Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Recovery of Lead (II) from electroplating industrial wastewater by Bio-func...Rajmohan Govindarajan
Heavy metal removal from wastewater through adsorption is more effective, eco-friendly and recyclable.
Use of activated carbon, Graphene nanosheets, nanotubes etc. have higher specific area.
Use of immobilized biomass increase the pore structure and adsorption sites areas.
Magnetic adsorption by magnetic nanoparticles are easy to separate from the treatment system.
Combining of adsorbent particle constituting magnetic particles and immobilized biomass alginated beads have advantages of increased pore structure, surface area and ability of recycling.
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
In this study, composites films were prepared from Chitosan biopolymer and Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) by dispersion of MMT into Chitosan solution with different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 75% wt. /wt. nanoclay/chitosan), using both sonication and casting technique methods to obtain good dispersion of nanoclay. The structural properties of these nanocomposites samples examined by XRD and FTIR . The XRD patterns indicating that formation of an intercalated nanostructure as exfoliated and flocculated structure . Also the complexion of the dopant with the biopolymer was examined by FTIR studies. The experiments of Mn(ΙΙ) ions adsorption were carried out on MMT/chitosan nanocomposites. The effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial Mn(ΙΙ) concentration and temperature on the adsorption of Mn(ΙΙ) removal onto MMT/chitosan nanocomposites was investigated. Two adsorption isotherm models were applied Freundlich and Langmuir to fit the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm modeling was suitable for description the data at equilibrium state. The kinetic isotherm was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamics parameters of the adsorption such as Gibbs free energy∆G^o, entropy ∆S^o and enthalpy ∆H^o were discussed and the results demonstrate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Recovery of Lead (II) from electroplating industrial wastewater by Bio-func...Rajmohan Govindarajan
Heavy metal removal from wastewater through adsorption is more effective, eco-friendly and recyclable.
Use of activated carbon, Graphene nanosheets, nanotubes etc. have higher specific area.
Use of immobilized biomass increase the pore structure and adsorption sites areas.
Magnetic adsorption by magnetic nanoparticles are easy to separate from the treatment system.
Combining of adsorbent particle constituting magnetic particles and immobilized biomass alginated beads have advantages of increased pore structure, surface area and ability of recycling.
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
In this study, composites films were prepared from Chitosan biopolymer and Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) by dispersion of MMT into Chitosan solution with different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 75% wt. /wt. nanoclay/chitosan), using both sonication and casting technique methods to obtain good dispersion of nanoclay. The structural properties of these nanocomposites samples examined by XRD and FTIR . The XRD patterns indicating that formation of an intercalated nanostructure as exfoliated and flocculated structure . Also the complexion of the dopant with the biopolymer was examined by FTIR studies. The experiments of Mn(ΙΙ) ions adsorption were carried out on MMT/chitosan nanocomposites. The effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial Mn(ΙΙ) concentration and temperature on the adsorption of Mn(ΙΙ) removal onto MMT/chitosan nanocomposites was investigated. Two adsorption isotherm models were applied Freundlich and Langmuir to fit the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm modeling was suitable for description the data at equilibrium state. The kinetic isotherm was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamics parameters of the adsorption such as Gibbs free energy∆G^o, entropy ∆S^o and enthalpy ∆H^o were discussed and the results demonstrate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
Lignin isolation from coconut coir, characterization and depolymerization usi...Richa Chaudhary
Lignin isolation from coconut coir using Klason, organosolv, and soda methods and the depolymerization of isolated lignin to value-added chemicals using a solid base catalyst.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Background- Chitosan is a natural, biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and easily available polymer that can be used to prepare nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles can be widely used in pharmaceutical industries as an antimicrobial agent or as drug delivery vehicle. Objectives- Aim of the study was to prepare chitosan nanoparticles and characterize them. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results- The present study showed that chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method. The obtained chitosan nanoparticles were characterized and study revealed that they are stable spherical in shape. The size of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) at selected concentration was 216 nm and zeta potential 50mV was done by zeta sizer Nano S (Malvern, UK). Conclusion- Chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method.
Key-words- Chitosan, Chitosan nanoparticles, DLS, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TEST OF RADIATION DEGRADED CHITOSAN AS PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER
Dr.Ir Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso,
Centre for Research and Development of Isotopes and Radiation Technology
NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
Jl. Cinere ,Ps Jumat, PO Box 7002 JKSKL, Jakarta 12070
Fax: 021-7513270, E-mail: gatot2811@yahoo.com
The remarkable rapid and successful expansion of prawn processing industry in Indonesia suggests the possibility of utilizing prawn-processing waste as raw material for the manufacture of many valuable products such as chitin and chitosan
Lignin isolation from coconut coir, characterization and depolymerization usi...Richa Chaudhary
Lignin isolation from coconut coir using Klason, organosolv, and soda methods and the depolymerization of isolated lignin to value-added chemicals using a solid base catalyst.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Background- Chitosan is a natural, biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and easily available polymer that can be used to prepare nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles can be widely used in pharmaceutical industries as an antimicrobial agent or as drug delivery vehicle. Objectives- Aim of the study was to prepare chitosan nanoparticles and characterize them. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results- The present study showed that chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method. The obtained chitosan nanoparticles were characterized and study revealed that they are stable spherical in shape. The size of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) at selected concentration was 216 nm and zeta potential 50mV was done by zeta sizer Nano S (Malvern, UK). Conclusion- Chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method.
Key-words- Chitosan, Chitosan nanoparticles, DLS, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TEST OF RADIATION DEGRADED CHITOSAN AS PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER
Dr.Ir Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso,
Centre for Research and Development of Isotopes and Radiation Technology
NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
Jl. Cinere ,Ps Jumat, PO Box 7002 JKSKL, Jakarta 12070
Fax: 021-7513270, E-mail: gatot2811@yahoo.com
The remarkable rapid and successful expansion of prawn processing industry in Indonesia suggests the possibility of utilizing prawn-processing waste as raw material for the manufacture of many valuable products such as chitin and chitosan
1. Lamanya waktu pemanasan mempengaruhi nilai rendemen karaginan yang dihasilkan hasil yang terbaik adalah pemanasan selama 60 menit di atas itu kenaikan rendemen rendah sekali..
2. Karaginan yang diiradiasi mempunyai nilai viskositas dan kekuatan tarik yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diiradiasi.
3. Karaginan yang diiradiasi mempunyai nilai kelarutan, daya serap air yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diiradiasi
Dr.Ir. Gatot Trimulyadi : The adsorption behavior of chitin and its concerns with various degree of deacetylization. This high adsorption capacity was ascribable primarily to its remarkable hydrophilicity in cooperation with the relatively high amino group content. It is indicate that the importance of hydrophlicity and suggest that, in order to develop adsorbents of high capacity, it is make indicate the importance of hydrophilicity essential to make chitin derivatives highly hydrophylic and yet insoluble in water.
STUDIES ON EXTRACTION METHODS OF CHITIN FROM CRAB SHELL AND INVESTIGATION OF ...IAEME Publication
This paper describes the most common methods for recovery of chitin from crab shell. Deproteinization, demineralization and deacetylation are the main processes for the extraction of chitin and chitosan. The mechanical properties were investigated to recognize their mechanical applications. Chitin is the most widespread biopolymer in nature, after cellulose. It has great economic value because of their biological activities and their industrial and biomedical applications. Chitin can be extracted from three sources, namely crustaceans, insects and microorganisms. However, the main commercial sources are shells of shrimps, crabs, lobsters and krill that are supplied in large quantities by the shellfish processing industries. Extraction of chitin involves two steps, demineralization and deproteinisation, which can be processed by two methods, chemical or biological. Acids and bases are required for chemical method, while the biological method involves microorganisms. The mechanical properties of isolated crab chitin are highly susceptible to the effects of hydration. Philippine blue swimming crab were used for the extraction of chitin. The extracted chitin was used to form polymer films at different conditions. Polymer films were also formed from commercially acquired chitin. It was observed that the films prepared at different conditions have greater ultimate tensile strengths as compared to the commercially-available films..The Chitin discussed in the present study is analyzed mechanically. Thus ensuring the extracted Chitin and Chitosan could be considered for further applications. This study therefore, intends to extract and investigate the mechanical performance of chitin from crab shell.
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
In this study, composites films were prepared from Chitosan biopolymer and Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) by
dispersion of MMT into Chitosan solution with different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 75% wt. /wt.
nanoclay/chitosan), using both sonication and casting technique methods to obtain good dispersion of nanoclay. The structural
properties of these nanocomposites samples examined by XRD and FTIR . The XRD patterns indicating that formation of an
intercalated nanostructure as exfoliated and flocculated structure . Also the complexion of the dopant with the biopolymer was
examined by FTIR studies. The experiments of Mn(ΙΙ) ions adsorption were carried out on MMT/chitosan nanocomposites. The
effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial Mn(ΙΙ) concentration and temperature on the
adsorption of Mn(ΙΙ) removal onto MMT/chitosan nanocomposites was investigated. Two adsorption isotherm models were
applied Freundlich and Langmuir to fit the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm modeling was suitable for description the data
at equilibrium state. The kinetic isotherm was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamics
parameters of the adsorption such as Gibbs free energyΔ퐺표 , entropy Δ푆표 and enthalpy Δ퐻표 were discussed and the results
demonstrate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
In this study, kinetics of demineralization of chitin extraction from snail shells was
investigated. Chitin was extracted from snail shells by demineralizing the
deproteinized shells in 1.2 M HCl solution. Prior to demineralization, the raw snail
shells were deproteinized using 1 M NaOH solution to remove proteins and organic
matter present in the shells. The product was dried before the demineralization
process was carried out. The results showed that based on the R2 values obtained for
each of the shrinking core models considered which include; fluid film diffusion
(FFD), ash layer diffusion (ALD), and chemical reaction control (CRC), it was noted
that the CRC model was prevalent for all the various range of particle sizes analyzed
(6.3 – 4.75 mm, 4.75 – 2 mm, 2 – 1 mm, and 600 – 300 μm). The surface morphologies
and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) bands of the extracted chitin were
similar to previous studies
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using chemically modified oran...IOSR Journals
The removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions onto chemically modified orange peel was studied at varying initial metal concentrations, adsorbent doses, pH and contact times. Batch experiments were carried out under optimized conditions to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the orange peel chemically modified with sodium hydroxide. The residual Cr (VI) concentrations after biosorption were analyzed by FAAS. The biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and BET. The characterization of the orange peel biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in Cr (VI) biosorption. Chemically modified orange peel exhibited more adsorption potential as compared to the raw orange peel. The biosorption efficiency of the orange peel was dependent on the pH of the Cr (VI) solution, with pH 2 being optimal. The removal rate of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in contact time and remained constant after an equilibrium time of 180 min. The removal of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in biosorbent concentration with the optimal adsorbent dosage at 4.0 mg/L. The increase in initial Cr (VI) ion concentration led to an increase in the percentage removal of Cr (VI). The adsorption data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model with R2 = 0.987 for the raw orange peel and R2 = 0.995 for the modified orange peel. The Freundlich constants Kf and n were 97.07 [mg/g (L/mg)n] and 0.79 (g/L) for the raw orange peel and 139.0 [(mg/g)(L/mg)n] and 0.815 (g/L) for modified orange peel respectively. The present study revealed that orange peel which is a low cost agricultural material could be used as an efficient sorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and that chemical modification of the biosorbent using sodium hydroxide enhanced adsorption capacity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Pada penelitian yang kan dilakukan adalah mendapatkan perbandingan optimum bahan pelapis dan pupuk urea dalam bentuk pellet. Parameter meliputi perbandingan bahan pelapis dan berat pupuk dan kecepatan putaran alat. Karakterisasi meliputi bulk density, durabilitas, daya serap air dan kek
Seseorang yang memiliki kemampuan dalam menggunakan sumberdaya seperti financial (money), bahan mentah (matrials), dan tenaga kerja (labors), untuk menghasilkan suatu produk baru, bisnis baru, proses produksi atau pengembangan organisasi usaha
Para wirausaha adalah orang-orang yang mempunyai kemampuan melihat dan menilai kesempatan-kesempatan bisnis, mengumpulkan sumber-sumber daya yang dibutuhkan guna mengambil keuntungan dari padanya dan mengambil tindakan yang tepat guna memastikan sukses
Para wirausaha adalah orang-orang yang mempunyai kemampuan melihat dan menilai kesempatan-kesempatan bisnis, mengumpulkan sumber-sumber daya yang dibutuhkan guna mengambil keuntungan dari padanya dan mengambil tindakan yang tepat guna memastikan sukses
Seseorang yang memiliki kemampuan dalam menggunakan sumberdaya seperti financial (money), bahan mentah (matrials), dan tenaga kerja (labors), untuk menghasilkan suatu produk baru, bisnis baru, proses produksi atau pengembangan organisasi usaha
Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid into cellulose sheet by irradiation technique was examined. The irradiation of samples cellulose sheet was carried out using 60Co gamma irradiation source. The cellulose sheet was irradiated in presence of atmospheric oxygen at room temperature. An acrylic acid monomer solution then introduced into irradiated cellulose sheet and the graft copolymerization was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere at a certain time of reaction. The percentage of grafting has been determined as a variation of monomer concentration and temperature as a function of time of reaction. The results showed the percentage of grafting increases as increasing acrylic acid concentration and temperature. The optimal conditions were total dose of 12 kGy, acrylic acid concentration of 30%, temperature of 70°C and reaction period of 3 hours. The yield of grafting was found 45.8%. The presence of acrylic acid on cellulose was demonstrated by FTIR spectrum. Thermal properties were measured by DSC the melting point decrease 2.3°C and new peak appeared at 343.5 °C.
Pada penelitian ini dilakukan karakterisasi hasil kopolimerisasi cangkok lembaran selulosa dengan asam akrilat yang diiradiasi sinar gamma Co-60. Lembaran selulosa diiradiasi pada kondisi atmosfer udara dan suhu kamar. Selanjutnya lembaran selulosa dimasukkan dalam larutan monomer asam akrilat pada variasi konsentrasi 10% (v/v), 20% (v/v), 30% (v/v), dan 40% (v/v) dengan waktu reaksi 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, dan 5 jam serta temperatur 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, dan 80°C. Reaksi kopolimerisasi cangkok dilakukan dalam aliran nitrogen. Lembar selulosa yang dikopolimerisasi cangkok dipisahkan dari homopolimer yang terbentuk kemudian dicuci dan dikeringkan dalam oven vakum dan hasil kopolimerisasi cangkok serta homopolimer yang terbentuk ditentukan dengan metode gravimetri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil kopolimerisasi meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi monomer asam akrilat dan suhu reaksi. Kondisi optimal kopolimerisasi adalah pada dosis total radiasi 12 kGy dengan konsentrasi asam akrilat 30% dan suhu reaksi 70°C serta waktu reaksi selama 3 jam. Hasil kopolimerisasi cangkok yang diperoleh sebesar 45,8%. Telah terjadinya kopolimerisasi cangkok pada lembaran selulosa ditunjukkan dengan adanya perubahan pada spektrum infra merah dengan munculnya gugus karbonil yang diukur dengan Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). Sifat termalnya yang ditentukan dengan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan titik leleh sebesar 2,3°C dan muncul puncak baru pada 343,5°C.
COATING EFFECT OF CHITOSAN IRRADIATION ON PERFORMANCE OF STRAWBERRIES (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Strawberry is a horticultural product which has high economic value,however, strawberries are easily damaged. Therefore, required proper post harvest handling in extend the shelf life of strawberries, one of them is the edible coating technique using chitosan. The purpose of this research was to extend the shelf life of strawberries coated with irradiated chitosan. Chitosan is irradiatiated at a dose of 0 kGy, 5 kGy, and 10 kGy, and then characterized. Observations were carried on for five days at room temperature including: the testing of the performance of the fruit that was observed visually and analysis of fruit weight loss. The results showed that the performance of strawberries is coating with irradiated chitosan of 10 kGy is still good. The percentage of weight loss strawberries coated with irradiated chitosan smaller than the strawberries without coating with chitosan (control). Strawberries coated with irradiated chitosan has a shelf life and weight loss better than control.
Keywords : chitosan, irradiation, strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, shelf life.
PELAPISAN KITOSAN IRADIASI TERHADAP PENAMPILAN BUAH STRAWBERI (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Strawberi merupakan produk hortikultura yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi, namun strawberi mudah rusak. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penanganan pasca panen yang tepat dalam memperpanjang masa simpan buah strawberi, salah satunya dengan teknik edible coating menggunakan kitosan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperpanjang masa simpan buah strawberi yang dilapisi kitosan iradiasi pada penyimpanan suhu ruang. Kitosan diiradiasi dengan dosis 0 kGy, 5 kGy dan 10 kGy, Pengamatan dilakukan selama 5 hari pada suhu kamar meliputi: penampilan buah yang diamati secara visual dan analisis susut bobot buah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan buah strawberi yang penampilan masih baik yaitu pada pelapisan buah dengan kitosan iradiasi 10 kGy. Buah strawberi yang dilapisi kitosan iradiasi memiliki persentasi susut bobot yang lebih baik dibandingkan buah kontrol.
Controlled-release fertilizer is one method to reduce the rate of loss due to leaching of fertilizer from the soil by rain or irrigation water. One agent that can be used for this controlled-release fertilizer is a polymer material that is coated on NPK fertilizer. Coating polymer material used for NPK fertilizer is a mixture of starch, acrylamide, PVA and chitosan that formulated and irradiated at a dose of 20 kGy. The purpose of this study is to get the best ratio of coating materials and NPK fertilizers which made with pelletizer machine. NPK fertilizer mashed and mixed with a polymer coating materials with a ratio of coating material / NPK; 1/9, 2/8 and 3/7.. The results obtained were the largest pellet output capacity is 4.28 g / min by using ratio of the coating material and NPK fertilizer of 1/9 and the greatest durability value is 87.1%. at ratio of 3/7 . NPK fertilizer which coated with a coating of polymer materials and fertilizers with ratio of 1/ 9, 2/8 and 3/7 the results shows on the release of NPK is not so difference.
Teknologi iradiasi untuk memodifikasi bahan polimer untuk keperluan industri telah banyak dikembangkan oleh negara maju seperti Jepang , Amerika dan Jerman.
Sebagai contoh di Jerman telah dikembangkan penggunaan mesin berkas elektron sebagai sumber radiasi untuk memodifikasi pulp untuk bahan dasar serat rayon.
Hasilnya menunjukkan dengan pengunaan irradiasi dapat menyingkat tahapan proses serta pengurangan bahan kimia sehingga lebih ekonomis dan mengurangi pencemaran bahan kimia terhadap lingkungan.
Selain itu daya tembus radiasi relatif tinggi maka pemutusan rantai selulosa terbentuk secara merata, sehingga akan diperoleh distribusi bobot molekul dan derajat polimerisasi yang homogen.
Dengan homogennya distribusi derajat polimerisasi (DP) akan diperoleh viskosa yang homogen dan stabil yang akan menghasilkan serat yang lebih unggul, terutama sifat fisiknya
Grafting of chitin for ion exchange by irradiation method
APLIKASI RADIASI UNTUK KOPOLIMERISASI CANGKOK ASAM AKRILAT DAN AKRILAMIDA PADA KHITIN SEBAGAI BAHAN PENUKAR ION
ADAPUN DASAR DARIPADA TEKNOLOGI HEAT-SHRINK ADALAH PENERAPAN ILMU KIMIA RADIASI TERHADAP BAHAN POLIMER
PELASTIK YANG MENCIUT KARENA PANAS
UMUMNYA DIGUNAKAN DALAM PEMBUATAN BAHAN ISOLASI DAN JAKET KABEL
SALAH SATU BAHAN POLIMER PLASTIK YANG PALING CANGGIH ADALAH POLIETILEN (PE)
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Pusat AplikasiTeknologi Isotop dan Radiasi
Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional
Jl. Cinere, Ps Jumat PO Box 7002 JKSL, Jakarta 12070
Fax : 021 7513270. E-mail : gatot2811@yahoo.com
Uji coba iradiasi chitosan pada fasa cair menggunakan sinar gamma dengan kapasitas 1 ton. Telah dilakukan percobaan uji coba iradiasi chitosan pada fasa cair menggunakan sinar gamma dengan kapasitas 1 ton untuk mendapatkan chitosan dengan bobot molekul re
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN CHITOSAN PADA POLIVINIL ALKOHOL HIDROGEL YANG DIBUAT DENGAN TEKNIK IRADIASI
Salah satu bahan dasar yang digunakan dalam pembuatan hidrogel adalah polivinil alkohol (PVA) yang merupakan bahan polimer yang relatif murah dan tidak toksik.
Hidrogel yang transparan dan kuat secara mekanik dapat dihasilkan dari campuran PVA dan chitosan yang diiradiasi sehingga dapat dihasilkan hidrogel yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antibakteri
PENGARUH PELAPISAN CHITOSAN PADA NPK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN JAGUNG
Modifikasi pupuk NPK dengan oligo chitosan
1. Diharapkan NPK selain berfungsi sebagai pemenuhan unsur hara ditambah lagi fungsinya sebagai pemercepat tumbuh (growth promoters) dan plant eleciator.
2. Tujuan dari penelitian ini diperoleh teknologi proses dan formulasi polimer alam chitosan dengan teknik iradiasi yang berfungsi sebagai bahan slow release pupuk kimia dan untuk penginduksi pertumbuhan .
3. Formulasi oligo chitosan yang di lapiskan pada pupuk NPK di ujikan pada tanaman jagung.
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT - PROJECT PERIOD : FY 2006 TO FY 2007 ( 2 YEARS
To specify the advantage of radiation processing of natural polymer
To promote its application for end-users
To develop new technology on radiation processing of natural polymers
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grafting of chitin by irradiation technique
1. IRRADIATION GRAFTING OF HYDROPHYLIC MONOMER
ONTO CHITIN FOR ION EXCHANGE APPLICATION
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Research and Development of Isotopes and Radiation Technology
Jl . Lebakbulus raya No 49, Jakarta 12240, INDONESIA
Fax 62 21 7691607, E-Mail : Gatot2811@yahoo.com
Abstract: Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were
examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as
ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and
low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in
order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the
ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent. The hydrophilic monomers used were acrylic acid
and acryl amide. In the present experiment , the pre-radiation per oxidized method was employed . The
irradiation of sample was carried out in Co-60 gamma irradiation source at room temperature . The monomers
solutions acrylic acid or acryl amide than introduce into irradiated chitin and the graft polymerization was
carried out in nitrogen atmosphere. The presentation of grafting has been determined as a variation of monomer
concentration and temperature as a function of time of reaction. The grafted chitin obtained was washed and
dried in vacuum and the percentage of grafting was measured by gravimetric method . Measuring the capasity of
adsorption of grafted chitin to Cr, Cu and Hg metal ion was determined by using AAS and CV AAS. The result
shows that using acryl amide give percentage of grafting higher compare with acrylic acid. The presence of
monomer grafted onto chitin is demonstrated by FTIR spectrum with the appearing of carbonyl functional group.
Chitin grafted with acrylic acid give a higher rate of adsorption of metal ion Cr, Cu and Hg compare grafted with
acryl amide. The high rate of adsorption is for metal ion Hg it was found 294.3 mg/g for chit-g-Aac and 257.3
mg/g for Chit-g-Aam.
Keywords : Chitin, irradiation, grafting, ion exchange
INTRODUCTION. The adsorption behavior of chitin and its concerns
In order to solve the environmental problem due with various degree of deacetylization. This high
to industrial development, many factor have been adsorption capacity was ascribable primarily to its
studied . Generally, both solid and liquid industrial remarkable hydrophilicity in cooperation with the
waste can make seriously environmental problems. relatively high amino group content. It is indicate
that the importance of hydrophlicity and suggest
The liquid waste with the heavy metal content in the
that , in order to develop adsorbents of high capacity ,
large scale of production can be hazardous to
it is make indicate the importance of hydrophilicity
environmental conditions. Separation method of
essential to make chitin derivatives highly
heavy metal using ion exchange adsorbent to adsorb
hydrophylic and yet insoluble in water. Chitosan is
metal ion should be cheap, simple and industrial
natural polysaccharide and has the same skeleton
useful in waste treatment. The natural chelating
structure as cellulose, by a radiation modification
marine polymer chitin, poly(N-acetyl-D-
such as graft-co polymerization of hydrophilic
glucosamine) and its deacetylated derivative
monomer expected to improve its hidrophilicity.and
chitosan is useful for removing heavy metal ion
performance for application as an ion exchange
waste from discharge water . Chitin , the most
adsorbent. In the field of Radiation Process, free
abundant naturally is undoubtedly one of the most
radical formation is the key role of the modification
promising and attracting resources present in
technique. Graft modified of chitosan with
quantity. Among some interesting properties of
hydrophilic functional monomers was suitable
chitin , chelating ability arising from its characteristic
method to develop its as ion exchange adsorbent.
structure is especially noteworthy. Many researchers
have explored the feasibility of this approach. In this present study, the purpose of the
Kurita.K et.,all, conducted experiments with a experiments is to study graft-copolyimerization
number of heavy metals. reactions as well as to study the chemical and the
1
2. physical properties of grafted chitin. Hydrophilic
monomers such as acrylic acid, and acryl amide will
be employed for these experiments. The functional
group of graft –copolymers is expected to be useful
in the attaching test of metal ions.
of graft yield was calculated from the difference in
weight ;
II. EXPERIMENTAL.
Graft yield = ( Wg - Wo ) / Wo x 100 %
Material and Experiment: Chitin extracted from Where Wo and Wg are the weight before and after
prawn shell (Penaeus Monodon), it was got from grafting.
Muara Karang , North Jakarta. The were initially
washed by water and then dried at 800 C overnight
and conditioned at room temperature for 24 hr. Measuring off adsorption of metal ions by chitin
Acrylic acid monomer, and white crystalline powder and its modified : The experiment was done with
of acryl amide , obtained from E Merck , and other chitosan with degree of the deacetylization of 78,5 %
chemicals of reagent grade were used without and modified chitin were Chitin-g-Aac and Chitin-g-
purification. Aam with degree of grafting 32,4 % and 45,6 % and
modified chitosan were chitosan-g-Aac and Chitosan
Radiation Source : Gamma radiation source of
–g-Aam were got from deacetylated modified chitin.
Co-60, IRKA batch irradiator , with irradiation dose
Measuring the rate of adsorption about 100 mg of
rate about 9,0 kGy/hr was employed in these
powder material (chitin,chitosan and it’s
experiments. This radiation source is located at Pasar
modifications) equilibrated with 100 ml 0f solutions (
Jumat, Center for Research and Development of
HgSO4 , CuSO4.5 H2O, K2Cr2O7) 0,1 M, at pH 4,0
Isotopes and Radiation Technology, Jakarta,
and stirred for 60 min. The metal ion uptake
Indonesia.
concentrated after equilibrating were determined by
Grafting reaction: In the present experiment, the pre using AAS and for Hg(II) using CV-AAS.
irradiation graft co polymerization method was
employed. In this method a sample of chitin powder
of about 500 mg , was put into a glass tube, then III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
irradiated in air atmosphere at room temperature. A
monomer acryl amide solution was deairated by Evidence of grafting : The increase in weight of the
bubbling with nitrogen gas, then introduced into the extracted grafted sample, as compare with that the
pre irradiated sample and the graft polymerization original chitin and their FTIR spectra , was used as
was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere at certain evidence of grafting. The FTIR spectra of chitin and
tempera-ture. The grafted chitin obtained was grafted chitin are shown in Fig 1. It can be seen that
washed toughly with aquadest and soaked overnight a band around at 1660 cm –1 arises from carbonyl
in aquadest, then subjected to sox let extraction with absorption of chitin and anew band appear at 3400
methanol for 8 hours to extract homopolymer. The cm-1 which correspond to the hydroxyl absorption of
grafted chitin then was dried in vacuum until they grafted chitin with acrylic acid and at 3500 cm -1 is
reached a constant weight at 500 C. The percentage asymmetric stretching of NH2 for grafted chitin with
acrylamide.
2
3. chitin powder and the solubility of the monomer ,
acryl amide monomer is good soluble in water-
methanol solvent .
By using acrylic acid or acryl amide concentration
above 30 % , high percentage of grafting was
obtained. However . the increase in percentage of
grafting is followed by increase of
homopolymerization, which is difficult to separate.
The result shows that the different on percentage
of grafting for reaction period of 3 hr and 4 hr is not
significant. It can be concluded that the optimum
monomer concentration is 30 % with 3 hr reaction
period.
100
Acrylic acid 10 %
Acrylic acid 20 %
) % g n t f ar g f o e g at n e c e P
80
Fig 1. The FTIR spectra of the original chitin
(
Acrylic acid 30 %
i
60 Acrylic acid 40 %
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Reaction time (hr)
Fig 3. Effect of acrylic concentration on percentage of
grafting
160
10 % Acrylamide
140
Degree of grafting (% )
20 % Acrylamide
120
30 % Acrylamide
100
40 % Acrylamide
Fig 2. The FTIR spectra of chitin grafted with acrylic acid 80
monomer
60
Effect of monomer concentration and reaction time. 40
The effect of acrylic acid and acryl amide monomer
20
concentration on the percentage of grafting with
reaction period of 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr and 4 hr are 0
presented on Figure 2 and 3 . It can be seen that the
0 60 120 180 240 300
percentage of grafting is independent of the monomer
concentration. Grafting with acryl amide monomer Reaction time (min)
give higher yield percentage of grafting compare with
acrylic acid monomer. This may results in Fig 4. Effect of acrylamide concentration on percentage of
enhancement of the monomer diffusion into the grafting
3
4. From the figure 5 and 6, it is oblivious that the
degree of grafting is largely by the reaction
Grafting temperature . The reaction temperature temperature . The higher temperature the higher of
play a great role on the grafting process because this degree of grafting obtained. The reason is that the
influence on the diffusion of monomer into the increase in temperature improves the monomer
matrix polymer of chitin and also on the lifetime of diffusibility as well as the mobility of the monomer.
the peroxide radical in the preirradiated chitin. Figure It is recommended that the optimum reaction for this
5 and 6 shows the degree of grafting time curves for grafting system is 70 0 C more than that the increasing
the grafting of aqueous of 30 % acrylic acid of degree of grafting is not so much, there is a
monomer and 30 % of acrylamide at various nearly constant value.
temperature reaction
100
Temp 50 C The ion exchange adsorption of metals ions by
grafted chitin and its derivatives. The adsorption
P e rc e n ta g e o f g ra ftin g (% )
80 Temp 60 C
behavior of the resulting grafted chitin with acrylic
Temp 70 C
acid and acryl amide was examined in comparison
60 with the original chitin and chitosan. The results are
Temp 80 C illustrated in Table 1 .
40
Tabel 1. The capacity of adsorption of some
20 metal ions ( mg/gr) by chitin, chitosan and
grafted chitin/ chitosan
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The capacity of adsorption
Time of reaction (hr) ( mg / g)
Fig 5. Effec of time reaction on percentage of grafting of Materials
acrylic acid at various temperature reaction Hg(II) Cr(VI) Cu(II)
200 Chitin 92,6 30,6 24,4
React. Temp 50 C
Chitosan 174,5 48,4 44,2
Degree of grafting (%)
160 React. Temp 60 C
Chitin-g-Aac 294,3 109,5 180,1
React. Temp 70 C
120
React. Temp 80 C
Chitin-g-Aam 257.3 94,8 154.6
80
Chitosan-g-Aac 488,9 318,5 362,8
Chitosan-g-AAm 464,2 325,8 398,2
40
0
0 60 120 180 240 300
These results clearly show that chitin modified as
Reaction time (min) chitin grafted acryl amide have higher capacity of
Fig 6. Effec of time reaction on percentage of grafting of adsorption for ion metal such Hg, Cr, and Cu. The
acrylamide at various temperature reaction highest one is for metal ion Hg both grafting with
acrylic acid or acryl amide. The chitin modified have
an excellent adsorption capacity due to the
advantageous location of -OH and –NH2 group in
4
5. the molecule of chitosan to form complex formation
and functional group of monomer act as ion
exchanger for ions metal.
IV. CONCLUSION
Using acryl amide give percentage of
grafting higher compare with acrylic acid.
The presence of monomer grafted onto
chitin is demonstrated by FTIR spectrum
with the appearing of carbonyl functional
group.
The optimal condition of monomer acrylic
acid or acryl amide concentration was 30 %,
temperature 700 C and reaction period of 3
hours.
Chitin grafted with acrylic acid give a higher
capacity of adsorption of metal ion Cr, Cu
and Hg compare grafted with acryl amide.
The high rate of adsorption is for metal ion
Hg it was found 488,9 mg/g for chitosan-g-
Aac and 464,2 mg/g for Chitosan-g-Aam.
References
[1]. Goosen, M.F.A., Application of Chitin and
Chitosan, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc,
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA. 1997,.
[2] Chapiro, A., Radiation Chemistry of Polymeric
System. Willey Inter-science, New York, 1962.
[3] Kurita, K; Koyama,Y ; and Taniguchi, A.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 1986 , 31,
1169 – 1173
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