project 1: Case Study of Building Services in Public Buildings

Building Services (BLD60903/ARC2423)
Project 1 : Case Study of Building Services in Public Buildings
Prepared By :
Tan Min Chuen 0322938
Chang Huey Yi 0322898
Lee Yet Yee 0322328
Ng Kwang Zhou 0322802
Lim Woo Leon 0322180
Teoh Jun Xiang 0322099
Tutor :
Ar. Sateerah Hassan
dpulze
Shopping centre,
cyberjaya.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER :
1. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM - ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
- NG KWANG ZHOU
1.1 Literature Review
1.2 Introduction to Active Fire System
1.3 Water based System
1.3.1 External Fire Hydrants
(A) Regulations
- UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire
Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access
- Conclusion
1.3.2 Hose Reel System
1. Hose Reel
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
2. Hose Reel Pump
3. Reinforce Concrete Hose Reel Tank
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
1.3.3 Wet Riser System
(A) Regulations
01
02
03
04
11
17
18
19
19
20
22
31

- Conclusion
1.3.4 Automatic Sprinkler System
1. Sprinkler Pump Room
2. Fire Sprinkler Head Component
(A) Regulations
UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire
- Conclusion
1.4 Non Water-based System
1.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Suppression System
1.4.2 Dry Chemical Agents
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
1.5 Alarm & Detection System and Devices
1.5.1 Fire Control Room
(A) Regulations
- UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements
- Conclusion
1.5.2 Fire Alarm Control Panel
1.5.3 Fire Alarm Bell
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
1.5.4 Fireman’s Switch
1.5.5 Voice Communication System
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
1.5.6 Manual Pull Station
1.5.7 Smoke Detector
(A) Regulations
33
39
40
41
44
44
47
48
50
51
52
53

- Conclusion
1.5.8 Heat Detector System
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
1.6 Smoke Control
1.6.1 Smoke Spill System
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
1.6.2 Supply Ventilation System
1. Stairwell pressurization system
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
2. Lift lobby pressurization system
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
1.7 Conclusion
2. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM - PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
- TAN MIN CHUEN
2.2 Means of Escape
2.2.1 Escape Route
1. Commercial Area (UG & G)
2. Basement Parking Area (P2 & P3)
3. Mix use Basement Area (P1 & LG)
4. Upper ﬂoor Carpark and Mix use Area (M, F, 1F, 2F)
5. Evacuation Route Distance
(A) Regulations
- UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement
- Conclusion
54
55
55
58
62
64
65
65

2.2.2 Exits
1. Horizontal Exits
2. Staircase (Vertical Exit)
(A) Regulations
- UBBL 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirement
- Conclusion
2.2.3 Fire Escape Plan
2.2.4 Emergency Exit Signage
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
2.2.5 Assembly Point
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
2.3 Passive Containment
2.3.1 Compartmentation
1. Compartmentation of means of escape
2. Compartmentation of fire risk area
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
2.3.2 Flame Containment
1. Fire Rated Door
2. Fire Shutter
2.3.3 Structural Fire Protection
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
2.4 Fire Fighting Access
2.4.1 Fire Fighting Shaft
1. Fire fighting staircase
2. Fire fighting lift
3. Fire fighting lobby
(A) Regulations
72
80
81
82
84
84
88
89
91
91

Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access
- Conclusion
2.5 Conclusion
3. MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM - TEOH JUN XIANG
3.1.1 Introduction to Mechanical Ventilation
1. Deﬁnition of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
2. Importance of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
3.1.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
1. Supply Ventilation System
2. Exhaust Ventilation System
3. Balanced Ventilation System
3.1.3 Comparison of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
3.2 Case Study: DPULZE Shopping Centre
3.2.1 Supply Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping
Centre
1. Stairwell Pressurization System
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
2. Lift Lobby Pressurization System
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
3.2.2 Exhaust Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping
Centre
1. Atrium Smoke Spill System
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
2. Car Park Exhaust System
(A) Regulations
Extinguishment and fire Fighting Access
- Conclusion
95
96
96
96
100
101
101
108

3. Kitchen Exhaust System
4. Toilet Exhaust System
(A) Regulations
- UBBL 1984 Third Schedule
- Conclusion
5. Utility Room Exhaust System
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
3.3 Conclusion
4. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM - LIM WOO LEON
4.1. Introduction and Function
4.2.1 District Cooling System
4.2.2 Shell and Tube heat exchanger
4.2.3 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
4.2.4 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
4.3 Case Study
4.3.1 Central Chiller Plant
(A) Regulations
- MS 1525 Code 8.8
- Conclusion
4.3.2 Distribution network
4.3.3 User Station
1. Heat Exchanger (HE)
2. Condenser and Chilled Water Pump
(A) Regulations
- MS 1525 Code 8.11.1
- Conclusion
3. Control Panel
4. Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
5. Air Handling Unit (AHU)
6. Diffuser
7. Duct System
(A) Regulations
128
129
130
131
131
131
131
132
135
137
137

- MS 1525 Code 8.6
- Conclusion
8. Pipe System
(A) Regulations
- MS 1525 Code 8.5
- Conclusion
4.4 Analysis
4.4.1 District Cooling is Environmental Friendly (150)
4.4.2 Beneﬁts of District Cooling System (150)
4.5 Conclusion
5. MECHANICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM - ELEVATOR
- LEE YET YEE
Literature Review
5.1 Elevator
5.2 Types of Elevators
5.2.1 Traction Elevator
5.2.2 Hydraulic Elevator
5.2.3 Climbing Elevator
5.2.4 Pneumatic Elevator
5.3 Case Study
(A) Regulations
- UBBL 1984 Part V Structural Requirement
5.3.1 Overview
5.3.2 Component of System
1. Machine Room
2. Elevator Shaft
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
3. Elevator Car ( Exterior )
4. Elevator Cabin ( Interior )
5.4 Operating System
5.5 Safety Features
1.Apron
2.Safety Door Edge
150
150
150
150
151
151
151
151
152
153
153
154
154
155
172
173

3.Safety Gear
4.Smoke Detectors
(A) Regulations
- Conclusion
5.6 Locations & Design Consideration
5.7 Conclusion
6. MECHANICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM - ESCALATOR
- CHANG HUEY YI
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Case Study : DPULZE Shopping Centre
6.3 Arrangement of Escalators
6.3.1 Parallel Arrangement
6.3.2 Criss-cross Arrangement
6.4 Components of Escalator
6.4.1. Landing Platforms
1. Floor Plate
2. Comb Plate
6.4.2 Truss
6.4.3 Tracks
6.4.4 Steps
6.4.5 Handrail
6.4.6 Balustrade
6.4.7 Drive System
1. Drive System
2. Gear Reducer
3. The Step Drive System
4. Handrail Drive System
6.5 Safety Features
6.5.1 Emergency Stop Button (E-STOP)
6.5.2 Caution Signs
6.5.3 Step Demarcation Lights
6.5.4 Step Demarcation Lines
6.5.5 Skirt Brushes
6.5.6 Flat Steps
177
179
180
180
180
180
181
181
181
183
184
187
188
189
190
197
197
197
198
198
199
199

6.5.7 Missing Steps Detector
6.5.8 Handrail & Headroom Clearance
6.6 Locations & Design Consideration
6.7 Conclusion
REFERENCES
199
200
200
202
203

INTRODUCTION
Address: DPULZE, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyber 12, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor.
DPULZE Shopping Centre is a neighbourhood mall conveniently located in Cyberjaya. The
commercial building features a variety of retail outlets which cater the needs of the surrounding
community. DPulze is the only complete integrated development in the area that comes equipped
with a 203-room 4-star international hotel managed by The Ascott Ltd, a 162-room Tune Hotels,
505 units of fully-sold apartments, as well as a retail mall to anchor its mix.
It is situated directly opposite the main transportation terminal in Cyberjaya and facing Persiaran
Multimedia, Cyberjaya’s busy main road, the shopping centre is highly accessible, providing
convenience to its users.
1

ABSTRACT
This is a group project which aims to conduct a case study on building service systems applied and
installed in multi-storey buildings. As a group, we were introduced to the common systems that are
used in a bigger volume of space to develop our own understanding of the application of building
services in the construction industry.
The completion of this project will prove to be useful in future design projects to ensure that
building design proposals are practical and efficient. The in depth research conducted also
develops our understanding and familiarization in applying the correct graphic communications
according to the required standards, such as MS1184 and UBBL 1984.
In the process of researching, one of the methodologies used was to identify a building as our
selected case study, and in our case, the DPULZE Shopping Centre, as it is equipped with all the
required service components. A site visit, which was guided by Mr. Loong, the Facilities and
Maintenance Manager of DPULZE Shopping Centre, was conducted on the 6th of October 2017 to
allow our group members to collect the necessary information on site. A thorough study on all the
service systems was made, which includes mechanical ventilation systems, air-conditioning
system, fire protection systems (active and passive fire protection system) and mechanical
transportation systems (elevator and escalator/ travellator).
Throughout the research conducted, we were able to learn and obtain valuable insights on the
details of each and every systems identifiable within our selected case study. Thus, an awareness
is created within ourselves regarding the importance and impact of service systems within a man-
made environment.
2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to our tutor, Ar. Sateerah Hassan, for providing us
guidance throughout the duration of the project. The dedication and patience portrayed by our tutor
ensured that we were able to meet all the requirements of this assignment.
In addition, we would like to thank Mr. Loong Seh Siang, the Facilities and Maintenance Manager
of DPULZE Shopping Centre, for conducting the site visit despite his busy schedule. His valuable
insights and knowledge allowed us to fully understand and identify the service systems applied in
the DPULZE Shopping Centre.
Lastly, the project would not be completed without the commitment portrayed by each and every
group member.
3

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: External fire hydrant outside DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.2: The fixed manual hose reel in car park (left) and hose reel room (right) (Source: Tan,
2017)
Figure 1.3: The hose real pump system in DPULZE shopping center (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.4: Hose reel tank in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.5: Water pipe connect to RC Hose Reel Tank in DPULZE in sprinkler room. (Source: Tan,
2017)
Figure 1.6: Wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher in firefighting lobby in DPULZE
shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.7: Main switch (top left & right),Sprinkler pump room & water pump (bottom). (Source:
Tan, 2017)
Figure1.8: Jockey pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 1.9: Duty pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 1.10: Standby pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 1.11: Fire sprinkler head components. (Source: QRSF, 2017)
Figure 1.12: Upright sprinkler in basement car park ( left ) and pendent sprinkler in shopping mall
( right ). (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.13: Switch for sprinkler system in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.14: The location of sprinkler in P3 floor of DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.15: Carbon dioxide tank of CO2 suppression system in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.16: ABC dry powder extinguisher in mall (left) and car park (right). (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.17: The exterior of the fire control room in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.18: The fire alarm bell on the car park’s wall in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng,
2017)
Figure 1.19: Fireman’s switches in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 1.20: Intercom handset station in emergency staircase. (Source: Ng, 2017)
4

Figure 1.21: Manual pull station in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 1.22: Smoke detector at ceiling of DPULZE shopping center (left). (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 1.23: Fire smoke spill system in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.24: Emergency pressurize staircase in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 1.25: Lift lobby located on Upper Ground Floor (UG). (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.26: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs
supplied air into the lift lobby of Upper Ground Floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 1.27: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the lobby area of Upper Ground
Floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)
Figure 2.1: Lift lobby in M level of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 2.2: Staircase in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.3 Fire escape plan of UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.4 Emergency exit signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.5 Assembly point signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.6 Assembly point in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.7 Liquid petroleum storage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.8 Certificate of fire rating door in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.9 Fire rated door in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.10 Fire shutter in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.11 Precast concrete columns in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.12 Firefighting lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 2.13 Fire fighter key switch for fire lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 2.14 Reference of fire fighter key switch for fire lift. (Source: Youtube, 2017)
Figure 2.15 Firefighting lobby in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.1: Axial inlet fan with the manual control switches beside the fan. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
5

Figure 3.2: Ductworks leading to the stairwell. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.3: Ductwork supplies air to the duct system enclosed behind the wall. The pressure relief
damper is also visible (highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.4: Lift lobby located on M level. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.5: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied
air into the lift lobby of M level. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 3.6: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the M level lobby area
(highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.7: Atrium within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.8: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source:
Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.9: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source:
Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.10: Car park exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.11: Axial smoke spill fans in car parks. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.12: Rectangular sheet metal ductworks in the car park area. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.13: Outlet grilles located along the metal ductworks. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.14: Ah Cheng Laksa outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)
Figure 3.15: Boat Noodle outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)
Figure 3.16: Campur-Campur Kitchen outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE,
2017)
Figure 3.17: BBQ Chicken outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)
Figure 3.18: A typical kitchen exhaust hood. (Source: Kim, 2017)
Figure 3.19: Kitchen exhaust hood and galvanized sheet steel ductwork in Restoran Sana Sini of
DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.20: Release vent located next to the car park. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.21: A typical centrifugal fan. (Source: Smith, 2017)
6

Figure 3.22: Exhaust grilles above urinals. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.23: The absence of ceilings reveals the ductworks above the toilet. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.24: Exhaust points on the ductwork. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 3.25: Axial exhaust fan placed within a metal casing. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.26: The entrance to the HEX room of DPULZE Shopping Centre. Air grilles are visible at
the top right corner of the entrance. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 3.27: Air grilles outside of the HEX room function to release extracted or fumes to the
exterior environment (car park). (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.28: Ductworks and axial exhaust fan within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.29: The thermostat used within the HEX room. Once the temperature within the room
exceeds the pre-set temperature of 35 °C, the exhaust fans will automatically activate. (Source:
Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.30: Exhaust system control panel within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 3.31: Axial exhaust fans used within the AHU room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Figure 4.1: Central chiller plant. (Source:LLC, 2017)
Figure 4.2: The Megajana district cooling system, Cyberjaya. (Source: Zengkun, 2017)
Figure 4.3: Megajana’s chiller plant. (Source: AHAR, 2013)
Figure 4.4: View of Megajana’s thermal energy storage tank. (Source: Anmas Corp., 2008)
Figure 4.5: Plate Type Heat Exchanger used by DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 4.6: Condenser and chilled water pump used in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan,
2017)
Figure 4.7: Control panels located at the chiller plant room of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 4.8: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) in the Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: Lim, 2017)
Figure 4.9: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) located in a retail shop. (Source: Lim, 2017)
Figure 4.10: Air Handling Unit (AHU) in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 4.11: An example of an Extended Surface Filter. (Source: Systemair, 2011)
7

Figure 4.12: Filter Compartment within the Air Handling Unit of DPULZE Mall. (Source: Tan 2017)
Figure 4.13: An example of a cooling coil in an (AHU). (Source :Indiamart, 2011)
Figure 4.14: Humidiﬁer in an AHU.. (Source: Honeywell, 2015)
Figure 4.15: DPULZE mall plan showing the location of Air Handling Unit. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 4.16: Diffuser used in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017)
Figure 4.17: Duct system in one of the restaurants in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017)
Figure 4.18: Colour coded piping system of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 5.1 Climbing elevators (Source : Universal Elevators, 2015)
Figure 5.2 Pneumatic elevator (Source : ARQUIGRAFICO-NET, 2014)
Figure 5.3 Thyssenkrupp company (Source : thyssenkrupp AG, 2017)
Figure 5.4 Elevator machine room (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.5 Traction sheave (Source: InterMESH Ltd, 2017)
Figure 5.6 Gear box (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.7 Overspeed governor (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.8 Suspension ropes from machine room to elevator car (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.9 Elevator controller (Source: Lee, 2017)
Figure 5.10 Control panel (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 5.11 Steel suspension ropes (Source: InterMESH Ltd, 2017)
Figure 5.12 Guide rails at the elevator shaft (Source: Marine Insight, 2017)
Figure 5.13 Landing door interlock (Source: Lee, 2017)
Figure 5.14 Oil buffer (Source: Nova elevator, 2015)
Figure 5.15 Stainless-steel car walls (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.16 False ceiling (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.17 Glossy porcelain tiles ﬁnishing (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.18 Operating panel (Source: Chang, 2017)
8

Figure 5.19 Dot-matrix ﬂoor indicator (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.20 Cylindrical stainless-steel handrail (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.21 Elevator car apron (Source: ALGI, 2017)
Figure 5.22 Photo-electric & infrared sensor at car door edge (Source: Chang, 2017)
Figure 5.23 Smoke detectors at lift lobby (Source: misterjtbarbers, 2017)
Figure 5.24 Lift lobby at DPULZE shopping center (Source: Lee, 2017)
Figure 6.1 : Landing platform. (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.2 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.3 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.4 : Parallel arrangement. (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.5 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.6 : Top platform (Contains the motor assembly and main drive gear.) (Source : Chang,
2017)
Figure 6.7 : Bottom platform (Holds the step return idler sprockets.) (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.8 : Close-up photo of landing platform (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.9 : Floor Plate (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.10 : Comb plate. (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.11 : Truss (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
Figure 6.12 : Circle tracks (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
Figure 6.13 : Escalator steps (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.14 : Balustrade (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.15 : Balustrade (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.16 : External drive (Source : Google, 2017)
Figure 6.17 : Internal drive (Source : Google, 2017)
Figure 6.18 : Emergency stop button (Source : Chang, 2017)
9

Figure 6.19 : Emergency stop button (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.20 : Caution signs (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.21 : Caution signs (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.22 : Step demarcation lights (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.23 : Step demarcation lights (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.24 : Step demarcation lines (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.25 : Step demarcation lines (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.26 : Skirt brushes (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.27 : Skirt brushes (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.28 : Flat steps (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.29 : Flat steps (Source : Chang, 2017)
Figure 6.30 : Handrail & headroom clearance (Source : Chang, 2017)
10

LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram 1.1: The chart showing the overview of active fire protection (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.2: Operation of fire hydrant system. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.3: The overall layout of hose reel system (Source: Green Simex Engineering Sdn.Bhd,
2017)
Diagram 1.4: Location of hose reel in M floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.5: Location of hose reel in LG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.6: Location of hose reel in UG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.7: Location of hose reel in G floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.8: Location of hose reel in F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.9: Location of hose reel in 1F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.10: Location of hose reel in 2F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.11: Location of hose reel in P1 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.14: Types of the bulb liquid color in water sprinkler. (Source: QRSF, 2017)
Diagram1.15: CO2 suppression system work. (Source: UNITED, 2017)
Diagram 16: Typical primary and slave cylinder arrangement. (Source: Janus Fire System, 2017)
Diagram 1.17: Types of fire extinguisher. (Source: Vulcanus Fire Consultants, 2017)
Diagram 1.18: Operation of fire extinguisher. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.19: The location of alarm & detection system and devices of the mall. (Source: Ng,
2017)
Diagram 1.20: The location of smoke detector, flow switch, clean agent gas discharged, break
glass and carbon dioxide gas discharged in LG floor (G2). (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.21: The fire alarm control panel and overall layout of fire alarm control panel. (Source:
Aman Safety Company, 2017)
11

Diagram 1.22: Procedure of fire control panel system. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.23: Process of photoelectric smoke detector (right). (Simply Safe, 2017)
Diagram 1.24: Heat detector and diagram of heat detector works. (Source: Apollo Fire detector,
2017)
Diagram 1.25: The fire smoke spill from building. (Source: National Research Council Canada,
2017)
Diagram 1.26: Stairwell pressurization system during fire hazard in DPULZE mall. (Source: Ng,
2017)
Diagram 2.1: Floor composition of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.2: Evacuation route on UG floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.3: Evacuation route on G floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.4: Evacuation route on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.7: Evacuation route on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.8: Evacuation route on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.9: Evacuation route on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.10: Evacuation route on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.11: Evacuation route on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.12: Hotspots and exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.13 Vertical exit route of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.14: Exits on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.15: Exits on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.16: Exits on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.17: Exits on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.18: Exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
12

Diagram 2.19: Exits on G floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.20: Exits on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.21: Exits on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.22 Exits on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.23: Exits on P3 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.24 Assembly point in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.25: Fire compartments on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.26: Fire compartments on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.27: Fire compartments on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.28 First phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.29 Second phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.30: Composition of firefighting shaft in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.31: Location of firefighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 3.1: Supply ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017)
Diagram 3.2: Exhaust ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017)
Diagram 3.3: Balanced ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017).
Diagram 3.4: “Heat recovery” ventilation (HRV). (Source: Klenck, 2017)
Diagram 3.5: “Energy recovery” ventilation (ERV). (Source: The Worlds of David Darling, 2017)
Diagram 3.6: Stairwell pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre using proportional
damper control. (Source: belimo, 2017)
Diagram 3.7: Conventional smoke spill systems used in multi-storey building atriums. (Source:
Chacon and Kerber, 2017)
Diagram 3.8: High temperature smoke spill axial fan. (Source: Nuaire, 2017)
Diagram 3.9: Traditional car park exhaust system. (Source: Khan, 2017)
Diagram 3.10: A typical kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: SANTONE, 2017)
13

Diagram 3.11: Function of kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: IowaFireControl, 2017)
Diagram 3.12: Kitchen exhaust hood details. (Source: Piubellini, 2017)
Diagram 3.13: Axial exhaust fan details. (Source: Nuaire, 2017)
Diagram 3.14: Details of exhaust grilles. (Source: Bathrooms Remodelling, 2017)
Diagram 3.15: Replenishment of exhaust air within a toilet. (Source: Coles Refrigeration & Air
Conditioning, 2017)
Diagram 4.1: District cooling system process diagram. (Source: CityU, 2017)
Diagram 4.2: District heating and cooling system schematic diagram. (Source: Vesselyn, 2017)
Diagram 4.3: Distribution network diagram. (Source: HKSARG, 2011)
Diagram 4.4: Shell & tube heat exchanger diagram. (Source: Indiamart, 2011)
Diagram 4.5: Plate type heat exchanger diagram. (Source: A. Laval, 2017)
Diagram 4.6: Section of an Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: C. Brennand, 2016)
Diagram 4.7: Centrifugal Fan Compartment. (Source: C. Brennand, 2016)
Diagram 5.1 Geared traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.2 Gearless traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.3 Different types of hydraulic elevators (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.4 Climbing elevator frame (Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2004)
Diagram 5.5 Pneumatic elevator components (Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003)
Diagram 5.6 Components of elevator (Source : Mr.Loong, 2017)
Diagram 5.7 Elevator machine room components (Source : Mr.Loong, 2017)
Diagram 5.8 Overspeed governor components (Source: IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003)
Diagram 5.9 Suspension ropes conﬁguration (Source: Yale Robbins, 2003)
Diagram 5.10 Elevator shaft components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.11 Different roping system for suspension cable (Source: Industrial electronics, 2017)
Diagram 5.12 Placement of counterweight in plan view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)
14

Diagram 5.13 Counterweight -sectional view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)
Diagram 5.14 Components of counterweight (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.15 Car guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017)
Diagram 5.16 Counterweight guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017)
Diagram 5.17 Landing door mechanism (Source: XINDA, 2017)
Diagram 5.18 Oil buffer - section & plan view (Source: Nova elevator, 2015)
Diagram 5.19 Elevator car components - exterior (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017)
Diagram 5.20 Car sling components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.21 Components of maintenance balustrade (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.22 Elevator cabin components (Source: Hitachi elevator, 2017)
Diagram 5.23 False ceiling compartments (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.24 Components of car platform (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.25 Components of operating panels (Source: Lee, 2017)
Diagram 5.26 Components of handrails (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.27 Engineering diagram of elevator operating system
(Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.28 Placement of apron (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.29 Safety elevator door edge (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017)
Diagram 5.30 Safety gear components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)
Diagram 5.31 Basement plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 5.32 Upper ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 5.33 Lower ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 5.34 Ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 5.35 Second floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 6.1 : Criss-cross arrangement (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
15

Diagram 6.2 : Components of escalator (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.3 : Axonometric drawing of landing platforms (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.4 : Truss sections (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.5 : Track system (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.6 : Tracks assembly major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.7 : Steps major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.8 : Handrail assembly (Source : Google, 2017)
Diagram 6.9 : Handrail components (Source : Google, 2017)
Diagram 6.10 : Escalator exterior (balustrade) (Source : Pinterest, 2017)
Diagram 6.11 : Drive systems (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.12 : Drive machine & gear reducer (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.13 : Modular drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.14 : The main drive gear (gear reducer) (Source : Pinterest, 2017)
Diagram 6.15 : Step drive system (Source : Google, 2017)
Diagram 6.16 : Step drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.17 : Handrail Drive System (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)
Diagram 6.18 : Second floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 6.19 : Upper ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 6.20 : Ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 6.21 : Lower ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)
Diagram 6.22 : Basement plan (Source, DPULZE, 2017)
16

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Evacuation route distance for different purpose group. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Table 2.2: Classiﬁcation of places of assembly. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Table 3.1: Comparison of mechanical ventilation systems. (Source: Energy.gov, 2017)
17

FIREPROTECTION
SYSTEM
(1) Active System
Case Study of Building Services
in Public Buildings
DPULZE
Shopping Centre

18
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in
order to work proficiently when fire hazard occur. The aim of AFP is for detecting and alerting the
occupants during a fire hazard and seeking to eliminate fire out of the building. Action may be manually
operated through fire extinguishers or automatic, like sprinkler. Active Fire Protection is mainly made up
of water based system, non-water based system, alarm and detection system and smoke control system,
to warn occupants of an outbreak and to allow appropriate firefighting action to be taken.
Water based system mainly provides a readily available source of water to any point throughout the
building during a fire hazard. For example water sprinkler system are installed in all types of building
including commercial and residential building. It is usually located on the ceiling and are connected to
water resources. When fire hazard occurs, sprinkler systems are used to diminish the fire.
In case of fire due to electrical equipment, pouring water worsens the situation and may prove fatal.
Hence, firefighting equipment such as non-water-based system is use for this reason. One of the
example is fire extinguisher. Fire extinguisher is one of the basic active fire protection tools that can be
found in our daily life. During a fire accident, extinguishers can be used for initial fire outbreak and to
prevent full scale fire escalation.
Alarm and detecting systems are usually the first line of active fire protection such as smoke detector
system. Smoke systems are used to detect the presence of fire and/or smoke in a building. Hence during
a fire emergency, the detector will send a signal to the control room so that the required actions can be
taken immediately.
Last but not least, smoke control system functions by controlling the volume of smoke trapped in a
building or a space. Pressurize staircase connected with an axial inlet fan functions in preventing smoke
to enter the stairwell when fire hazard occurs.
The active fire system also needs to be reliable and the design of the system should function according
to the requirements that are stated in the UBBL 1984.

19
1.2 INTRODUCTION OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
The active fire protection system can be partitioned into four main branches. The first is water based
system which includes an external fire hydrant, hose reel system, wet riser system ( internal and external)
and an automatic sprinkler system ( pendent and upright ). The second is a non-water based system
which includes a carbon dioxide system and a dry chemical agent. The third is the alarm and detection
system and devices which include fire control, manual call point, voice communication system and many
which function to warn occupants of an outbreak and to allow appropriate firefighting action to be taken
and the last system which is smoke control includes a smoke spill system and supply ventilation.
Diagram1.1: The chart showing the overview of active fire protection. (Source: Ng, 2017)
1.3 WATER BASED SYSTEM
Water is the most natural of all extinguishing agents and is usually available in sufficient quantities at a
reasonable price. It prevents smoke as well as pollutants to escape immediately from the fire hydrant,
hose reel system, wet riser system and automatic sprinkler system.

20
1.3.1 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 1.1: External fire hydrant outside DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Based on the site analysis, there are total of 6 external fire hydrants located outside of DPULZE
Shopping Centre. Most of the external fire hydrant is located at the corner of the junction outside of the
building which provides a readily available source of water to any point throughout the building. The
external fire hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in order to limit the
amount of hose that firefighters have to lay, thus speeding up the firefighting process. The external fire
hydrant system also known as water distribution system, consists of a water tank, suction piping, fire
pump and a distributed piping system. The distributed piping system establishes connectivity throughout
the building through fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles. Water can be supplied through the fire hydrant
system as a straight stream once the hose is connected with the switched on valve.

21
The diagram below shows the operation of a fire hydrant system:
Diagram 1.2: Operation of a fire hydrant system. (Source: Ng, 2017)
(A) Regulations
 UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access
Section 225
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from
the nearest point of fire brigade access.
 Conclusion
The external fire hydrant system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 225. (2).As shown by Figure 1.1, external fire hydrant systems are
located at the corner junction of the DPULZE Shopping Centre which can be easily access by
firefighter if fire hazard occur.

22
1.3.2. Hose reel system
Diagram 1.3: The overall layout of hose reel system. (Source: Green Simex Engineering Sdn.Bhd,
2017)
Hose reel system is intended for occupants to use during the early stages of fire. The system comprises
of a hose reel pump, water storage tank, hose reel, pipe works and valves. When the tank is located on
the roof, the hose reels may be fed directly from the hose reel tank by gravity.
The components in a hose reel system include:
1. Hose Reel
Figure 1.2: The fixed manual hose reel in car park (left) and hose reel room (right). (Source: Tan,
2017)

23
Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a 'first attack' firefighting measure but in some
instances, can also be used by firefighters. When stowing a fire hose reel, it is important to first attach
the nozzle end to the hose reel valve, then close the hose reel valve, opening the nozzle to relieve any
pressure in the wound hose, and finally close the nozzle. This achieves two principle objectives, the first
will be that the depressurized hose and the hose reel seal will last longer than a permanently pressurized
hose reel. The second objective is when the hose reel is used next, the operator will be forced to turn
on the isolating valve, thus charging the hose reel with pressurized water supply, before being able to
drag the hose to the fire. A potential danger exists if the operator reaches the fire and finds no water is
available as the hose reel valve is still closed.
Diagram 1.4: Location of hose reel in M floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

24
Diagram 1.5: Location of hose reel in LG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.6: Location of hose reel in UG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

25
Diagram 1.7: Location of hose reel in G floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.8: Location of hose reel in F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

26
Diagram 1.9: Location of hose reel in 1F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.10: Location of hose reel in 2F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

27
Diagram 1.11: Location of hose reel in P1 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

28
(A) Regulation
Section 231
(1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5
meters above fire appliance access level.
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
 Conclusion
The hose reel system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements
listed under Section 231. As shown in Diagram 1.4 to Diagram 1.13, there are total of 24 exposed
hose reels located in 10 stories from level M to level P3 in DPULZE Shopping Centre. However there
is only 1 hose reel located at level F, level 1F and level P3 which might become a concern and risk
when fire hazards occur. Besides, there are no exposed hose reels located at level 2F which will result
in difficulty in terms of accessibility for fire fighters when fire hazards occur. The basic requirement for
a building as a precaution for fire hazard is by having a hose reel system at every single floor.

29
2. Hose Reel Pump
Figure 1.3: The hose real pump system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
The hose reel pump is part of a water based system and is powered by electric, diesel or steam. The
hose reel pump is located in the sprinkler pump room. The pump provides water flow at higher pressure
to the sprinkler system riser and hose standpipes. It is used an emergency water supply if there is an
occurrence of fire. The hose reel pumps are needed when the external fire hydrant cannot provide
sufficient pressure to meet the hydraulic design requirement of the fire sprinkler system. This hose reel
pump system can usually be found in high rise buildings like DPULZE Shopping Centre in order to
provide large amounts of water during an emergency.

30
3. Reinforced Concrete Hose Reel Tank
Figure 1.4: Hose reel tank in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.5: Water pipe connect to RC Hose Reel Tank in DPULZE in sprinkler room. (Source: Tan,
2017)
The hose reel tank is located in the sprinkler pump room to supply a large amount of water to a hose
reel pump system.

31
(A) Regulations
Section 247
(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be
provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at
ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire
appliances.
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for
replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.
 Conclusion
The water storage system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements
listed under Section 247. As shown in Figure 1.4, the type of water storage used by DPULZE Shopping
Centre is a reinforced concrete hose reel tank which pumped by a water pipe as shown in Figure 1.5.
1.3.3. WET RISER SYSTEM
Wet risers are used to supply water within buildings for fire-fighting purposes. The provision of a built-in
water distribution system means that fire fighters do not need to create their own distribution system in
order to fight a fire. According to UBBL 1984, wet riser system is built when the building is higher than
30.5m. Wet riser system is permanently charged with water unlike dry risers which do not contain water
when they are not being used, but are charged with water by fire service pumping appliances when
necessary. Wet risers are charged with water from a pressurized supply, often pumped from a storage
tank, with landing valves at a specified location on each floor.

32
Figure 1.6: Wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher in the firefighting lobby in DPULZE
Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
(A) Regulations
Section 231
(1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5
meters above fire appliance access level.
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
 Conclusion
The wet riser system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements
listed under Section 231. As shown in Figure 1.6, wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher is
located in the firefighting lobby near by the firefighting access lobby. During fire hazards, the firefighter
can access the firefighting lobby safely and easily to assemble their equipment before extinguishing
the fire.

33
1.3.4. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
An automatic fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, which consist of a water supply
system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire
sprinklers are connected. Although historically it was only used in factories and large commercial
buildings, systems for homes and small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price.
1. Sprinkler Pump Room
Figure 1.7: Main switch (top left & right), Sprinkler pump room & water pump (bottom).
(Source: Tan, 2017)

34
The sprinkler pump room acts as a main control room for the sprinkler system. Each sprinkler system is
mainly built with a jockey pump, standby pump and a duty pump. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the
sprinkler room consist of 2 water tanks for the sprinkler water supply. The sprinkler pump room will
transmit the pressurized water to the water sprinkler system at a predetermined pressure.
In the event of fire hazard, the glass bulb inside the sprinkler will burst due to high temperature, the
pressure on the system to drop. When the pressure is around 75% of the standing pressure, the jockey
pump will function and activate automatically.
Further drops in the pressure, the duty pump will function and activate automatically for about 50% of
the standing pressure in order to boot up the pressure loss in the system. The standby pump will act as
a “Back-up” pump which will start automatically about 35% of the standing pressure if the Duty Pump
fails to start.
Below are the cut in pressure and cut off pressure of the sprinkler system in DPULZE Shopping Centre:
Jockey Pump
Cut in pressure: 70psi
Cut off pressure: 90psi
Duty Pump
Cut off pressure: Manual
Standby Pump
Cut off pressure: Manual

35
(A) Jockey Pump
Figure1.8: Jockey pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)
A jockey pump, or a pressure-maintenance pump, is a small apparatus that works together with a fire
pump as part of a fire-protection sprinkler system. It is designed to keep the pressure in the system
elevated to a specific level when the system is not in use, so that the fire pump does not have to run all
the time and the system will not go off randomly. It can also help prevent the system from damage when
a fire happens by rushing water into the pipes. These devices consist of a three-part assembly which
include a pump, motor, and a controller.
(B) Duty Pump
Figure 1.9: Duty pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)

36
A duty pump is mainly used to generate pressure to ensure a continuous water pumping process. During
a fire hazard, the fire pump is triggered when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drops below a
certain set-point. If one or more fire sprinklers are exposed to heat above their design temperature, and
opens, the sprinkler system pressure drops and the pressure switches give off a signal and the duty
pump will be triggered.
(C) Standby Pump
Figure 1.10: Standby pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)
A standby pump also serves to pump water as an alternative if the duty pump and jockey pump are
not functioning.
2. Fire Sprinkler Head Component
A sprinkler will be activated within seconds when fire is detected. It is also a useful active fire system
which is effective in putting out fire during their early stages. There is a glass or quartzite build that
contains liquid to prevent leakage. There are different colors of liquid in the build above which debate
different operating temperatures as the size of the air bubble changes. In DPULZE Shopping Centre,
the type of sprinkler chosen is installed with the red colored liquid.

37
Diagram 1.14: Types of the bulb liquid color in a water sprinkler. (Source: QRSF, 2017)
Figure 1.11: Fire sprinkler head components. (Source: QRSF, 2017)
Figure 1.12: Upright sprinkler in the basement car park (left) and pendent sprinkler in the shopping
mall (right). (Source: Tan, 2017)

38
Figure 1.13: Switch for sprinkler system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
There are total of two types of water sprinkler heads which are the upright sprinkler (left) and pendent
sprinkler (right). Upright sprinklers are used for outdoor areas such as basement car park and loading
bay while pendent sprinklers are used inside the mall. The reason of using an upright sprinkler at the
basement car park and loading bay is due to its low ceiling level. Water sprinklers will be activated if the
air temperature exceeds more than 75 degree Celsius. Besides, the water sprinklers are installed with
a distance of 2 meter intervals on the ceiling at DPULZE shopping mall
.

39
Figure 1.14: The location of sprinkler in level P3 of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
(A) Regulations
Section 228
(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be
readily accessible to the Fire Authority
(2) All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate
and automatic relay of the alarm when activated
 Conclusion
The fire sprinkler system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements
listed under Section 225. (2). As shown by Figure 1.14, fire sprinkler systems are arranged effectively
in DPULZE Shopping Centre which allows the ease of putting out fire at an early stage.
1.4 NON WATER-BASED SYSTEM
Fire can be smothered using various traditional methodologies such as pouring of water. However, in
case of fire due to electrical equipment, pouring water worsens the situation and may prove fatal. Hence,
firefighting equipment such as non-water-based system is safe for use only during an emergency. The
non-water-based system consists of carbon dioxide system and dry chemical agents. It is normally
initiated by an electrical fire system and by releasing gas agents rapidly to extinguish a fire. The selection
of gas agent depends on the application, the level of risk and life safety factors.

40
1.4.1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
Diagram1.15: CO2 suppression system work. (Source: UNITED, 2017)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) suppression is a type of system where carbon dioxide are stored in cylinders
under great pressure. Carbon dioxide is a colorless chemical inert gas which can extinguish fire by
lowering the level of oxygen that supports combustion in a protected area. This mechanism of fire
suppression makes CO2 suppression system highly effective, requiring minimal clean-up and it should
be used in unoccupied hazard locations.
Figure 1.15: Carbon dioxide tank of CO2 suppression system in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

41
In DPULZE Shopping Centre, this carbon dioxide suppression system is being controlled by the control
room. The CO2 system is designed to be operated automatically and manually to extinguish fire. The
whole CO2 suppression system is controlled and monitored by a CO2 control panel.
Diagram 16: Typical primary and slave cylinder arrangement. (Source: Janus Fire System, 2017)
1.4.2. DRY CHEMICAL AGENTS
The fire extinguisher can be divided into 5 major classes, where each class responds to different type
of fire situation.
Diagram 1.17: Types of fire extinguisher. (Source: Vulcanus Fire Consultants, 2017)

42
Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device and is commonly used for initial outbreak of fire and
to prevent full scale fire escalation. A fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel
containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. The fire extinguisher shall be located
close to the proximity of a fire hazard site and will be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be
visible from all direction.
In the image below shows the operation of a fire extinguisher.
Figure 1.16: ABC dry powder extinguisher in mall (left) and car park (right). (Source: Tan, 2017)

43
Diagram 1.18: Operation of a fire extinguisher. (Source: Ng, 2017)
1. Regulations
Section 227
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be
sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a
building shall be of the same method of operation.
 Conclusion
The fire extinguisher that used within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 227. As shown by Figure 1.16, fire extinguisher used in DPULZE
Shopping Centre is the ABC type fire extinguisher which is placed nearby the staircase and lift so that
it can equipped easily during a fire hazard.

44
1.5 ALARM & DETECTION SYSTEM AND DEVICES
Alarm and detection systems are usually the first line of active fire protection as they are activated first
either being triggered by one of the detection devices above, or through a human pulling an alarm handle
manually. In most buildings and structures, a tripped alarm sounds, bells or horns and/or activates
strobes to alert occupants to evacuate. In addition, it will send an electronic signal to alert the fire
department to respond.
1.5.1. FIRE CONTROL ROOM
Figure 1.17: The exterior of the fire control room in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
The fire control room of DPULZE Shopping Centre is located at the ground level facing the main road.
It is a space where controls for the building’s fire protection systems, fire pump, secondary water supply,
air-handling systems, alarm system, and communications and control system that can be manually
controlled. The fire control room consist of a huge mimic diagram by showing the smoke detector, alarm
bells and fireman intercom of the DPULZE Shopping Centre. Besides, the fire control room also contains
necessary controls, telephones, furniture and equipment for fire-fighting operations to be directed. The
security guards in the control room also take turns in the shifts to monitor the system. When the control

45
unit receives signals from the alarm system, decisions are made immediately by security guards.
Besides, the digital alarm communication system will automatically send signals generated by the fire
alarm to the nearest fire station if there is an occurrence of fire.
Diagram 1.19: The location of alarm & detection system and devices of the mall. (Source: Ng, 2017)

46
Diagram 1.20: The location of smoke detector, flow switch, clean agent gas discharged, break glass
and carbon dioxide gas discharged in level LG (G2). (Source: Ng, 2017)
The mimic diagram located in the fire control room function as a detection system and alarm for active
fire system. The mimic diagram consist of 10 stories floor plan with LED annotation of the fire system.
When there is fire hazard occurring in a certain zone, the message will be delivered to the fire control
room and it will pin point the actual location on the mimic diagram which can be done in the shortest
time if there is fire hazard occurring within the shopping center.
(A) Regulations
 UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements
Section 238
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command
and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address,
fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a
direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.

47
 Conclusion
The fire control room within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements
listed under Section 238. As shown in Figure 1.17, the fire control room in DPULZE Shopping centre is
fully equipped and functional to protect the building’s fire system. Besides, during fire hazards the fire
control room also owns keys to all areas of the building to which firefighters will need to access during
the event of an emergency.
1.5.2. FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL
Diagram 1.21: The fire alarm control panel and overall layout of fire alarm control panel.
(Source: Aman Safety Company, 2017)
Fire detection and extinguishing control panels process results detected by sensors, control alarm
devices and set off alarms to permanently manned stations and the fire department. They continuously
monitor extinguishing systems for functionality and trigger them electrically if necessary.
In DPULZE Shopping Centre, a fire alarm control panel can be found in the fire protection control room.
The fire alarm control panel (FACP) acts as a main controlling component in a fire alarm system. This

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panel serves as an operating panel for several defined operation zones in DPULZE Shopping Centre.
All alarm handling system can be controlled and monitored from the panel.
In accordance to the type of system and hazards, can be programmed to:
Diagram 1.22: Procedure of fire control panel system. (Source: Ng, 2017)
1.5.3. FIRE ALARM BELL
Figure 1.18: The fire alarm bell on the car park’s wall in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng,
2017)

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The fire alarm bell functions to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke,
fire or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke
detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via a manual fire alarm activation devices such
as manual call points or pull stations. In DPULZE there are total of 8 fire alarm bell located at the lift
lobby.
(A) Regulations
Section 155.
(1) The fire model of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel with may be
activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access
Section 237
(1) Fire alarm shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to there By-Laws
(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding section of the premises while an alert
(intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square
meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with two-stages system with evacuation
(continues signal) to be given immediately in the affected
(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
 Conclusion
The fire alarm bell system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements
listed under Section 155 and Section 237. As shown by Figure 1.18, fire alarm bell systems in DPULZE
Shopping Centre are provided to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when
smoke, fire or other emergencies are present.

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1.5.4. FIREMAN’S SWITCH
Figure 1.19: Fireman’s switches in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)
A fireman’s switch is a specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high
voltage devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. These switches are installed and
can be seen easily at the corridor and stairway at every level in DPULZE Shopping Centre.

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1.5.5. VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Figure 1.20: Intercom handset station in emergency staircase. (Source: Ng, 2017)
Voice communication system in DPULZE shopping mall is intended to be used in conjunction with the
fire detection and alarm system to control the evacuation of building occupants. There are 8 intercom
handset stations located at emergency staircase at every level in DPULZE shopping mall.
(A) Regulations
Section 239
There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications
systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the
central control station and the following areas:
(a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircase;
(b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square meters in area;
(c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the
public address system.

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 Conclusion
The voice communication system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 239. As shown in Figure 1.20, voice communication systems are
located nearby lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases in every single floor of the building. During a
fire hazard, the visitor can use the voice communication system (intercom) to contact the fire control
room within the shortest time.
1.5.6. Manual Pull Station
Figure 1.21: Manual pull station in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)
The manual pull station is a wall-mounted initiating device that is used in a fire alarm system, and it
located near emergency exits. When a user activates the manual pull station, it sends a data message
to the system control panel for processing. When the pull station is reset, it sends a data message to
the control panel to show that it is under normal condition.

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1.5.7. SMOKE DETECTOR
(Left) Figure 1.22: Smoke detector at ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)
(Right) Diagram1.23: Process of photoelectric smoke detector. (Source: Simply Safe, 2017)
The smoke detector is a device that senses smoke especially during fire hazards as well as an indicator
for the presence of fire. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the smoke detector are located on their ceiling at
every floor as part of a fire alarm system which will issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector
itself during a fire hazard.
Smoke detectors detect smoke either optically or by physical processes which is known as ionization,
the separated wires are connected at one end by a battery. Chamber contains radioisotope that charges
the air inside to produce an electric current flow and jump the gap between the two wires. If there is a
fire hazard, the smoke particles will enter the chamber to clog up the air and stop the electric current
which will then activate the alarm.
(A) Regulations
Section 225
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together
with illuminated exit sign in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to
these By-Laws.

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 Conclusion
The smoke detector system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 225. As shown in Figure 1.22, smoke detector systems are provided
on each ceiling level of the building to detect and to prevent fire hazards.
1.5.8. HEAT DETECTOR SYSTEM
The heat detector system is applied in cases in which smoke detectors are unsuitable. There are two
types of heat detector systems, such as fixed temperature detector and rate of rise detector. The fixed
temperature detector will operate when the ambient temperatures reach a fixed point, usually in the
event of fire. This type of heat detector is highly cost-effective as it is cheaper and also efficient enough
to detect the ambient temperatures in order to protect the occupants and property of the building.
Diagram 1.24: Heat detectors and how they function. (Source: Apollo Fire detector, 2017)
In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the type of heat detector used is “rate of rise” heat detector. The change
of temperature in an enclosed area will be monitored by heat detectors automatically by sending signals
to the fire indicator panel and sound an alarm to warn of a fire.

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(A) Regulations
Section 225.
(1)Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together
with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the fire requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule
to these By-Laws.
 Conclusion
The heat detector system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements
listed under Section 225. As shown by Diagram 1.24, heat detector systems are provided for the ceiling
of the building to detect and prevent fires from occurring.
1.6 SMOKE CONTROL
1.6.1. Smoke Spill System
Figure 1.23: Smoke spill system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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Smoke spill systems are installed in DPULZE Shopping Centre to maintain tenable conditions of the
egress systems. In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the system comprises of axial exhaust fans installed
near the ceiling area on both sides of the atrium, which will be activated by the fire protection system in
an event of fire. The exhaust fans will extract large amounts of from the hazard. smoke or fume from
the large open space, thus protecting occupants from the hazard.
Diagram 1.25: Conventional smoke spill system in a building. (Source: National Research Council
Canada, 2017)

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(A) Regulations
Section 249
In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall
be provided for the safe use of exit.
Section 250
(1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level.
(2) Such vents shall normally be in open positions of if they are closed they shall be so designed to
open automatically by an approved means in the event of a fire.
Section 251
Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the
requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during
the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of
safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.
 Conclusion
The smoke spill system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements
listed under Section 249, 250 and 251. As shown in Figure 1.23, smoke spill systems in DPULZE are
provided to extract the smoke via exhaust fans located near the ceiling area.

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1.5.2. Supply Ventilation System
1. Stairwell Pressurization System
Figure 1.24: Emergency fire exit which leads to the pressurized stairwell of DPULZE Shopping Centre.
(Source: Ng, 2017)
Diagram 1.26: Stairwell pressurization system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)
In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the stairwell pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free
escape route in the event of a building fire as well as to provide a smoke-free staging area for the fire
fighters. In case of fire, the pressurization system may prevent smoke from entering the emergency
staircase as occupants use it as an escape route.

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(A) Regulations
Section 202
All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as
required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization.
(a) Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 meters per
minute through the doors which are deemed to be open;
(b) Where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the total number
of doors opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open;
(c) Where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the areas served by
it shall not exceed 5 millimeters water gauge;
(d) Where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatically activated
by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkle system;
(e) Which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S
 Conclusion
The stairwell pressurization system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 202. As shown in Diagram 1.26, stairwell pressurization systems
are provided for each stairwell of the building.

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2. Lift Lobby Pressurization System
Figure 1.25: Lift lobby located on M level. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Figure 1.26: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied
air into the lift lobby of Upper Ground floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)

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Figure 1.27: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the lobby area of Upper Ground
floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)
In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the lift lobby pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free
lift lobby which acts as an escape route in the event of a building fire. In cases of fire, the pressurization
system may prevent smoke from entering the emergency lift so that firefighter can use them for rescue
operations.
(A) Regulations
Section 197
(1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18 meters above
ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through external walls.
(2) In buildings exceeding 45 meters above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be pressurized to
meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part 1-1974 or any other system
meeting the functional requirements of the D.G .F .S.

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(3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurized to meet the
requirements of by-law 200.
 Conclusion
The lift lobby pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 297. As shown in Figure 1.26 and Figure 1.27, lift lobby pressurization
systems are provided for each lift lobby in order to prevent smokes enter the lift lobby during fire hazard.
1.6 CONCLUSION
To sum up, DPUZLE shopping center is a 10 stories high rise commercial building which obey the rules
of active fire protection requirement at the same time create a safety environment to its occupants. The
active fire system component in every single floor is located accordingly to the UBBL 1984 requirements,
this shows that the building is legally operable in their fire protection system as the same time ensure
the safety of its occupants.

FIREPROTECTION
SYSTEM
(2) Passive System
in Public Buildings
DPULZE
Shopping Centre

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2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that remains inert during normal
conditions but plays a vital role during a fire event. Passive fire protection is considered during
the planning stage of the building’s design.
The Purpose of Passive Fire Protection System includes:
• Providing sufficient time to permit the safe evacuation of all occupants in the
premises
• Ensure structural integrity of the building
• Protecting building properties from totally damage.
• Preventing the spread of fire from one building to another
Passive Fire Protection System of DPLUZE Shopping Centre is categorized according to
the diagram below:

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2.2 MEANS OF ESCAPE
2.2.1 EVACUATION ROUTE
Diagram 2.1: Floor composition of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
In DPULZE Shopping Centre, there is a total of 10 floors including 2 basement parking areas, P2 and
P3; 2 mix use basement floors (parking and commercial area), P1 and LG; 2 commercial floors, G and
UG; 3 upper parking floors, M, F and 1F as well as 1 mix use upper floor (parking and commercial
area.).
In short, the escape routes are formed by vertical exits and horizontal exits, the vertical exits lead the
user to the G floor and then evacuate to the assembly point from horizontal exit

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1. Commercial Area (UG & G)
There are total of 10 fire exits in UG and G that are distributed evenly along the linear configuration.
The office area located at the corner has its own evacuation point, allowing the building’s occupants to
evacuate safely during emergency.
Diagram 2.2: Evacuation route on UG floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.3: Evacuation route on G floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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2. Basement Carpark Area (P2 & P3)
There are 10 fire exits on P2 and only 6 in P3 due to its smaller surface area. The fire exits are placed
along the axis of the plan to allow visitors to evacuate in a clear manner during emergencies.
Diagram 2.4: Evacuation route on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

3. Mix Use Basement Area (P1 & LG)
There are 10 fire exits on both P1 and LG which are placed along the 2 axes of the plan. The axes run
through the interior commercial spaces as well as the exterior parking areas.
Diagram 2.7: Evacuation route on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
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4. Upper Floor Carpark and Mix Use (M, F, 1F & 2F)
There are only 6 exits on M, F and 1F due to their smaller surface areas.
Diagram 2.8: Evacuation route on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.9: Evacuation route on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
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Diagram 2.10: Evacuation route on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.11: Evacuation route on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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5. Evacuation Route Distance
The maximum travel distances to exits and dead-end limits are specified in the Seventh Schedule of
the By-laws as indicated by the table below, which are adopted into the design of the shopping
centre’s evacuation routes. The entire building is also covered by the sprinkler system which allows a
longer evacuation route distance to be implemented.
Purpose Group Limit when alternative exits are available (m)
Dead-end Limit Unsprinklered Sprinklered
1. Open Plan N/R 30 45
2. Office 15 45 60
3. Shops 15 30 45
Table 2.1: Evacuation route distance for different purpose group. (Source: Tan, 2017)
6. Regulations
(A) UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement
• Section 165- Measurement of travel distance to exit
The distance of the evacuation route is strictly regulated to ensure that every space in a building are
within a reasonable distance to a place of safety. The method of the measuring said distance is stated
clearly in the. The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface
along the center line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of
occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and
ending at the storey exit. Where measurements include stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the
trend noising.
• Section 169- Exit Route
No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. Besides,
no less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits
as may be necessary. These exits are required to be accessible at all times without obstructions.
Furthermore, to maintain the accessibility of the paths, all fire evacuation routes are required to have a
consistent width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.
(B) Conclusion
In conclusion the evacuation route of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 165 and 169. As shown by Diagram 2.2 and 2.11, the exit routes
are efficient due to the placement of fire exits along the building’s axis.

2.2.2 EXITS
1. Horizontal Exit
The horizontal exits are fire-protected pathways that lead to the fire emergency staircases. The
horizontal exits are located near to the hotspots of the mall to accommodate the large occupancy load
from the hotspots as they travel to the fire emergency staircases.
Diagram 2.12: Hotspots and exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Horizontal exits in DPLUZE Shopping Centre includes lift lobbies and fire protected pathways that lead
to the emergency staircases. The horizontal exits are pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke and
protected by fire resistant materials, thus ensuring the safety of occupants during fire evacuations.
Figure 2.1: Lift lobby in M level of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
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2. Staircases (Vertical Exits)
Functioning as vertical exits, the staircases play a crucial part during evacuation. As the building
consists of 10 floors, the staircases are the only means of evacuation from the upper to lower floors.
The stairwell is pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke. The width of staircase threads in DPLUZE
Shopping Centre is 275mm, and has a riser height of 178mm, which complies to UBBL 1984.
Figure 2.2: Staircase in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
In the DPLUZE Shopping Centre, not all the staircases are located at the edge of the building to
discharge the crowd directly out to the building. Some staircases are located at the center of the
building to provide higher accessibility to the fire exits. Therefore horizontal exits are provided at the
Ground level to discharge the crowd as they exit from the staircases during an event of fire.
Diagram 2.13 Vertical exit route of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
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74
Diagram 2.14: Exits on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.15: Exits on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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Diagram 2.16: Exits on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.17: Exits on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.18: Exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.19: Exits on G floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)!
76

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Diagram 2.20: Exits on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.21: Exits on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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Diagram 2.22 Exits on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.23: Exits on P3 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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3. Regulations
• Section 171- Horizontal Exits
Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to
accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as
the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be
required for the whole building.
(B) UBBL 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirement
• Section 106- Dimension of staircase
In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be
not less than 255 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and the tread shall be uniform and
consistent throughout. This dimension should be uniform and consistent throughout, including at
landings. However, as stated in the UBBL 1984 Section 168 Article 3, handrails may be permitted to
encroach on the aforementioned width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.
(C) Conclusion
In conclusion, the fire exit design in DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 106 and 171. As shown in Diagrams 2.2 to 2.11, the exit points are
located strategically within the building and well designed with pressurization system and fire resistant
materials to ensure the safety of the occupants during egress.

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2.2.3 FIRE ESCAPE PLAN
The fire escape plans can be found at every fire exits to show the location of fire extinguishing
equipment and emergency staircases of the floor. In addition, they also indicate the present location of
the occupants in relation to the plans, thus serving as a tool for occupants to obtain their bearing
during a fire.
Figure 2.3 Fire escape plan of UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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2.2.4 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE
Figure 2.4 Emergency exit signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
The emergency exit signage guides and directs the occupants to the nearest fire exit for efficient
evacuation. It should be placed on top of each exit to indicate the presence of the fire exits and
should be clearly visible from various locations. The emergency exit signs will illuminate at all
situations, even if there is a power outage, as it is powered by a battery-backup system.
1. Regulations
• Section 172- Emergency Exit Signs
(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be
obscured byany decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
(2) A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location
where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
(3) Every exit sign shall have the word "KELUAR" in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres
high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in
red against a black background.
(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.
(B) Conclusion
In conclusion, the emergency exit signs in DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with most of the UBBL
1984 requirements listed under Section 172 except (3) as shown by Figure 2.4, as the lettering of the
signage is in white against a green background instead of red lettering against a black background as
stated in UBBL 1984 Section 172 (3).

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2.2.5 ASSEMBLY POINT
Figure 2.5 Assembly point signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
The direction towards the assembly point is clearly indicated using assembly point signages along the
fire escape route in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. The assembly points are located outside the building
at empty green spaces along the road to allow evacuees to gather during a fire. According to Diagram
2.23, the assembly points are located at 2 areas of the shopping centre.
1. Regulations
• Section 178- Exits for institutional and places for assembly
In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space,
together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or
protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating
in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.
Figure 2.6 Assembly point in DEPULZE
Diagram 2.24 Assembly point in
DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source:
Tan, 2017)

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• Section 179- Classification of places of assembly
Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its. capacity as follows:
Class Capacity (person)
A 1000 or more
B 300 - 1000
C 100 - 300
Table 2.2: Classification of places of assembly. (Source: Tan, 2017)
(B) Conclusion
In conclusion, the assembly points of DPLUZE Shopping Centre are classified under Class A in
reference to UBBL 1984 Section 179, as they are intended to cater for a crowd of approximately
25,000 people.

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2.3 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT
2.3.1 COMPARTMENTATION
Compartmentation is achieved by dividingthe buildingintoa seriesof cells,termed
“compartments”, which will form a barrier to inhibit rapid fire spread within the building during the
initial stages of a fire. The intention is to limit the severity of the fire which in turn will assist fire and
rescue service personnel with fire-fighting and rescue operations.
In DPLUZE Shopping Centre, there are 2 types of compartmentation. Firstly, the protectionof means
of escapeare barriers which are used to limit the spread of fire in a building and allowsafe egress.
The second type of compartmentation is designedto isolateand protectthe fireriskarea, thus
reducing the fire’s impact.
1. Compartmentation of means of escape
Compartmentation of means of escape is achieved using firestopping elements including fire rated
doors as well as fire resistant walls. (details in 2.3.2. Flame Containment)
2. Compartmentation of fire risk area
(A) Liquid Petroleum Storage
Figure 2.7 Liquid petroleum storage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
The Liquid Petroleum Storage of DPLUZE Shopping Centre is located outdoors, segregating them
from fire risk areas. By placing the facility outdoors, they can be easily monitored as a sudden
outbreak of fire is highly visible.

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(B) Electrical and mechanical system rooms
The electrical and mechanical system rooms are distributed across each floors and protected using
different fire compartments. By separating the fire risk spaces into different fire compartments, the rate
of the spread of will be prolonged, thus providing more time for safe egress and fire fighting.
Diagram 2.25: Fire compartments on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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Diagram 2.26: Fire compartments on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.27: Fire compartments on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.24- 2.26 shows the fire compartments located on P1, UG & F (underground carpark,
commercial zone, and upper floor carpark). It can be observed that most mechanical and service
rooms are located at carpark areas instead of commercial zones to isolate the fire risk areas from the
occupants and hot spot areas.

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3. Regulations
• Section 189- Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings.
Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storeys or more, or in a building
where the highest escape floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level or in any
place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of
escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials.
• Section 139- Separation of fire risk areas.
The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they
are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the
local authority based on the degree of fire hazard:
(a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas;
(b) laundries;
(c) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials;
(d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous;
(e) liquefied petroleum gas storage areas;
(f) linen room
(g) transformer rooms and substations;
(h) flammable liquids stores.
(B) Conslusion
In conclusion, the compartmentation of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 139 and 189. As shown by Figure 2.7 and Diagram 2.24- 2.26, the
fire risk areas and means of escapes are segregated into fire compartments and protected by fire
resistance material.

2.3.2 FLAME CONTAINMENT
1. Fire rated door
Fire rated doors are placed at the entrance of the fire exits and mechanical and electrical system
rooms to suppress the fire by restricting the oxygen flow, which is an essential element for a fire to
burn continuously.
DPLUZE Shopping Centre uses double leaf doors with the dimensions of 1600mm x 2100m. The
doors are fire rated to withstand up to an hour of fire to allow safe egress. The doors are closed by
default as an automatic door closer hinge is installed.
2. Fire Shutter
Figure 2.10 Fire shutter in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Fire shutters are crucial to delay the duration of the spread of fire, thus providing more time for safety
egress. Fire shutters have the same function as fire walls as they are designed to act as fire barriers to
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Figure 2.8 Certificate of fire rating door in
DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan,
2017)
Figure 2.9 Fire rated door in DEPULZE

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inhibit the spread of flames in an event of fire. However, fire shutters will only be used during a fire.
They are connected to the fire control room and can be controlled remotely from the fire control room
as well.
Fire shutters can be operated in two phases. First, it can be lowered down to a safety head clearance
allowing safety egress at the same time acting as a smoke barrier. Moreover, they can shut
completely after a acting as fire resistant barriers. Fire shutters in DPLUZE Shopping Centre are
constructed out of steel with a fireproof coating.
2.3.3 STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION.
Structural fire protection guard essential structural components and prevent structural failures that will
lead to collapse of a building because of fire.
In the DPLUZE Shopping Centre, this is accomplished by constructing the structures using fireproofing
materials, such as concrete. When structural fire protection is designed and applied properly, the
building's structural integrity can be maintained when it is exposed to fire.
Figure 2.11 Precast concrete columns in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.28 First phase of fire
shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)
Diagram 2.29 Second phase of fire
shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)

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1. Regulations
• Section 143- Beam or Column
Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to
be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by-
law 142 as to non-combustibility.
(B) Conclusion
In conclusion, the beams and columns of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 143. As shown in figure 2.11, precast concrete columns and beams
are used to construct the building as it is fire resistant and able to withstand the stability of the
structure during a fire event.

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2.4 FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS
Fire fighting access allows fire rescue services to safely reach and function close to fires. This ensures
that efficient fire fighting can be carried out. In addition, fire fighting access provides a pathway for
firefighters to access different levels of the building while carrying fire fighting equipment to carry out
fire fighting activities efficiently.
2.4.1 FIRE FIGHTING SHAFT
The fire fighting shaft is formed by fire main, fire fighting stair, fire fighting lobby and fire fighting lift. It
provides the fire and rescue service with a safe area from which to undertake fire fighting operations.
Fire fighting shaft links all necessary floors of a building, providing at least 2 hours of fire resistance to
protect fire crews and occupants.
Diagram 2.30: Composition of fire fighting shaft in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)
There are 4 fire fighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre which are distributed equally throughout
the floor which allows efficient fire rescue during a fire event.
Diagram 2.31: Location of fire fighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2 017)

92
1. Fire fighting staircase
Fire fighting staircases are protected stairways which are protected from the accommodation areas by
the fire fighting lobbies. They provide direct access towards fire fighting lobbies in every floor.
2. Fire fighting Lift
Figure 2.12 Fire fighting lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
Fire fighting lifts are designed with additional fire protection, and are equipped with controls that
enable them to be used under the direct control of the fire and rescue service in an event of fire.
The fire fighting lifts, or fireman's elevator, operate in two phases. In Phase one, triggered smoke
detectors or hallway key switches will direct the elevators to the fire recall floor. Elevators will travel
away from the designated landing and proceed without stopping. Upon reaching the fire recall floor, it
allows passengers to evacuate safely. The elevators are then removed from normal service and will
no longer accept car or hall calls.
During Phase Two, once the elevator has reached its designated landing and all passengers are
safely evacuated, firefighters can take exclusive control of the elevator using a special Firefighter’s
Service Key switch. This mode of Fire Service allows firefighters to continue to utilize the elevator to
rescue people from other floors.

93
3. Fire fighting Lobby
Figure 2.15 Fire fighting lobby in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)
A protected lobby provides access from a fire fighting stair to the accommodation area and to any
associated fire fighting lift. Fire mains are also located in the lobby to allows efficient fire fighting.
The lift lobby is pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke during a fire event.
4. Regulations
(A) UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms,Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting!Access
• Section 229- Means of Access and Fire Fighting in buildings over 18.3 metres height
(1) Buildings in which is the topmost floor is more than 18 metres above fire appliance access level
shall be provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of
fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircases, fire lifts and dry or wet rising systems.
Figure 2.13 Fire fighter key switch for fire lift in
DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan,
2017)
Figure 2.14 Reference of fire fighter key
switch for fire lift. (Source: Youtube, 2017)

94
(2) Fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor level and shall be so located that the
level distance from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75 metres.
(3) Fire fighting access lobbies may be omitted if the fire fighting staircase is pressurized to meet the
requirements of by-law 200 and all fire fighting installation within the pressurized staircase enclosure
do not intrude into the clear space required for means of egress.
(4) A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby
and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliance access level. This may be
one of the staircases required as a means of egress from the building.
(5) A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absence of a
lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level.
(6) The fire lift shall discharge direction into the fire fighting access lobby fire fighting staircase or shall
be connected to it by a protected corridor.
(B) Conclusion
In conclusion, the fire fighting access of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984
requirements listed under Section 229. As shown in figure 2.27 & 2.28, the fire fighting staircases, fire
fighting lobbies and fire fighting lifts form 4 pressurized fire fighting shafts at each level of DPLUZE
Shopping Centre, allowing high accessibility during fire events and allowing efficient fire rescue.

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2.5 CONCLUSION
Effective passive fire protection system in DPULZE Shopping Mall represent good planning, good
design and sound construction which could complement other basic functions of the building as well
as minimize the impact of the blaze during a fire event.
The Passive Fire Protection system in DPLUZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL1984
requirements which are listed under various sections, the building is legally operable, thus ensuring
the safety of the occupants during a fire event.

MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
in Public Buildings
DPULZE
Shopping Centre

project 1: Case Study of Building Services in Public Buildings

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