2. explain
the individual’s ability and development
to represent knowledge.
differentiate and discuss the kinds of
categories of identity, equivalent and coding.
Explain how spiral curriculum works.
3.
4. Jerome Seymour Bruner
- one of the first proponents of
constructivism.
Constructivism- is an epistemological belief about
what "knowing" is and how one
"come to know."
5. Constructivism reject the notions that:
1. Knowledge is an identifiable entity with
absolute truth value,
2. Meaning can be passed on to
learners via symbols or transmission,
6. 3. Learners can incorporate exact
copies of teacher’s understanding for
their own use.
7. “Learning is an active process in
which learners construct new ideas or
concepts based upon their current/past
knowledge.”
- major theme in the theoretical framework
of Bruner.
8. 1.
Representation
Modes of Presenting Understanding:
a. Enactive representation- children learn about
the world through actions on physical
objects and the outcomes of these actions.
9. - represent objects in terms of immediate
sensations.
- represented in the muscles and involve
responses or ways to manipulate the
environment.
b. Iconic – obtained through using models and
pictures.
10. - the learner can now use mental
images to stand for certain objects
or events.
c. Symbolic representation- the learner has
developed the ability to think abstract
terms.
11. 2. Spiral Curriculum- instruction needs to be
anchored on the learner’s cognitive
capabilities.
Principles of instruction:
1. Readiness
2. Spiral Organization
3. Going beyond the information given
12. 3. Discovering Learning- refers to obtaining
knowledge for oneself.
Major Aspects in the Theory of
Instruction:
a. Predisposition to learn- “ readiness for
learning”.
13. b. Structure of Knowledge- the ways in
which a body of knowledge can
be structured so that it can
be most readily gasped by the
learner.
c. Effective Sequencing- presentation of lessons
in increasing difficulty.
14. d. Reinforcement- rewards and punishment that
should be selected and paced
appropriately.
4. Categorization- Bruner believed that perception,
conceptualization, learning, decision
making, and making inferences all
involved categorization.
15. Kinds of Categories:
1. Identity Categories- include objects based
on their attributes or features.
2. Equivalent Categories- provide rules for
combining categories.
3. Coding Systems- serve to recognize sensory
input.
16. “ People interpret the world mostly in
terms of similarities and differences”.
- valuable contribution to how individuals
construct their own models or view
on the world.
