2. The “Bloody Shirt” Elects Grant
Grant was immensely
popular after the war
Nation was weary after war,
and eager for a fresh face.
Republicans, nevertheless,
enthusiastically nominate
Grant
Grant is singularly
unequipped to be President.
3. Who Shall Rule This
American Nation?
Who shall rule this American nation? Say, boys, say!
Who shall sit in the loftiest station? Say, boys, say!
Shall the man who trampled on the banner?
They who now their country would betray?
They who murder the innocent freed men? Say, boys, say!
chorus: No never! no, never! The loyal millions say;
They, boys, they!
And 'tis they who rule this American nation,
Who shall rank as the family royal? Say, boys, say!
If not those who are honest and loyal? Say, boys, say!
Then shall one elected as our servant
In his pride, assume a regal way?
Must we bend to the human dictator? Say, boys, say!
Shall we tarnish our national glory? Say, boys, say!
Blot one line from the wonderful story? Say, boys, say!
Did we vainly shed our blood in battle?
Did our troops resultless win the day?
Was our time and our treasure all squander'd? Say, boys, say!
4. The “Bloody SHIRT” Elects Grant
Democrats divided between eastern and
western democrats.
Nominate Horatio Seymour
Republicans wave the “Bloody Shirt”
Republican Platform
Democrats divided over redemption of Bonds.
Grants wins easily in the electoral college, but by
only 300,000 votes.
Impact of Black vote.
5. The Era Of Good Stealings
Civil War bred corruption and graft.
Causes
RR corruption
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould scheme to
corner the gold market.
Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall.
Democratic political machine
Samuel Tilden.
“ An honest politician was one that
when bought stayed bought”
6. A Carnival Of Corruption
Grant’s administration was riddled with
corrupt officials.
Credit Mobilier scandal.
Exposed in 1872.
Members of congress given stock “ to look the
other way” eventually censured.
Vice President implicated.
Whiskey Tax scandal.
7. Liberal Republican Revolt Of 1872
Liberal republicans were tired of
corruption “Turn the Rascals Out!”
Liberal Republican party.
Nominate Horace Greeley
Democrats endorse him, too. Why?
Thought he wanted to reunite North
and South
Campaign very ugly
Atheist, communist, free-lover,
vegetarian ,brown bread eater
Grant was “ a drunkard, swindler,
ignoramus etc.
8. Grant v. Greeley
Grant wins easily, 286-66, because:
Grant is perceived to be the lesser of two evils
Democrats are still stained with fault for the
Civil War.
Did lead the Republicans to clean their
own house.
General amnesty Act,
lowered tariffs
Mild civil-service reform
9. Depression And Demands For
Inflation
Panic of1873 severe
recession hits
Causes- over production
R.R., Mines, farming
factories
15,000 businesses went
under. Riots in N.Y. City,
Collapse of Jay Cooke and
Co.
10. Depression And Demands For
Inflation
Debtors advocate inflationary policies.
Call for more Greenbacks.
Federal government had removed onefourth from circulation. Why?
Grant sides with conservatives and signs
Resumption Act of 1875 going to withdraw
more “greenbacks”
11. Silver
Debtors advocated the coinage of silver dollars.
Congress had formally dropped silver money in
1873.
Why?
Pay back loans with cheaper dollars
Reasons
No silver was being produced thus no silver dollars
Grant rejects call to mint Silver.
Consequences of Grant’s policy
Deflation, restored government credit rating
Political backlash-Democrats win house 1874, 1878
13. Pallid Politics In The Gilded Age
Balance of two political parties during the
Gilded Age from 1869-99.
Majority in Congress flipped back and
forth six times in the 11 terms between
1869-91
Few controversial stands
Few dramatic policy differences between
parties.
Voter turnout /voter loyalty.
“Puritan values- Republican
not one single morality-Democrats
14. Republicans v. Democrats
Republicans:
Embodied the old Puritanical ideals.
Strict moral codes and belief that
government should be an instrument
in regulating economic and moral
affairs of the community.
Strong in Midwest and in rural and
small-town New England.
Got most of votes from Freedman
and from Union Civil War Vets.
16. Stalwarts v. Halfbreeds
Republicans had two rival factions
Stalwarts (Conklingites)
Half-Breeds.
led by NY Sen. Roscoe Conkling).
Big believers in patronage.
Led by James Blaine.
Flirted with civil service.
Consequences of this division
stalemate
17. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876
Republicans dissuade Grant from
running again.
Rutherford B. Hayes.
Hayes largely unknown, but a civil
war officer
Also, importantly, former three-term
governor of Ohio.
18. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876
Samuel Tildon.
Platform.
Attacks against Republicans.
Electoral College dispute
Reasons
Attempts to resolve
Electoral Count Act
Further compromise
21. The Compromise of 1877 and the
End of Reconstruction
Compromise was the end of reconstruction.
Hayes becomes President—Satisfies Republicans
Withdraw Federal troops from other contested sates Louisiana
and South Carolina, build Texas Railroad
Literacy tests and poll taxes disenfranchising
blacks
Civil Rights Cases
Crop-Lien System/Share Cropping
22. The Birth of Jim Crow in the
Post-Reconstruction South
Jim Crow Laws State level codes of
segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) separate
but “equal” facilities were
constitutional!
Lynching's became tool to stop the
crime
of attempting to be equal (chart page 497 and
make
sure to look at the photo and caption on
page
496)
24. Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
Tenant Farmer
Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
25. Class Conflicts And Ethnic Clashes
Strikes in the 1870s
Great Rail Road strike
Who wins?
Why? Government backed the business
Chinese in California
Dennis Kearney/Kearneyites
Chinese Exclusion Act
http://www.choices.edu/resources/scholarsonline/le
http://www.choices.edu/resources/scholarsonline/le
26. Election of 1880
Garfield and Arthur
Hayes administration was not very
noteworthy. Did not accomplish much
beyond end to reconstruction.
“Old 8-7” and “His Fraudulency.”
He did not run for reelection and wouldn’t
have been renominated had he tried.
27. Republicans in 1880
Stymied by Stallwart-Halfbreed rivalry and
take 35 ballots to settle on a candidate.
Chose James Garfield. Dark-Horse.
Chester Arthur, was chosen VP. Why?
Platform is for higher tariffs and (weakly)
for civil service reform
28. Election of 1880
Democrats chose Winfield Hancock
Civil War General, but popular in south
Why?.
Both parties shun substantive political issues.
Garfield wins by only 40,000, but 214-155 in
electoral college.
He was besieged by office seekers.
Made Blain Sec. of State
Battle raging politically between Stalwarts and HalfBreeds.
31. CHESTER ARTHUR TAKES
COMMAND
Not many expected much from
Arthur. Why?
Displayed surprising integrity,
intelligence and independence.
Arthur threw his support behind
reform of spoils system.
Pendleton Act of 1883
Details: exams for jobs not
connections
Unintended consequences?
Big Business ran to politicians to
“help” them lead
32. THE BLAINE-CLEVELAND
MUDSLINGERS OF 1884
Rep. nominate Blaine
Tainted with numerous
rumors of scandals.
The “tattooed man”
“Mulligan letters” “burn this
letter”
Mugwumps.
33. Grover Cleveland
Democrats nominate Grover
Cleveland.
Reputation for reform and
honesty.
Cleveland’s Bastard.
One of the ugliest campaigns
in American history
New York the key state
Rum, Romanism and Rebellion
35. Old Grover Takes Over
First Dem. president since Buchanan
Cleveland’s political philosophy
Issues raised by this? Civil service reform?
Last Jeffersonian Democrat? Laissez-faire
and government should not support the
people
Named two former confederates to his
cabinet, helping to heal the north-south
divide
36.
Tariffs and Pensions
Cleveland and office seekers—fires 2/3 of republican federal
employees make room for “deserving Democrats”
Military Pension issue
Tariffs
Country was running at a surplus because of high tariffs.
Republicans had little motivation to reduce these tariffs.
They owned the factories that profited from tariffs
Cleveland’s two choices? Pork barrel spending or lower
tariffs
He favored reducing tariffs. Why?
Cleveland makes tariff reduction his number-one issue.
Created a real political difference between the parties just
in time for the election of 1888.
37. Harrison Ousts Cleveland
Dems renominate Cleveland.
Rep. turn to Benjamin
Harrison, grandson of
William Henry Harrison.
Primary issue?
Tariffs
Republicans use fear of
British against Cleveland.
Republicans raise a huge
war chest. How?
Harrison wins electoral vote
but looses the popular vote.
39. Cleveland and History
Cleveland the first sitting president to be
voted out of office since Van Buren in
1840. (Others: J. Adams, J.Q. Adams,
Harrison, Hoover, Carter, Bush)
Cleveland last to win popular vote and
lose electoral college until Gore.
Cleveland only president to have two nonconsecutive terms.
40. Billion Dollar Congress
The Republicans Return Under
Harrison
Benj. Harrison in the White
House.
Republicans eager for
patronage.
Blaine is Secretary of State.
Teddy Roosevelt Civil
Service Commission.
Republican quorum
problem in the House
Speaker Thomas Reed
Czar Reed
41. Political Gravy For All
Billion Dollar Congress
Pension Act of 1890
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Tariffs and Silver
Easterners wanted a higher tariff
Westerners and farmers wanted
more silver minted buying high
priced “American manufactured
goods but selling on unprotected
world markets
They bolt from the Republican
party
42. Tariff Ire
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
McKinley Tariff Bill
raised tariff rates to their highest peace-time
level—48%
Farmers hated the new tariff. Why?
Republicans punished in 1890
congressional election.
Lose nearly 60 seats and Dems have a huge
majority in Congress
44. Populists
Populists emerge as a potent third party.
Officially the People’s Party
Nominate James B. Weaver
Populist Agenda:
free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of
sixteen to one
graduated income tax
Gov’t ownership of telephone, telegraph and RR
direct election of US senators
one-term limit on presidency
use of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens
to propose and review legislation.
Shorter work day-to appeal to labor
restriction on immigration—to appeal to labor
45.
46. Populists
Labor is mad and are ripe for
wooing by Populists.
Homestead strike
Populists poll over one-million
votes and become one of the
few third parties to win electoral
votes
Populists problems with Blacks
Grandfather Clause south
reinforces poll taxes and literacy
test to deny black the ballot .This
disfranchisement, more restrictive
Jim Crow laws, and increased
lynching's achieves the goals of the
white southerners.
48. OLD GROVER CLEVELAND and
Depression AGAIN
Depression of 1893
Causes:
Over-building and over-speculation
labor unrest
agricultural depression from low commodity prices
reduction of US credit abroad because of Silver
Purchase Act
Problems with overseas banks, which were forced to
call in US loans.
Cleveland does next to nothing— laissez faire
49. Gold Problem
Treasury was running a deficit because of
the Silver Purchase Act. Reasons
Cleveland saw no choice but to repeal the
Silver Purchase Act. Endless chain gold
operation
William Jennings Bryan
Cleveland forced to issue bonds to raise
money in order to buy gold
J.P. Morgan deal
Public reaction
50. Cleveland Breeds a Backlash
McKinley Tariff causes deficit
Democrats propose bill to reduce tariff but add
income tax
Senate tacks on lots of provisions to help special
interests.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894.
Cleveland refused to sign it, but can’t veto.
Supreme Court throws out income tax
Public opinion hates the bill and blame Dems.
Democrats hammered in 1894 mid-term
election.