French author who wroteFrench author who wrote
a series of realistic novelsa series of realistic novels
describing the conditionsdescribing the conditions
of French life in his time.of French life in his time.
 One series of his novelsOne series of his novels
was a 21 novel serieswas a 21 novel series
titledtitled Les Rougon-Les Rougon-
MacquartMacquart about a familyabout a family
between 1852 and 1870.between 1852 and 1870.
 One of his most famousOne of his most famous
books,books, GerminalGerminal, was in, was in
this series and isthis series and is
considered a classic inconsidered a classic in
French literature.French literature.

28. Charles Dickens
 Dickens was in favor of liberalDickens was in favor of liberal
reforms in British society, and usedreforms in British society, and used
his realistic descriptions of the plighthis realistic descriptions of the plight
of the poor to promote such reform.of the poor to promote such reform.
 His serialized works were popular inHis serialized works were popular in
the United States as well.the United States as well.
 Works include:Works include:
 A Christmas CarolA Christmas Carol
 Oliver TwistOliver Twist
 Nicholas NicklebyNicholas Nickleby
 Little DorritLittle Dorrit
 Hard TimesHard Times
 A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities
 David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield
 Bleak HouseBleak House

29. Impressionists React Against
Realism
A New Movement
Impressionism – art style that
tries to capture precise
moments in time

30. Life in the Moment
Impressionists like Claude Monet
portray life of rising middle class
Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste
Renoir also leading impressionists

31. Claude MonetClaude Monet
 14 November 1840 – 514 November 1840 – 5
December 1926December 1926
 Founder of FrenchFounder of French
impressionist painting, andimpressionist painting, and
the most consistent andthe most consistent and
prolific practitioner of theprolific practitioner of the
movement's philosophy ofmovement's philosophy of
expressing one's perceptionsexpressing one's perceptions
before nature, especially asbefore nature, especially as
applied to plein-air landscapeapplied to plein-air landscape
painting. The termpainting. The term
Impressionism is derivedImpressionism is derived
from the title of his paintingfrom the title of his painting
Impression, SunriseImpression, Sunrise

32. Impression, SunriseImpression, Sunrise

33. The Lunch on the GrassThe Lunch on the Grass

34. The Woman in the Green DressThe Woman in the Green Dress

35. Garden at Sainte-AdresseGarden at Sainte-Adresse

36. Edgar DegasEdgar Degas
 19 July 1834 – 2719 July 1834 – 27
September 1917September 1917
 French artist famous forFrench artist famous for
his work in painting,his work in painting,
sculpture, printmakingsculpture, printmaking
and drawing.and drawing.
 He is regarded as one ofHe is regarded as one of
the founders ofthe founders of
Impressionism althoughImpressionism although
he rejected the term, andhe rejected the term, and
preferred to be called apreferred to be called a
realist.realist.

37. The Dance ClassThe Dance Class

38. The Absinthe Drinker or Glass ofThe Absinthe Drinker or Glass of
AbsintheAbsinthe

39. At the RacesAt the Races

40. Pierre-Auguste RenoirPierre-Auguste Renoir
 February 25, 1841 –February 25, 1841 –
December 3, 1919December 3, 1919
 Leading painter in theLeading painter in the
development of thedevelopment of the
Impressionist style.Impressionist style.

41. The Theater BoxThe Theater Box

42. The SwingThe Swing

43. On the TerraceOn the Terrace andand Dance in the CityDance in the City

44. The BohemianThe Bohemian

45. Impressionist
composers
use music to
create mental
pictures
Maurice Ravel Claude Debussy