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Lesson 7
不定詞
Infinitives
不定詞①
不定詞の3つの用法
意味上の主語
不定詞(Infinitives)
不定詞?→「定まっていない」動詞。
「まだ起こっていないこと」という意味を動詞に加えてく
れる。
前置詞toが「どこかに向かっていく」イメージだったこと
を思い出そう。
<to+動詞の原型>で表現できることを学びます。
不定詞の3つの用法
「まだ起こっていないこと」というニュアンスから
①名詞的用法→名詞の働きをする
→主語・目的語・補語として動詞が使える!
②形容詞的用法→形容詞の働きをする
→動詞で名詞を修飾することができる!
③副詞的用法→副詞の働きをする
→動詞を動詞で修飾することができる(?)
名詞的用法「~すること」
To eat red pencils is my hobby. 主語
赤鉛筆を食べることが私の趣味です。
My hobby is to eat red pencils. 補語
私の趣味は赤鉛筆を食べることです。
I want to eat red pencils! 目的語
赤鉛筆が食べたいなあ!
(赤鉛筆を食べること が欲しい)
形容詞的用法「~するための」
名詞の直後にto doを置くと、名詞を修飾できる ↓名詞を後ろから説明
している
a lot of things to do today
今日やるべきたくさんのこと
something to write with
何か(それで)書くためのもの
a promise to go to the movies with her
彼女と映画館に行くという約束
副詞的用法「~するために」「~して」
I got up early to buy a train. 「ために」
電車を買うために早起きしました。
I'm glad to see you.「~して」(嬉しい理由の説明)
お会いできて嬉しいです。
「なんでVしたの?」という疑問に答えてくれるのが副詞的用法。
★He woke up to find himself under the bed.
彼は目覚めるとベッドの下にいることに気づいた。
★「結果をあらわす」to do→「~して、そして」
意味上の主語
Q. この二つの文、どっちが受け入れられる?
下線部が主語。どちらも同じ意味。
Ex5) To play the guitar sitting on the bench with you was the most
beautiful time.
訳)ベンチにあなたと一緒に座ってギターを弾いたことが一番美
しい時間だった。
Ex6) It was the most beautiful time to play the guitar sitting on the bench
with you.
意味上の主語
Ex6) It was the most beautiful time to play the guitar sitting on the bench
with you.
こっちのほうが英語としては好まれる。なぜか?
英語では「頭の方にある語句が小さいほどすっきりした文に見え
る」ので、仮の主語としてitを置いて、あとで意味上の主語(to以
下)を明らかにする。
足(述部)が長いほうがかっこいいじゃ
んね
主部
主部
述部
述部
意味上の主語 例文
It's dangerous for the children to stay here.
It is 形 for 人 to do:人にとって~するのは形だ。
It was kind of you to help me.
It is 形 of 人 to do :~してくれるなんて<人>は形ですね。
→人柄について言うときofを使う。
不定詞②
SVO to do
使役と知覚(原形不定詞)
疑問詞 to do
SVO + to不定詞
Q. 私はあなたに歯医者(a dentist)を愛してほしいです。
To不定詞を使って英作文できますか?
☓ I want to love a dentist.
○ I want you to love a dentist.
<S V O to do> 「OがdoするようにVする」
My parents won't allow me to study abroad.
両親は私が留学するのを許可しないだろう
He told me to save a seat for him.
彼は私に座席をとっておくように言った
SVO +原型不定詞[使役]
↑この名前よりも「使役」という使い方で覚えてほしい 。
S+V+ O +動詞の原型で「SがOに~させる」
My mother made me clean my room.
部屋を掃除させた
I had the doorman carry my baggage.
かばんを運んでもらった
My father let me go to the movies.
映画に行かせてくれた
「使役」意味の違い
Mr. Manago ( ) us study.
Let's play tennis. →Let us play tennis.
テニスさせてよ。という命令文だった!!
make (無理やり)させる
have (当然やるので)やってもらう
let (やりたがったので)させてあげる
SVO +原型不定詞[知覚]
I saw students sleep in my class.
I heard students scream in my class.
S+「感覚」に関わる動詞+O+動詞原型
→「Oが~するのを(見る、聞く、感じる、)」
see, look at, watch,
hear, listen to,
feel, notice, observe など
to+doで普通は不定詞とし
て働くが、原型だけで不
定詞として働くパターン
がある。特に「使役」と
「知覚」に関わる動詞は
原型不定詞を使うという
ことに注目!!
疑問詞+to do:
「疑問詞~べきか」という名詞の塊をつくる
I will tell you what to do next. what to do 何を~すべきか
She knows when to leave. when to do いつ~すべきか
Please tell me where to go. where to do どこで~すべきか
Do you know which train to take?
which 名 to do どの名を~すべきか
They know how to fish. how to do どうやって~すべきか
不定詞③
不定詞の否定形
不定詞が表す時に敏感になる
不定詞の進行形・受動態
その他の注意すべき表現
不定詞の否定形
Q 医者は私に毎日踊らないように言った(tell)。
The doctor
Q 医者は私に二度と来ないように頼んだ(ask)。
The doctor
不定詞の否定形
①The doctor told me not to dance everyday.
②The doctor asked me never to come.
不定詞を否定したかったら
not to do(~しないこと)
もしくはnever to do(二度と~しないこと)
不定詞が表す時間に敏感になろう
He seems to be ill. (今)病気だと(今)思
われる
He seemed to be ill. (その時)病気だと(その
時)思われた
He seems to have been ill. (以前)病気だったと
(今)思われる
He seemed to have been ill. (その時以前に)病気だっ
たと(その時)思われた
不定詞も進行形・受動態あります
She seems to be sleeping. <to be ~ing>
彼女は(今)眠っているようだ
Children need to be accompanied by adult
子どもは親に同行される必要がある
<to be 過去分詞>
不定詞を使った慣用表現
①I'm too tired to walk. 疲れすぎて歩けない
too 形(副) to do :形(副)すぎてdoできない
②He is smart enough to solve the puzzle.
彼はそのパズルを解くほど(十分)賢い
形(副)enough to do: doするのに十分なほど形(副)
③ I'm not so foolish as to believe his story.
私は彼の話を信じるほど馬鹿ではない。
so+形(副)+as to do:~するほど形(副)
不定詞を使った慣用表現
④We arrived early in order to get good seats.
いい席をとるために早く到着した
<in order to do>:doするために
⑤The president is to visit Kyoto today.
大統領は今日京都を訪れることになっている
<be>+to do: do することになっている(確定)
⑥To tell the truth, I am not a human.
実を言うとね、私は人間ではないんですよ
To tell the truth:実は,本当は
不定詞を使った慣用表現

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200428 7 infinitives