5. • This expression is useful to give instructions or
emphasise to ask people to copy exactly in words or
actions what one has heard, seen, read or learned etc.
• Dictionary form
• Plain past
• Noun + の
Action is going to be
done from now
Action has already been
done
とおりに、
11. • This expression shows the order of actions and
emphasises the order.
• After one action is completed, the following action starts.
• Plain past tense of verbs
• Nouns + の
• Do you remember, Dictionary form + まえに、て + から?
あとで
18. • This expression shows what you do WITHOUT
something or some condition/status or you don’t do
something and do something else when there are
possibilities of actions.
• Plain negative + で
• If the action is done by the same person, it can express
with or without something/some condition too.
• しょうゆをつけて、食べます。
• しょうゆをつけないで、食べます。
• あぶらを使って、りょうりします。
• あぶらを使わないで、りょうりします。