1. The document discusses different types of organic functional groups and families including alcohols, phenols, ethers, and multifunctional alcohols. 2. It provides examples of common alcohols like methanol and ethanol and describes their structures, properties, and uses. Methanol is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate while ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages, solvents, and automotive fuel. 3. The document also discusses toxicity of alcohols like ethanol, noting that excessive long-term ingestion can damage organs but moderate consumption causes mild sedation.

1. CHEMISTRY
Reporter:
Aide Mie Bersabal

2. 9.7 THE FUNCTIONAL
GROUP

3. Table 9.4 Selected organic Functional Groups

4. Table 9.5 Common Alkyl Groups

5. 9.8 THE ALCOHOL FAMILY
When a Hydroxyl Group (-OH) is
substituted from any hydrogen atom
in an alkane (RH), the molecule
becomes an alcohol (ROH).

6. Alcohol can be called by their
common names or by the systematic
names of IUPAC.

7. The IUPAC means for alcohols are
based on those of alakanes, with the
ending changed from –e to –ol.

8. EXAMPLE:
CH3- OH
Methanol
CH3CH2-OH
Ethanol
CH3CH2CH2-OH
CH3CHCH3
OH
1-Propanol 2-Propanol

9. METHYL ALCOHOL (METHANOL)
The simplest alcohol is methanol or
methyl alcohol. Also called as wood
alcohol.
Methanol is important as a solvent and as
chemical intermediate.
CH3OH(1)CO(g)+2H2(g)

10. ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)
Ethanol for beverages and automotive is done
this way.
2CH3CH2OH(aq)+2CO2(g)C6H12O6(aq)+
Yeast
The next member of the homologous
series of alcohol. Also called ethanol or
grain alcohol.

11. The industrial alcohol is identical to
that made by fermentation.
CH2=CH2(g)+H2O(1)
H+
CH3CH2OH(1)
Ethanol for industrial use is made by
reacting ethylene with water.

12. TOXICITY OF ALCOHOL
Ethyl Alcohol is an ingredient in
wine, beer and other alcoholic
beverages.
Ethanol is not poisonous as ethanol but it
is still toxic.

13. TOXICITY OF ALCOHOL
Ethanol acts as a mild depressant ; it slows
down both mental and physical activity.

14. Number of Drinks Blood-Alcohol Level
( percent by volume)
Behavior
2 0.05 Mild sedation,
tranquility
4 0.10 Lack of coordination
6 0.15 Obvious intoxication
10 0.30 Unconsciousness
20 0.50 Possible Death

15. TOXICITY OF ALCOHOL
Excessive ingestion of ethanol over a long
period of time can alter brain function,
cause nerve damage, and shorten life span
by contributing to diseases of the liver,
cardiovascular system and any organ of the
body.

16. MULTIFUNCTIONAL
ALCOHOLS
Several alcohols have more than hydroxyl
group. Examples are ethylene, glycol,
propylene glycol and glycerol.s

17. ETHYLENEL ALCOHOL
It is the main ingredient in many permanent
antifreeze mixtures. Its high boiling point
keeps it from boiling away in an automotive
radiator.

18. ETHYLENEL ALCOHOL
Oxalic acid forms crystals of its calcium salt,
calcium oxalalte (CaC2O4), which can
damage the kidneys, leading to kidney
failure and death.

19. ETHYLENEL ALCOHOL
Glycerol (glycerin) is a sweet, syrupy, liquid
made as a by product from fats during soap
manufacture.

20. Phenols
When a hydroxyl group is attached to a
benzene ring, the compound is called
phenol.
It is the first antiseptic used in an operating
room by joseph Lister.

21. Phenols
It can be employed as disinfectants for floor
and furniture. But other phenolic
compounds are now used as antiseptics.

22. Phenols
Hexylresorcinol, is a more powerful
germicide than phenol, and it is less
damaging to the skin and has fewer other
side effects.

23. Ethers
Compounds attached to the same oxygen
atom is called ethers.
Diethyl ether was once used as an aesthetic
but today is used mainly as a solvent.