2. OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE LEARNERS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• IDENTIFY THE SIMILARITIES IN THE STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF
ALCOHOL;
• GIVE THE DIFFERENT USES OF ALCOHOL; AND
• GIVE THE IMPORTANCE OF ALCOHOL.
3. WHAT IS ALCOHOL
ALCOHOLS ARE THOSE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. THE
PRESENCE OF ONE, TWO OR MORE HYDROXYL GROUPS (-
OH) ARE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF THESE
COMPOUND.
THE CARBON ATOM IN AN ALKYL GROUP OR
HYDROCARBON CHAIN THAT IS ATTACHED TO IT. ALCOHOL
ALSO COMES IN DIVERSE STRUCTURES AND FORMS.
4. MAIN TYPES OF ALCOHOL
• ALCOHOL CLASSIFICATION IS BASED UPON THE PRESENCE OF THE HYDROXYL
GROUP. SO THE LOCATION OF THIS HYDROXYL GROUP AS WELL WILL CHANGE
THE PHYSICALAND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ANY ALCOHOL.
• THE CLASSIFICATION IS ACCORDING TO THE CARBON ATOM OF AN ALKYL GROUP
ATTACHED TO HYDROXYL GROUP. MOST OF THE ALCOHOLS ARE COLORLESS
LIQUIDS AND EVEN BEHAVE AS SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURES.
5. MAIN TYPES OF ALCOHOL
• IT IS HIGHLY SOLUBLE IN WATER, AND WITH THEIR INCREASE IN MOLECULAR
WEIGHT. THEY TEND TO BECOME LESS SOLUBLE AND THEIR VAPOUR PRESSURES,
BOILING POINTS, DENSITIES, AND THE VISCOSITIES TO ACCELERATE.
• THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF ALCOHOL: METHYL, ISOPROPYL, AND ETHYL
WHICH ARE ALSO KNOWN AS PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY ALCOHOLS
RESPECTIVELY.
6. THREE MAIN TYPES
OF ALCOHOL
• PRIMARY ALCOHOLS (METHYL ALCOHOL)
PRIMARY ALCOHOLS ARE HAVING THE CARBON
ATOM OF THE HYDROXYL GROUP (OH) ATTACHED TO
ONLY ONE SINGLE ALKYL GROUP. SOME OF THE
EXAMPLES OF THESE PRIMARY ALCOHOLS CONTAIN
METHANOL (PROPANOL, ETHANOL, ETC). METHYL
ALCOHOL, ALSO KNOWN AS METHANOL AND WOOD
ALCOHOL, MAINLY FINDS USE AS AN INDUSTRIAL
SOLVENT
CHEMICAL FORMULA OF METHYL ALCOHOL:
CH3OH
7. THREE MAIN TYPES
OF ALCOHOL
• SECONDARY ALCOHOL (ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL)
SECONDARY ALCOHOL ARE HAVING THE CARBON
ATOM OF THE HYDROXYL GROUP THAT HAS TWO ALKYL
GROUPS ON EITHER SIDE. THE TWO ALKYL GROUP EXIST MAY
BE EITHER STRUCTURALLY IDENTICAL OR EVEN DIFFERENT.
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL ALSO POPULAR AS ISOPROPANOL OR 2-
PROPANOL OR RUBBING ALCOHOL. IT IS MORE USUALLY
USEFUL AMONG PHYSICIANS, WHO RUB THE POISONOUS
MATERIAL ONTO SURFACE, TOOLS, AND HUMAN BODIES. EVEN
IT IS FOUND IN EVERYDAY CLEANING PRODUCTS. ISOPROPYL
ALCOHOL IS THE MAIN CONSTITUENT OF IN COSMETICS,
INCLUDING LOTIONS.
THE CHEMICAL FORMULA OF ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL:
C3H80
8. THREE MAIN TYPES
OF ALCOHOL
•TERTIARY ALCOHOL (ETHYL ALCOHOL)
TERTIARY ALCOHOL ARE HAVING THE
HYDROXYL GROUP ATTACHED TO THE CARBON
ATOM. IT IS PART OF 3-ALKYL GROUPS. THE
PHYSICAL FEATURE OF THESE ALCOHOLS PRIMARILY
DEPENDS ON THEIR STRUCTURE. THE EXISTENCE OF
THIS –OH GROUP PERMITS THE ALCOHOLS IN THE
FORMATION OF HYDROGEN LINKS WITH THEIR
NEIGBOURING ATOMS. THE BONDS MADE ARE WEAK,
AND THIS BOND CREATES THE BOILING POINTS OF
ALCOHOLS HIGHER THAN ITS ALKANES.
9. •TERTIARY ALCOHOL (ETHYL ALCOHOL)
PEOPLE GENERALLY ADULTS CONSUME ETHYL ALCOHOL. PEOPLE COMMONLY
IMBIBE ETHYL ALCOHOL IN A DILUTED CONCENTRATION. ETHYL ALCOHOL IS FAMOUS FOR
ITS ABILITY TO CHANGE MOOD AND BEHAVIOUR.
BREWERS AND DISTILLERS GENERALLY MAKE IT FROM GRAINS OR OTHER PIECES
OF PLANT MATTER. THE LIVER GENERALLY IS ABLE TO FILTER ETHYL ALCOHOL FROM THE
HUMAN BODY. HOWEVER, ETHYL ALCOHOL ALSO HAS A USE AS AN INDUSTRIAL SOLVENT
ABD AS A FUEL ADDITIVE.
THE CHEMICAL FORMULA OF ETHYL ALCOHOL: C2H5OH.
