2. Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 299 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The invention of the biopolymer is one of the great works in polymer science. The English
scientist A. Hachett discovered this wonderful material in 1799. Henri Braconnot and Odier
worked further to discover the chitin. Chitin can be extracted from the exoskeleton of insects
and crustaceans. Chitin can also be extracted from other sources like fungi, mushrooms,
worms, diatoms, etc. [1, 2, 3, 4, and 5]. It is observed that Chitin is the second most abundant
biopolymer in nature after cellulose [6]. Very few mechanical studies have been made on the
hard shells (solid cuticle) characteristic of the arthropod integument and it is therefore not yet
possible to provide a general model for the mechanical behavior of the exoskeletons of this
phylum. Arthropods are the largest animal phylum. They include the trilobites, chelicerates,
myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans. All arthropods are covered by an exoskeleton, which
is periodically shed as the animal grows. The exoskeleton of arthropods consists mainly of
chitin. In the case of crustaceans, there is a high degree of mineralization, typically calcium
carbonate, which gives mechanical rigidity. Studies on mechanical behavior of crab shell are
reported [7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12]. Chitin’s deacetylated derivative chitosan have many
applications in engineering. Water Engineering, Food Technology, Biomedicine, Agriculture,
Textile and Paper Industry, Cosmetics, Biotechnology, Photography, Solid State Batteries,
Energy Production, Material Science and Engineering, Chromatographic Separations,
Ophthalmic Technology etc. are the main application areas of chitin and chitosan [13]. The
process of chitin extraction depends on the source and also the percentage of chitin present in
it. Limam et al. [14] reported the extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from
two species of crustacean of Tunisian origin. Al-Sagheer et al. [15] prepared chitin from
Arabian Gulf crustaceans’ sources to determine the protein content in chitin. Abdou et al. [3]
reported the production of chitin and its derivative from the crustacean of Egyptian origin.
Yildiz et al. [16] reported the characterization and production of chitin and chitosan from
Mediterranean crab shell. Nigerian origin is also known for the extraction and characterization
of chitin from crustacean [17 and 18]. Due to the wide application of chitosan, various
methods of chitin extraction have been reported. The extraction of Chitin by fermentation and
enzymatic methods are also reported. The fermentation method is very expensive. The
chemical method of chitin extraction has been widely reported [19, 20, 21, 22, and 23]. The
main commercial sources of chitin are crab and shrimp shells. In chemical method, chitin is
extracted by acid treatment to dissolve the calcium carbonate followed by the alkaline
solution to dissolve proteins. A decolorization step is often added in order to remove pigments
and obtain a colorless pure chitin. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of chitin and
chitosan. Chitin has more applications while transforming to chitosan (by partial deacetylation
under alkaline conditions) [24, 25, and 26]. The degree of acetylation of chitosan is
characterized by the molar fraction of N-acetylated units (DA) or as a percentage of
acetylation (DA %). In biomedical applications, residual proteins can cause serious side
effects hence chitin and chitosan need to be highly purified. The good film forming properties
are valuable for wound dressing, artificial skin or packaging.
The aim of this article to describe the working of chitin extraction from Narmada River
Side crab shell. The chitin was extracted by chemical method. The extracted chitin is further
deacetylated to produce chitosan.
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2. MATERIALS AND MET
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
found as a constituent of a complex netw
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide
chitin isolation from s
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previou
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and dem
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell c
(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.
2.1. Chemical Method
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
crab shell. The cr
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
and drying.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
http://www.iaeme.com/
2. MATERIALS AND MET
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
found as a constituent of a complex netw
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide
chitin isolation from s
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previou
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and dem
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell c
(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.
Chemical Method
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
crab shell. The cr
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
and drying.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.
Figure 1
2. MATERIALS AND MET
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
found as a constituent of a complex netw
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide
chitin isolation from shellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previou
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and dem
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell c
(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.
Chemical Method
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
crab shell. The crab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan.
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
IJMET/index.asp
Figure 1 Chemical structure of chitin and
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
found as a constituent of a complex netw
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide
hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previou
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and dem
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell c
(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
ab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan.
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
asp 300
Chemical structure of chitin and
HODS
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
found as a constituent of a complex network of proteins onto which calcium carbonate
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide
hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previou
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and dem
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell collected from the fish market of Sanawad
(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
ab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan.
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
Chemical structure of chitin and chitosan
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
ork of proteins onto which calcium carbonate
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide
hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previou
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and dem
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
ollected from the fish market of Sanawad
(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
ab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan.
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
editor@iaeme.com
chitosan
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
ork of proteins onto which calcium carbonate
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide-protein complex. Thus,
hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previou
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and dem
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in that case, deproteinization
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
ollected from the fish market of Sanawad
(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
ab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan.
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
editor@iaeme.com
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
ork of proteins onto which calcium carbonate
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
protein complex. Thus,
hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previou
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demineralization
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
that case, deproteinization
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
ollected from the fish market of Sanawad
(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
ab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan.
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
editor@iaeme.com
The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various
crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is
ork of proteins onto which calcium carbonate
deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in
protein complex. Thus,
hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,
proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together
with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previous
steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual
pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;
ineralization
could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned
before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is
that case, deproteinization
and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected
treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in
ollected from the fish market of Sanawad
Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side
ab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan.
Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration
4. http://www.iaeme.com/
2.1.1. Narmada
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
collected from the market
2.1.2. Grinding o
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
by grinding to get particle size 0.30
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
drying processes.
2.1.3. Demineralization Process
Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium c
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water
release of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:
Crab shells
Drying
70°C
Bleaching
(H2O2)
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Narmada River Side Crab Shells
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
collected from the market
Grinding of Crab Shells
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
by grinding to get particle size 0.30
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
drying processes.
Demineralization Process
Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium c
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water
release of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:
Crab shells
Drying
Bleaching
(H2O2)
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.
Figure 2 Flow chart for extraction of chitin from crab shells.
River Side Crab Shells
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
collected from the market and fine crab shell part
Figure 3 Narmada river side crab shell
f Crab Shells
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
by grinding to get particle size 0.30
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
Demineralization Process
Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium c
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water
release of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:
Grinding
Wet cake
washing with
dimenralized
water
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
IJMET/index.asp
Flow chart for extraction of chitin from crab shells.
River Side Crab Shells
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
and fine crab shell part
Narmada river side crab shell
f Crab Shells
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
by grinding to get particle size 0.30-0.35 mm. The
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
Demineralization Process
Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium c
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water
release of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:
Grinding
Wet cake
washing with
dimenralized
water
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
asp 301
Flow chart for extraction of chitin from crab shells.
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
and fine crab shell particles after grinding.
Narmada river side crab shell
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
0.35 mm. The
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium c
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water
release of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:
Demineralization
(7% HCl)
Filtration
washing with Drying
70
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
Flow chart for extraction of chitin from crab shells.
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
icles after grinding.
Narmada river side crab shells and ground powder
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
0.35 mm. The ground crab shells were stored for
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium c
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water
release of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:
Demineralization
(7% HCl)
Filtration
Drying
70°C
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
editor@iaeme.com
Flow chart for extraction of chitin from crab shells.
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
icles after grinding.
s and ground powder
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
ground crab shells were stored for
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium c
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water-soluble calcium salts with the
Demineralization
Deproteinization
(5% NaOH)
White
chitin
editor@iaeme.com
Flow chart for extraction of chitin from crab shells.
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
ground crab shells were stored for
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium carbonate. It is
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
calcium salts with the
Filtration
Deproteinization
(5% NaOH)
White
chitin
editor@iaeme.com
Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two
days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell
Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed
ground crab shells were stored for
demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and
arbonate. It is
generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3.
Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization
calcium salts with the
Filtration
Deproteinization
5. http://www.iaeme.com/
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
in presence of acid. Then, salts can be eas
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
the complete reacti
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizat
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously
various reaction conditions.
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
concentration. Crab shell powder was
continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
allowed to soak for 24
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
product
of crab shell powder.
2.1.4. Deproteinization Process
Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deprotein
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of th
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary conside
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
days).It was also observed that in deproteinizatio
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
http://www.iaeme.com/
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
in presence of acid. Then, salts can be eas
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
the complete reacti
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizat
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously
various reaction conditions.
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
concentration. Crab shell powder was
continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
allowed to soak for 24
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
product was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process
of crab shell powder.
Deproteinization Process
Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deprotein
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of th
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary conside
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
days).It was also observed that in deproteinizatio
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.
2 HCl + CaCO3
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
in presence of acid. Then, salts can be eas
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
the complete reaction, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals,
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizat
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously
various reaction conditions.
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
concentration. Crab shell powder was
continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
allowed to soak for 24 hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process
of crab shell powder.
Deproteinization Process
Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deprotein
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of th
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary conside
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
days).It was also observed that in deproteinizatio
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
IJMET/index.asp
2 HCl + CaCO3
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
in presence of acid. Then, salts can be eas
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals,
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizat
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
concentration. Crab shell powder was added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with
continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process
Figure 4 Demineralization P
Deproteinization Process
Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deprotein
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of th
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary conside
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
days).It was also observed that in deproteinizatio
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
asp 302
2 HCl + CaCO3→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
in presence of acid. Then, salts can be easily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals,
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizat
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with
continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process
Demineralization P
Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deprotein
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of th
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary conside
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
days).It was also observed that in deproteinization, the use of NaOH invariably results in
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
ily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals,
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizat
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with
continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process
Demineralization Process.
Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deprotein
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of the human population is allergic to
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary conside
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
n, the use of NaOH invariably results in
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
editor@iaeme.com
→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
ily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals,
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizat
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with
continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process
rocess.
Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deprotein
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
e human population is allergic to
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary considerably in each study. The
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
n, the use of NaOH invariably results in
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
editor@iaeme.com
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
ily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals,
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizat
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously used, involving
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with
continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60˚C for 2-3 hours to
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process
Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinization process
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
e human population is allergic to
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
rably in each study. The
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
n, the use of NaOH invariably results in
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
editor@iaeme.com
Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts
ily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase
followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules
of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For
on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals,
or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals,
therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralization
process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality
corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the
used, involving
In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed
approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%
added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with
3 hours to
remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were
hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal
of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The
was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process
ization process
is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of
deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is
e human population is allergic to
protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and
rably in each study. The
preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at
varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few
n, the use of NaOH invariably results in
partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.
6. http://www.iaeme.com/
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
NaOH solution. The mixture was heat
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
remove any traces of che
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
process.
2.1.5. Filration Process
Filtration was
laboratory it was
oven at 70
further dried in an oven.
2.1.6. Bleaching Process
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
http://www.iaeme.com/
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
NaOH solution. The mixture was heat
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
remove any traces of che
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
process.
Filration Process
Filtration was a very time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the
laboratory it was a
en at 70˚C for 3 hours. Figure 6
further dried in an oven.
Bleaching Process
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
NaOH solution. The mixture was heat
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
remove any traces of chemicals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
Filration Process
ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the
very big task to prepare the chitin.
˚C for 3 hours. Figure 6
further dried in an oven.
Figure 6
Bleaching Process
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
IJMET/index.asp
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
NaOH solution. The mixture was heated under stirring at 60
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
micals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
Figure 5 Deproteinization process
ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the
very big task to prepare the chitin.
˚C for 3 hours. Figure 6 shows the filtration process and wet cake which was
Figure 6 Filtration process and wet cake
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
asp 303
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
ed under stirring at 60
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
micals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
Deproteinization process
ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the
very big task to prepare the chitin.
shows the filtration process and wet cake which was
Filtration process and wet cake
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
ed under stirring at 60
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
micals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
Deproteinization process
ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the
very big task to prepare the chitin. The filtered sample was then dried in an
shows the filtration process and wet cake which was
Filtration process and wet cake
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
editor@iaeme.com
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
ed under stirring at 60 - 65 °C to decompose the
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
micals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the
The filtered sample was then dried in an
shows the filtration process and wet cake which was
Filtration process and wet cake
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried demineralized, deproteinized
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
editor@iaeme.com
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
65 °C to decompose the
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
micals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the
The filtered sample was then dried in an
shows the filtration process and wet cake which was
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
demineralized, deproteinized
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
editor@iaeme.com
The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20%
65 °C to decompose the
albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the
process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to
micals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing
with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization
ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the
The filtered sample was then dried in an
shows the filtration process and wet cake which was
For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material
demineralized, deproteinized
and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.
7. http://www.iaeme.com/
2.1.7. Deacetylation Process
The main differenc
50% deace
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa
an insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%
the alkali chitin
NaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 h
an average degree of acetylation of 48%
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation
chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was
NaOH solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.
chitosan powder.
2.2. Biological Method
The chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified ch
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favo
and microorganisms for chitin extraction.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
http://www.iaeme.com/
Deacetylation Process
The main differenc
50% deacetylated chitin is called chitosan. The
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa
an insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%
alkali chitin. It
NaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 h
an average degree of acetylation of 48%
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation
chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was
H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.
chitosan powder.
. Biological Method
chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified ch
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favo
and microorganisms for chitin extraction.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.
Deacetylation Process
The main difference between chitin and chitosan is the
ted chitin is called chitosan. The
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa
an insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%
. It is prepared after
NaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 h
an average degree of acetylation of 48%
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation
chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was
H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.
. Biological Method
chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified ch
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favo
and microorganisms for chitin extraction.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
IJMET/index.asp
Figure 7
e between chitin and chitosan is the
ted chitin is called chitosan. The
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa
an insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%
is prepared after the
NaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 h
an average degree of acetylation of 48%–
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation
chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was
H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.
Figure 8
chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified ch
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favo
and microorganisms for chitin extraction.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
asp 304
Figure 7 Chitin Powder
e between chitin and chitosan is the
ted chitin is called chitosan. The N-deacetylation of chitin is either performed
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa
an insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%–99% DD.
the dispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g
NaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 hrs. This method resu
–55%.
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation
chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was
H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.
Figure 8 Chitosan powder
chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified ch
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favo
and microorganisms for chitin extraction.
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
Chitin Powder
e between chitin and chitosan is the degree of deacetylation. More t
deacetylation of chitin is either performed
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa
99% DD. The homogeneous method
dispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g
. This method resu
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation
chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was
H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.
Chitosan powder
chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified ch
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favo
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
editor@iaeme.com
degree of deacetylation. More t
deacetylation of chitin is either performed
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa
he homogeneous method
dispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g
. This method results in a soluble chitosan with
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation
chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was
H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
Figure 8 shows the prepared
chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified ch
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favors the application of enzymes
Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
editor@iaeme.com
degree of deacetylation. More t
deacetylation of chitin is either performed
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosan is produced as
he homogeneous method produces
dispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g
lts in a soluble chitosan with
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation
chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was done with 70%
H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
Figure 8 shows the prepared
chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chitin; (ii) it
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
rs the application of enzymes
editor@iaeme.com
degree of deacetylation. More than
deacetylation of chitin is either performed
heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is
n is produced as
produces
dispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g
lts in a soluble chitosan with
Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation, the
done with 70%
H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered
Figure 8 shows the prepared
chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the
physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of
itin; (ii) it
affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin
extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of
rs the application of enzymes
8. Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 305 editor@iaeme.com
The biological extraction of chitin is an alternative way to solve chemical extraction
problems. The use of proteases for deproteinization of crustacean shells would avoid alkali
treatment. Besides the application of exoenzymes, proteolytic bacteria were used for
deproteinization of demineralized shells. Deproteinization processes have been reported for
chitin production mainly from shrimp waste using mechanical, enzymatic and microbial
processes involving species like Lactobacillus. Biological demineralization has also been
reported for chitin production from crustacean shells; enzymatically. Table 1 describes the
comparison between chemical and biological extraction of chitin.
Table 1 Chemical Vs Biological Extraction method for chitin Preparation.[19]
Process Chemical Extraction Biological Extraction
Demineralization Mineral solubilisation by acidic
treatment including HCl, HNO3,
H2SO4, CH3COOH, and
HCOOH.
Using lactic acid produced by
bacteria through the conversion of
an added carbon source
Deproteinization Protein solubilization by alkaline
treatment
Using proteases secreted into the
fermentation medium.
In addition, deproteinization can
be achieved by adding
exoproteases and/or proteolytic
bacteria.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this article, the chitin and chitosan preparation from Narmada riverside crab shell is
described. This was followed by a discussion on the chemical and biological extraction of
chitin and chitosan. Chitin’s deacetylated derivative chitosan have many applications in the
various field of engineering. As a biopolymer, applications of chitin are less developed
compared to those of chitosan due to its large insolubility and also difficulties in processing.
Therefore, chitin is generally combined with chitosan which gives, in fact, similar
applications. The importance of chitin and chitosan depends on their biological (nontoxicity,
biodegradability, and nontoxicity) and physicochemical properties (degree of acetylation and
molecular mass). Recently, these properties are widely applied in agriculture, medicine,
pharmaceutics, food processing, environmental protection, and biotechnology.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The underutilized waste materials litter the banks of rivers constituting environmental
pollution. Therefore extraction of chitin saves the environment. The use of acids and bases at
higher temperature can deteriorate the physicochemical properties of this biopolymer. As a
result of its biological properties also changes. Nowadays, a new method based on the use of
lactic acid bacteria and/or proteolytic bacteria has been used for chitin extraction. This
method allows producing a good quality chitin. The biological method seems to be a
promising approach for demineralization and deproteinization processes but the use of this
method is still limited to laboratory scale. Compared with Chitin, Chitosan is soluble in acidic
media, which is applied for improvement of processing methods. It is very convenient to
process the chitosan as film, fiber, sponge, bead, gel or solution. Its cationic charge provides
the possibility to form electrostatic complexes and/or multilayer structures. The produced
material is under working for further research to investigate the mechanical behavior of chitin
extracted from Narmada riverside crab shells.
9. Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 306 editor@iaeme.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank GRY Institute of Pharmacy, Borawan (MP) for allowing the
work in their chemical Laboratory.
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![Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 299 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The invention of the biopolymer is one of the great works in polymer science. The English
scientist A. Hachett discovered this wonderful material in 1799. Henri Braconnot and Odier
worked further to discover the chitin. Chitin can be extracted from the exoskeleton of insects
and crustaceans. Chitin can also be extracted from other sources like fungi, mushrooms,
worms, diatoms, etc. [1, 2, 3, 4, and 5]. It is observed that Chitin is the second most abundant
biopolymer in nature after cellulose [6]. Very few mechanical studies have been made on the
hard shells (solid cuticle) characteristic of the arthropod integument and it is therefore not yet
possible to provide a general model for the mechanical behavior of the exoskeletons of this
phylum. Arthropods are the largest animal phylum. They include the trilobites, chelicerates,
myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans. All arthropods are covered by an exoskeleton, which
is periodically shed as the animal grows. The exoskeleton of arthropods consists mainly of
chitin. In the case of crustaceans, there is a high degree of mineralization, typically calcium
carbonate, which gives mechanical rigidity. Studies on mechanical behavior of crab shell are
reported [7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12]. Chitin’s deacetylated derivative chitosan have many
applications in engineering. Water Engineering, Food Technology, Biomedicine, Agriculture,
Textile and Paper Industry, Cosmetics, Biotechnology, Photography, Solid State Batteries,
Energy Production, Material Science and Engineering, Chromatographic Separations,
Ophthalmic Technology etc. are the main application areas of chitin and chitosan [13]. The
process of chitin extraction depends on the source and also the percentage of chitin present in
it. Limam et al. [14] reported the extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from
two species of crustacean of Tunisian origin. Al-Sagheer et al. [15] prepared chitin from
Arabian Gulf crustaceans’ sources to determine the protein content in chitin. Abdou et al. [3]
reported the production of chitin and its derivative from the crustacean of Egyptian origin.
Yildiz et al. [16] reported the characterization and production of chitin and chitosan from
Mediterranean crab shell. Nigerian origin is also known for the extraction and characterization
of chitin from crustacean [17 and 18]. Due to the wide application of chitosan, various
methods of chitin extraction have been reported. The extraction of Chitin by fermentation and
enzymatic methods are also reported. The fermentation method is very expensive. The
chemical method of chitin extraction has been widely reported [19, 20, 21, 22, and 23]. The
main commercial sources of chitin are crab and shrimp shells. In chemical method, chitin is
extracted by acid treatment to dissolve the calcium carbonate followed by the alkaline
solution to dissolve proteins. A decolorization step is often added in order to remove pigments
and obtain a colorless pure chitin. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of chitin and
chitosan. Chitin has more applications while transforming to chitosan (by partial deacetylation
under alkaline conditions) [24, 25, and 26]. The degree of acetylation of chitosan is
characterized by the molar fraction of N-acetylated units (DA) or as a percentage of
acetylation (DA %). In biomedical applications, residual proteins can cause serious side
effects hence chitin and chitosan need to be highly purified. The good film forming properties
are valuable for wound dressing, artificial skin or packaging.
The aim of this article to describe the working of chitin extraction from Narmada River
Side crab shell. The chitin was extracted by chemical method. The extracted chitin is further
deacetylated to produce chitosan.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)