Building Construction P1: Experiencing Construction full

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Site
2.0 Site & Safety
2.1 Construction Site Precautions
2.2 Work Attire
3.0 Plants & Machinery
4.0 Preliminary Works
4.1 Site Clearance
4.2 Eathwork
4.3 Site Layout
4.4 Temporary Works
4.5 Setting out
5.0 Foundation
5.1 Types of Foundation
5.2 Strip + Pile foundation
6.0 Superstructure
6.1 Slabs
6.2 Columns
6.3 Beams
7.0 Walls
7.1 Masonry
7.2 Pre-Cast Walls
8.0 Staircase
List of References
MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN IBRAHIM | 0326496
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705
CHALAKA WIJENAYAKE | 0332067
HARRIS AZIZ | 0323219
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598
(precast) HARRIS AZIZ | 0323219
MAZEN MAHMOUD RADI | 0326610
5-6
7
8
11
12-13
15-17
14
18-19
26-33
34
35-37
39-44
45-48
49-51
52-53
21
22-24
1-4

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
SITE OVERVIEW
Located at jalan PJS 7/13 Bandar Sunway Opposite to
Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus.
We chose this project for their use of conventional (in-
situ) construction method and for the ease of access to
the site being next to our campus which grants us the
freedom of obtaining further advice or datum when
needed.
1. SUPERSTRUCTURE (CONVENTIONAL)
2. WALLS (MASONRY)
3. STAIRCASE
4. TEMPORARY WORKS
INTRODUCTION | 01
TOPICS COVERED:
SITE 1: PJS 7, BANDAR SUNWAY

SITE DETAILS
Location: Jalan PJS 7/13, Pjs 7 Bandar Sunway, 47100
Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Project Type: Apartment Units for sunway medical staff
No. of Units: 70
Height: 5 Storeys
Project Outline: 2 levels of parking in basement 1 & 2
- Block A: 30 units Block B: 30 units Block C - 10 units
Unit Size: 875 sq. ft
Land Owner: Sunway Medical Centre SDN BHD
Architect: CL+O Architects SDN BHD
INTRODUCTION | 02
LOCATION PLAN
SITE LAYOUT
PROPOSED DESIGN

SITE OVERVIEW
Located at hillpark city puncak alam, daerah kuala
selangor, this Project is a 2 storey terrace modern
housing compound.
We chose this site for their “Pre-Cast” Construction
Method which we needed to compare with Site 1
conventional method so as to have more types and
elements recorded to provide an Informative report that
covers a wide range of construction aspects.
PRELIMINARIES
FOUNDATION
SUPERSTRUCTURE (SLABS)
PRE-CAST WALLS
INTRODUCTION | 03
TOPICS COVERED:
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM

SITE DETAILS
Location: hillpark city puncak alam, daerah kuala
selangor, selangor, Malaysia
Land Size: 78 Acres
Project Type: Housing Compound
Type of Property: 2 storey terrace houses
No. of Units: 257
Dwelling Size: (25'x75 ') Terrace House
Developer: Puncak Alam Resources SDN BHD
Architect: Arkitek Daya Seni SDN BHD
INTRODUCTION | 04
SAMPLE HOUSE
SITE LAYOUT
LOCATION
PLAN
-Modern Concept House
-Cantilevered 1st floor Slab
-Perimeter Fencing w/
CCTV

2.1 SITE PRECAUTIONS
sign boards are usually placed at the front or at the entrance of a
construction site to inform the “public” with all the information of the
parties involved in the construction. Contains Architecture firm,
client, C&S engineers, M&E engineers, QS and Contractor
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 SITE AND SAFETY | 05
SIGNAGE
SIGN BOARD
Project Details
Developer
Architect
Structural Engineers
M&E Engineers
Contractor
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Safety precautions board is also placed at the entrances of the
construction site to inform the public to always abide by
construction precaution when visiting construction sites and also
remind the working crew with safety and working attire rules.
PRECAUTIONS NOTICE BOARD

2.1 SITE PRECAUTIONS
Temporary Structure used to support work crew & material. It is designed to
be easily transported, dismantled & Stored. All scaffold require bracing to
help prevent them from collapsing. Also known as staging, is a temporary
structure used to support worker in construction.
Scaffolding
SITE 1 AND SITE 2
SCAFFOLD SKELETON
SAFETY NET
A Safety skeleton used on site for the function of withholding and catch
working crew in case of unbalance or falling.
SAFETY NET CANVASSAFETY NET SECTIONSAFETY NET ASSEMBLY COMPOSITION

2.2 WORK ATTIRE
Used on construction site to prevent major head damage in case of falling
and to protect head from objects droping. Also provide a 30mm suspension
between head and helmet to prevent object from hitting directly the head.
1. HELMETS
SITE 1 AND SITE 2
SAFETY HELMETS
Wearing Boots is mandatory for every worker to prevent from injuries or
serious fracture within the foot. The boots should be heat and puncture
resistant to protect the feet from heat work surface and sharp objects.
BOOTS
USED
ON
SITE
2. GLOVES
In any construction work a good glove is needed to protect the hands from
harm way in the process of construction.
3. BOOTS
SAFETY GLOVES
USED IN MALAYSIA

3.0 PLANTS & MACHINERY
Piling drivers are
machines used to
penetrate piles into
the ground to transfer
vertical and lateral
superstructure loads
through the soil.
-The ram is lifted to a
pre-set height and
allowed to free-fall
onto the piles.
They are used primarily to excavate below and above
ground level. They are suitable for trench and
foundation excavations and pits for basements and
also used for: General grading work, .Lifting and
Loading onto dump trucks
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PLANTS & MACHINERY | 08
EXCAVATORPILE DRIVER
Lead
Ram
Crane
Bucket
Boom
Cab

Is a four-wheel drive machine initially used for small
excavation works. They are fitted with a
loading/excavating front bucket and a rear backacter
bucket. Used for Minimal demolition, Light transportation,
Excavation, Landscaping, Breaking Asphalt
Dumpers are used for transportation of
materials on the construction site and can
also be used to carry earthwork
components such as excavated soil.
DUMP TRUCK
BACKHOE LOADER
Bucket
Bucket
arm
CabSteering
Cylinder
Support leg
Diesel
Engine
CabHopper

Steer loaders are four-wheel vehicles with the wheels
mechanically locked in simultaneously on each side. The
machine turns by dragging its fixed-orientation wheels
across the ground.
Truck used to mix the concrete components during
transport whilst the truck drum will keep spinning to
remain the cement it in its liquid state until delivery.
CONCRETE MIXER TRUCKSTEER LOADER
Hinged Chute
Fixed discharge
chute
Storage Tank
Diesel Powered
truck
Mixing Drum
Bucket Linkage and Frame

4.1 SITE CLEARANCE
Site clearance is the removal of any obstruction on site to prepare the site for excavation and foundation establishment. It
involves the demolition and removal any existing structures, digging out vegetation and removing the topsoil.
Removal of Structures
A bulldozer is used for removal and
digging out of any vegetation or
structures from the site.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 11
PROCESS OF SITE CLEARANCE
1ST STAGE 2ND STAGE 3RD STAGE
Removal of Cleared Substances
Removal of cleared vegetation and any
unusual substance are removed all
together.
Topsoil Removal
Removal of topsoil below ground Level
because it may contain organic matter
that may weaken or affect foundation and
substructure.

4.2 EARTHWORK
Excess soil removed is loaded onto a
dump truck till a nearly platform level
is reached also known as cutting.
1.0 EXCAVATION
The dump truck transfers the
excess soil into a vacant spot
within the site.
Excess soil is then Stored in a
designated area then later used for
filling process.
Excavation of desired depth of soil, process also known as Levelling
which is to level the site ground to maintain platform level for
foundation to be inserted.
Excavated soil

4.2 EARTHWORK
2. CUT & FILL PROCESS
Bandar Puncak Alam site is located on a hill therefore, the ground is
predominantly sloped, and in order to maintain a platform level the soil
existing on a higher ground is cut (excavated) and filled into the plots on the
lower ground to maintain a standardised level.
The soil is compacted to reduce air spaces in the
soil, maintain ground level and increase strength of
the soil to be strong to support and settle
foundation laid out later.
3. COMPACTION
Soil to be Cut
Plot to be filled

4.3 SITE LAYOUT
1. Site Office, Temporary
Toilets & Storage
Used predominantly for site
meetings and storing important
site documents.
KEY
2. Temporary Storage
used to store excess materials,
and unused machinery and
workers vehicles.
3. Hoarding/Fencing
Built around the construction
site to prevent unauthorized
access into the site
Access Road
Circulation to allow vehicles and
machineries to access the
construction site from the main
road
Bandar Puncak Alam Project Site Plan
1 2
Fencing
Housing Units

4.4 TEMPORARY WORKS
A temporary fencing used to secure a construction site, defines the site boundary and prevents unauthorized personnel from
entering the site. The main purpose of construction hoarding is for general safety as it discourages the public from entering
the site.
METAL HOARDING
Metal hoarding
Materials:
Posts: Square Hollow
Section (SHS)
Frame: Square Hollow
Section (SHS)
Infill: Circular Hollow
Section (CHS)
2.4m
2.8m

4.4 TEMPORARY WORKS
The site office and workers rooms are a temporary structure that on this site a
portable cabin. It is durable and functional to accommodate the demands of daily
work on the construction site.
The storage cabins used to store materials on the construction site depends on
vulnerability of the stored material, it's damage from weather and also its financial
value. More expensive materials are locked in these storage containers for
protection from weather.
SITE OFFICE
STORAGE CONTAINERS

4.4 TEMPORARY WORKS
Concrete Drainage Channels intercepts water along the entire run of the
channel. Channel drainage is typically manufactured from concrete, steel,
polymer or composites. The interception rate of channel drainage is high and
the excavation required is usually less deep.
CONCRETE DRAINAGE CHANNELS
CONCRETE DRAINAGE CHANNELS
6500mm
1400mm
700mm
TYPICAL DIMENSIONS OF
ONE CHANNEL UNIT

4.5 SETTING OUT
Setting out is done after site clearing is finished. Boundaries are marked and line on site to differentiate land between
different occupants to ensure the correct positioning of various elements of the building.
A base line to mark where the whole
building building will be established.
PROCESS OF SETTING OUT
1ST STAGE 2ND STAGE 3RD STAGE
Each corner of the baseline is marked
with a corner peg. The lines are checked
to make sure it is right-angled, and is in
correct lengths
Profile boards are set up to determine
the corners of the buildings. These are
to clearly locate the trench,
foundations and walls
Site Boundary
Setting out line
Baseline
Profile Boards

4.5 METHOD OF SETTING OUT
OffSet pegs are normally used in the form
of grid ends or as horizontal control points
used to establish the proposed structure.
In this site they just use piles marked in
blue to function as offset pegs.
Baselines are reference lines in
were the building’s corners are
located on the ground.
The TBM is a fixed point on a site to
which all levels are related and should
be established at an early stage. On the
site, it relates to any permanent fixture.
1. BASELINE 2. OFFSET PEGS 3. Temporary Bench Mark
(TBM)

5.1 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
used where the loads imposed by a structure are low
relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils.
types:
- strip footing,
- spread footing,
- combined footing,
- strap footing, and
- raft foundation.
used where the bearing capacity of surface soils is not
strong enough to support the loads imposed by a
structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper
layers:
- basements
- buoyancy rafts
- caissons
- cylinders
- shaft foundations
- pile foundations
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705 FOUNDATION | 20
DEEP FOUNDATIONSHALLOW FOUNDATION
SITE 2: STRIP + PILE FOUNDATION
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/t
ypes-of-shallow-foundations/5308/
http://osp.mans.edu.eg/deepfoundation/ch1.htm

5.2 FOUNDATION ON SITE
The puncak alam site uses a combination
of deep foundation (piling) and shallow
foundation (strip footing) where pile
foundation is placed under strip footing that
is a continuous strip of concrete under load
bearing walls placed centrally under walls.

Regardless of the site using strip
foundation, they also use piles driven
into the ground - a method used in
deep foundations
strip foundations are most suitable for
soil which is of relatively good bearing
capacity even though they can be
used for most subsoils
Piles are posts extending into the ground
used in areas with weak and unstable soil
conditions. The piles are used here as a
way to ensure the stability of the foundation
Characteristics of strip
footing:
- Suited to light structural
loadings like low-rise
buildings
- Used to provide
continuous level strip of
support to a linear
structure
Characteristics of
piling:
- Can be easily combined
with concrete
superstructure
- Corrosion resistant
SITE 2: STRIP FOUNDATIONSITE 2: STRIP + PILE FOUNDATION

5.3 MATERIAL + TYPE OF PILE
Reinforced concrete
Concrete is weak in tensile strength, so
reinforced concrete is used for the
foundation. The reinforcement is steel
reinforcing bars (rebar) and is
embedded in the concrete before the
concrete sets.

Friction piles
piles that would
transfer the load of
the building to the soil
across the height of
the pile, by friction
The strip footings and piles
are precast. This means the concrete
is cast in a mold which is then cured
in the precasting yard and assembled
into the construction site.
The amount of load a
pile can support is
directly proportionate
to its length
Displacement piles
The piles are preformed
before being driven into the
ground. This category
consists of piles of steel or
precast concrete and piles
formed by driving tubes.
strip footing
wall
rebars
rebars
pile
Pre-Cast Reinforced Strip
Footing
Pre-Cast Reinforced Piles
Weak
Soil
Strong
Soil
Dimensions of piles used:
150mm x 150mm
Height of piles used: 6m
https://imagemag.ru/img-ba_piling-foundation.html
https://imagemag.ru/img-
ba_piling-foundation.html

5.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1.Determining whether to use piles
or not
2. Determining positions of piles
The engineer examines the floor plans
and decides where the piles are going
to be driven
The engineer determines to use piling
or not, based on the soil and its
fluidity. 3. Piles are marked with red paint
where they are supposed to reach
the ground
4. Positioning piles at points
The pile driver lifts it up the pile in a
vertical position and places it on the
marked points before starting to
drive
Use of piles:
- To carry vertical loads
- Resist uplift loads
- Resist horizontal/reclined loads
Red mark indicaor

5.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
5. Start to drive piles into the
ground
6. Piles are driven until stable
The pile machine hits the piles an
average of 400 times, settles in the
ground. Piles should be hammered
into the ground till refusal, at which
point they cannot be driven any further
into the soil. After the piles are
securely driven in and stable
The blow is struck by lifting a heavy
weight and dropping it on top of the
pile

7. Piles are cut
After the piles are stable enough to
lay the strip footing, they are cut so
that they are all standerdised.
The piles would be
temporarily covered
with a steel cap to
prevent from
disintegrating

8. Strip footing is placed

6.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
Floor Slab
- Consist of Columns, beams and slabs
- Does not involve the structure to be transported.
- Can be used to construct any type and shape of
structure.
- Relatively easy to make last minute changes to the
structure.
- Additional time is required for setting and requires
more temporary work.
- Process is more complex with many variables.
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 25
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU) SITE 2: PRE-CAST
- Involves the prefabrication structures such as slabs,
walls and even staircases.
- This method is to speed up the production of structures
so that they can be mass produced.
- This construction site mainly uses the Industrialized
Building System (IBS), in the production of their
structures such as floor slabs, walls and .
- This process take place within an area called the pre-
casting yard.
CONVENTIONAL SUPERSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
Beam
Column
Ground Floor Slab

6.1 Slabs
1
First layer of concrete is poured
onto it
The Damp proof membrane is laid
on the earth surface.
First the formwork is set out, in this
case out of wood.
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU)
Ground FLoor Concrete Slab Construction Process
2 3
4 5
Rebar is installed and connected with
minimal wires.
Second layer of Concrete mixture is poured over the rebar. It is
then left for 7 days to dry then the framework is removed.
Damp Proof
Membrane
First Layer of
Concrete

6.1 SLABS
1
BRC Mesh
Concrete Slab
Ground FLoor Concrete Slab Construction Layers
2
3
4
5
First Concrete Layer
Damp Proof Membrane
Hardcore
1
2
3
4
5

6.1 SLABS
1
The rest of the Formwork is set up
and concrete is poured in
The rebar is laid out and connected
to Rebars stemming from the
columns of the floor below.
A support formwork is laid below.
Suspended Slab Construction Process
2 3
4 5
A poker vibrator is used to ensure no air
bubbles are trapped in the concrete The framework is left for 2 weeks and then removed once the concrete sets

6.1 Slabs
STEP 1
MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL | 0323219 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 29
SITE 2: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Pre Cast Slab Construction Process
STEP 2 STEP 3
Site Contractor orders a set of 12 mm
rebars that had already been welded
together by a different manufacturer.
The skeletal forms are then sent to the
on-site precasting yard.
The forms are then cut into shapes to
fit the moulds, and placed into the
moulds.

6.1 Slabs
STEP 4
MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL | 0323219 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 30
After placement, metal spacers are installed to keep rebars in their
correct place within the mould, in turn contribute to the structural
integrity of the structure. Metal spacers are used because they are
cheaper than the common concrete cover.
Lifting hooks are also installed before concrete pouring.
The location of lifting hooks vary depending on the kind of structure is being made .i.e. Floor
Slabs or Walls
Metal Spacers
Lifting Hooks

6.1 Slabs
STEP 5
MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL AZIZ | 0323219 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 31
Steel Platform
Concrete is poured into the mould. The concrete design mix used is
graded M35, designed for flexural strength. The value ‘35’
represents the compressive strength measured in mpa or
megapascal.
Then left cured for 12 hours before taken out
of its mould. About 80 per cent of its total
compressive strength is achieved after 28
days.

6.1 Slabs
STEP 6
After 12 hours of curing completed, the steel
casting moulds are disassembled
Then the concrete slab is lifted by a crawler crane to storage then to
the site for assembly
STEP 7

6.1 Slabs
STEP 8
Pre Cast Slab Final Outcome
Here the image shows a cured concrete slab being lifted
and about to be placed on a stack of similar concrete
slabs for storage
Here are the stored concrete slabs ready to be transfered for
assembly.

6.2 COLUMNS
1
Concrete is casted to the formwork and poker
vibrator is used to ensure that no air bubbles
are left in the concrete (consolidation).
Rebar is first set up before the slab is
completed so that the rebar of the column
can be connected to the rebar of the slab.
Concrete Ground Column Construction Process
2 3
4
The concrete is then left to dry for 2 weeks before the framework is removed
Framework is then set up.
Main Rebar
Lapping
Column Stump
Formwork
Concrete

6.3 BEAMS
1
Rebars of the beam are laid out and connected to the
rebar stemming from the top of the column, formwork
is then set and concrete mixture is poured in.
The wooden framework is set up
Concrete Beam Construction Process
2
3
The framework is left for 2 weeks till the concrete sets and then removed

6.3 BEAMS
Key
Beam main rebars
Extra horizontal rebars
Bar Section
200 max
200 max
R10 links at twice
stirrup spacing
Main stirrup
Beam Width
BEAM WIDTH (mm)
200 - 300
250 - 300
350 - 400
400 - 500
550 - 600
600 - 750
Y10 - 200
Y10 - 150
Y12 - 200
Y12 - 150
Y16 - 200
Y16 - 150
REBARS

6.3 BEAMS
Beam Detail
Slab rebar
Main Beam
Slab
Cover to secondary beam top rebars is
governed by placing of rebars at crossing
with main beam but not less than 30mm
to outer face of stirrups.
25 mm cover to outer face of stirrups
(for soffit and two vertical faces
50mm cover to outer face of column
vertical bars
Column vertical
bars
Secondary beam
Bottom rebars
Secondary beam
Secondary
beam top rebars
Column

FIRST FLOOR SUPERSTRUCTURES
First floor slabs
will have less
layers
compared to
ground floor
FIRST FLOOR SLAB
the slabs used in
our site is a one
way slab
supported by
beams on the
two ends
Legend
Location of Columns
BRC Mesh
Concrete
One Way Slab
FIRST FLOORS COLUMNS
Concrete

7.0 WALLS
A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provides shelter or security.
Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with
mortar.
- Durable, Fire resistant
- Structurally efficient in compression
- Bricks are the most common types of masonry units
- May be constructed as solid walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598 WALLS | 39
SITE 1 WALL TYPE: MASONRY
MASONRY RUNNING BOND
Most common type of bond
Used for cavity and veneer walls
Composed of overlapping stretchers
Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime or
a combination of both with sand and water used
as a bonding agent in masonry construction.
Masonry Bricks
are applied to all
wall parts of the
building
Mortar

7.1 MASONRY WALLS
For SITE 1: Sand-Lime Bricks
TYPE OF BRICK USED
TYPICAL BRICK DIMENSION
Properties:
- Pearl Grey in color.
- Lime/ Cement, Silica and Water is mixed and pressed
then put into Autoclave for 6 hours.
- Mortar required for providing plaster on sand
lime bricks is very minimal.
- Compressive strength of sand lime bricks is about
10N/mm2. So, they are well suitable for more than 2-
storey buildings.
Are applied
for interior
walls
And applied
for Exterior
walls
215mm
65mm
112.5mm
Bed
(Bottom)
Stretcher
(longer face of the brick)Header
(Shorter face
of a brick)

7.1 MASONRY WALLS
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
STEP 1
Reference strings are tied
to nails and placed to act
as a guideline for the
construction of the brick
STEP 2
Bricks are laid accordingly
following the reference
strings and bonding is
used.
STEP 3
Mortar is prepared by
mixing cement, lime, sand,
water and bonding agent.
STEP 4
Cement mortar is applied on
the surfaces of header and
stretcher by using a towel.
STEP 5
Bricks are placed
firmly on another
row

7.1 MASONRY WALLS
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
STEP 6
Laying process is
continued and excess of
mortar is removed with a
trowel
STEP 7
Bricks are hit by a bossing
mallet or by the handle
end of a trowel to improve
bonding
STEP 8
The first row of bricks are
laid from a corner on the
mortar bed and balance is
checked using a spirit level
STEP 9
The height of each new course
is checked and ensured to be
an additional of 10mm high.
STEP 10
Normal - sized bricks are
hammered and cut into queen-
sized bricks using a chisel.

7.1 MASONRY WALLS
MASONRY WALLS FINAL PRODUCT
INSIDE THE BUILDING ON THE BUILDING'S EXTERIOR

7.1 MASONRY WALLS
Plasterwork refers to construction done with plaster, which is applied in a pasty form to the surfaces of walls or ceilings in a
plastic state and allowed to harden and dry.
PLASTERWORK
Rough Surface Plastering is used on site as it is
the type used for outdoor walls as it prevents the
penetration of rainwater.
Properties of Plasterwork
- Plaster coating creates a stronger and more durable wall finish
than drywall.
- Decorative Appeal - wide range of design choices.
- Plastering walls does not produce dust as the drywall.
Brick Wall
Plastering
Skim Coating
Painting
1. after Brickwall is
set-up.
2. Brickwall is plastered
and Skim coat is applied
for a smoother surface
3. Paint is applied to make
wall aesthetically pleasant.
Process of Plasterwork

7.2 PRE-CAST WALLS
MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL AZIZ | 0323219 PRE-CAST WALLS | 45
SITE 2 WALL TYPE: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
From storage, a precast structure is then transported to the
assembly yard, where the precast structures are put together to
form a building. The steps of assembling the structures are as
follows:
Pre Cast Wall Construction Process
STEP 1
SLAB AND STRIP FOOTING SECTION
Before placing the slab within the strip footing boundary, a layer of
Polythene sheet is placed over the ground and mortar is spread along the
inner side of the strip footing. Then left for 2 days for the mortar to cure.
Floor Slab
Mortar
Polythene Sheet
Strip Footing

7.2 PRE-CAST WALLS
Mortar are spread along on top of the strip footing where a wall
will be placed on.
STEP 2
WALL AND STRIP FOOTING SECTION
Wall
Mortar

7.2 PRE-CAST WALLS
OS Clip Joint is a type of wall joint
where rebars protruding out of a
wall are used as anchors.
The rebars slides into each end of
an oval steel sleeve and a wedge
pin is inserted into a wedge hole
located on the surface of the
sleeve.
STEP 3
OS Clip Joint
Whilst waiting for the mortar from
the previous wall installation to
cure, a support is placed to keep
the wall vertical.
Temporary Support
3

7.2 PRE-CAST WALLS
Pre Cast Walls Final Product
Stored Precast Walls Precast Wall being installed

8.0 STAIRCASE
Concrete staircases are often chosen for their strength, durability, fire protection, flood resistance and sound attenuation
properties. They are inclined one way reinforced slabs, designed with steps on the upper surface. Staircases require careful
analyses on the load, span, and support conditions.
MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN IBRAHIM | 0326496 STAIRCASE | 49
SITE 1 STAIRCASE TYPE: IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
- Durable and Low maintenance Required
- Economical due to availability of Concrete components
- Resistant to weathering
Handrail
For user’s
support.
Landing
A flat surface in-
between two stairs.
Stringer
Acts as a support on both
ends of the Threads and
Risers.
Riser
The vertical surface
between two threads.
Thread
The surface where
user’s step on.
Baluster
posts that support
the handrails.
Staircase Components

8.0 STAIRCASE
IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEP 1
Formwork is set according
to the designed staircase
dimensions
STEP 2
The reinforcement bars
are placed within both
ends of the formwork.
STEP 3
The stringer and riser
softboard are set in
position to shape the riser
and thread.
STEP 4
The Concrete mix is then
poured and vibrator
standardise it, then is left
to dry for 3 days.
Timber Formwork Reinforcement Bar
Decking
Riser board
Riser cleat
Concrete Mix

8.0 STAIRCASE
IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE DETAILS
STEP 1
LOCATION OF STAIRCASE
KEY
SITE FLOOR PLAN

LIST OF REFERENCES
52
Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New York. • Chudly, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4th Edition.
Pearson and Prentice Hall. Lyons, Arthur, 2004
Concrete and masonry. Detail (English Edition) [serial online]. November 2, 2014;:72-73. Available from: Art & Architecture
Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 2, 2017.
Concrete. Architectural Record [serial online]. December 1995;183(12):90. Available from: Art & Architecture Complete, Ipswich,
MA. Accessed November 2, 2017.
Einav, I., & Cassidy, M. J. (2005). A framework for modelling rigid footing behaviour based on energy principles. Computers &
Geotechnics, 32(7), 491-504. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2005.10.003
Wu, P., & Feng, Y. (2014). Identification of non-value adding activities in precast concrete production to achieve low-carbon
production. Architectural Science Review, 57(2), 105-113. doi:10.1080/00038628.2013.829023
Davies, C. (2005). PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING PANELS. Architects' Journal, 22(7), 50-51.
Pile Foundation: Suitability, Classification and Construction Features. (2015, January 05). Retrieved May 21, 2017, from
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/soil/pile-foundation-suitability-classification-and-construction-features/45695/
Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-
foundations.html
Step by step guide for how to build a slab-on-grade. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.ecohome.net/guide/slab-
grade-construction-step-step- guide
STAIR CASE: BUILDING MATERIAL AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Abhisek Panda
http://www.academia.edu/15517167/STAIR_CASE_BUILDING_MATERIAL_AND_BUILDING_CONSTRUCTION

LIST OF REFERENCES
53
Machiney Safeties. Dosh.gov.my. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-
1/regulations-under-factories- and-machinery-act-1967-act-139/534-15-factories-and-machinery-safety-health-and-welfare-
regulations-1970/file
Reichel, Alexander; Hochberg, Annette; Köpke, Christine (28 June 2005). Plaster, Render, Paint and Coatings: Details, Products,
Case Studies (Detail Practice).
Safe use of safety nets – Worksafe - Construction. Construction.worksafe.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from
http://construction.worksafe.govt.nz/guides/safe-use-of-safety-nets/
Slaughter, E. S., Sause, R. S., & Pessiki, S. (1997). Precast Concrete Floor Framing Systems to Accommodate Nonstructural
Requirements. Journal Of Architectural Engineering, 3(3), 109.
How to Build Concrete Stairs http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-build-concrete-stairs • It All Starts with the Roof Deck. (n.d.).
Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/10871/title/it-all-starts-with-the-roof- deck
Hu, J., Hong, W., & Park, S. (2017). Experimental investigation of precast concrete based dry mechanical column-column joints for
precast concrete frames. Structural Design Of Tall & Special Buildings, 26(5), n/a. doi:10.1002/tal.1337
Chhay Teng, Lecturer at NPIC Follow. (2012, February 20). Rebar arrangement and construction carryout. Retrieved May 22,
2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/tengchhay/rebar-arrangement-and-construction-carryout-11674056

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