4. EDWARD C.
TOLMAN
Born in Newton Mass. April
14, 1886
Died November 19, 1959
1911: Earned BS from Mass.
Institute of Tech. in
electrochemistry
Created a cognitive theory
of learning.
He was well known for his
experiments using rats and
maze running
5.
6. Tolman's Key Concepts
• Learning is always purposive and goal- directed.
He held the notion that an organism acted or
responded for some adaptive purpose.
•Cognitive Maps in Rats- this tendency to learn the
location. signified that rat formed cognitive maps
that help them to perform well on the maze. He
also found out that organism will select the easiest
path to achieve a goal.
•Latent Learning- is a kind of learning that remains
or stays with the individual until needed.
• The concept of intervening variable- are variables
that are not readily seen but serve as determinants
of behavior
7. Albert Bandura's Social
Learning Theory
Focuses on the learning that
occurs within a social context. It
considers that people learn from
one another, including such
concept as observational learning,
imitation and modeling.
8. General principles of
social learning theory
1. People can learn by observing.
2. Learning can occur without a change in
behavior.
3. Cognitions plays a role in learning
4. Social learning theory can be considered a
bridge or a transition between behaviorist
learning theories and cognitive learning
theories.
9. How the environment reinforces and
punishes modeling
1. The observer is reinforced by the model.
2. The observer is reinforced by a third person. The
observer might be modeling the actions of someone
else.
3. The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing
consequences. Many behaviors that we learn from
others produce satisfying or reinforcing result.
4. Consequences of the model's behavior affect the
observer's behavior vicariously.
10. Contemporary social learning perspective
of reinforcement and punishment
1. Contemporary theory propose that both
reinforcement and punishment have indirect
effects on learning.
2. Reinforcement and punishment influence the
extent to which an individual exhibits a behavior
hat has been learned.
3. The expectation of reinforcement influences
cognitive processes that promote learning.
11. Cognitive factors in
social learning
1. Learning without performance: Bandura makes a
distinction between learning through observation and the
actual imitation of what has been learned.
2. Cognitive process during learning: social learning
theories content that attention is a critical factor in
learning.
3. Expectations: As a result of being reinforced, people
form expectations about the consequences that future
behavior are likely to bring.
4. Reciprocal causation: Bandura proposed that behavior
can influence both the environment and the person.
5. Modeling: there are three types of models. Live model,
symbolic model, and some other medium like television,
videotape, computer programs.
13. Effects of modeling on behavior
1. Modeling teaches new behavior..
2. Modeling influences the frequency of
previously learned behaviors.
3. Modeling may encourage previously
forbidden behaviors.
4. Modeling increases the frequency of
similar behaviors.
14. Educational implications of social learning
theory
1. Students often learn a great deal simply by observing
other people.
2. Describing the consequences of behavior can
effectively increase the appropriate behaviors and
decrease inappropriate ones.
3. Modeling provides an alternative to shaping for
teaching new behaviors.
4. Teachers and parents must model appropriate
behaviors and take care that they do not model
inappropriate behaviors.
5. Teachers should expose students to a variety of other
models.
