This document provides an overview of marine pharmacognosy. It defines marine pharmacognosy as studying naturally occurring medicinal substances from marine species. It discusses the history of utilizing marine life as a source of drugs dating back to ancient civilizations. It also covers classifications of marine drugs including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and other agents. The document outlines procedures for properly collecting, handling, storing, and extracting compounds from marine organisms.

1. Marine PharmacognosyMarine Pharmacognosy
Presented by
Mrs. Pooja Khanpara
Assistant Professor
APIP, Jamnagar

2. Contents:
Definition of Marine Pharmacognosy.
History of Marine Pharmacognosy.
Classification of Marine Drugs.
Collection of Marine Organisms.
Handling of Marine Organisms.
Storage of Marine Drugs.
References.

3. Definition
 Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of
Pharmacognosy, which is mainly concerned with the
naturally occurring substances of medicinalvalue from
marine.
 Generally the drugs are obtained from the marine
species of bacteria,virus,algae fungi,sponges etc.

6. HISTORY
 The oceans cover more than70% of the earths surface and
contain over 300,000 Invertebrates and Algai species and rich in
Fauna & flora(animal of a perticular region, habitate, G.S.).
 Marine Pharmacognosy is not a new area for Pharmacognosy
even the early civilizations of Greece, Japan, China and India
have explored marine life as a source of drugs
 In the western medicine Agar, Alginic acid, Carrageenan,
Protaminesulphate, Spermaceti and Cod & halibut liver oils are
the marinemedicinal established products.
 Macroalgae or seaweeds have been used as crude drugs in the
treatment of Iodine deficiency states such as Goiter etc.

7. Some seaweeds (algae growing in sea or rock below high water
mark) have also been utilized as sources of additional vitamins and
in the treatment of Anemia during pregnancy.
Marine flora and fauna play significant role as a source of new
molecular entity.
The oceans of the world contain over 5 million species in about 30
phyla.
The marine environment may contain over 80% of the worlds plant
and animal species.
o During the past 30-40 years, Numerous novel compounds have
been isolated from marine organisms having biological activities
such as antibacterial ,antiviral, antitumour, antiparasitic,
anticoagulants, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and
cardiovascular compounds.
o Paralytic shellfish toxins are produced by Dinoflagellates
algae. (1000 times more potent)

8. Procedure for study on marine products:

9. Handling of Marine Organisms
Marine organisms are the Source of thousands of different
products.
Many of these compounds have been shown to be extremely toxic
in mammalian system.
Caution should always be taken in handling marine organism.
Proper protective Equipment such as Gloves & Eye protective
should always be worn.
In many organisms such as Hydroids and sponges have highly
Irritating compounds that cause immediate itching & ash
formation in some individuals
EX: Fibularia nolitangeres and Tedania ignis(fire sponge)
All marine specimens and extrudes should be handled with
caution.

12. Collection of marine organisms:
Collection of organisms should be documented.
Record the longitude, latitude, depth, current surge (sudden
forward movement), water Temperature, salinity (conc. Of salt in
water) and dates of collection.
Habitate of collection (eg:- reference, in crevice, Under rock, on
bottom side of rock, on front face of rock, on surface of another
Organism) should be recorded.
Careful description of organism like colour, odour, morphology
consistency, Thickness of mucus, and reproductive state.
The presence of associated Organism inside or outside should be
noted.
It is common to find worms, mollusks', copepods, brittle stars,
Anemons(plant of buttercup family) and even small fish living
with larger marine invertebrates.

13. Epiphytes & Zooanthids are commonly observed in association with
marine invertebrates and may effect the chemistry encountered.
Voucher specimens should be prepared to allow for complete
identification
Voucher are also necessary to document an invention.
Voucher specimen are the representative of the entire specimen.

15. Storage of Marine Organisms
Marine Organisms are often collected at remote places where
laboratory facilities are limited.
Many begin to due on exposure to air & rapidly begin to decompose,
therefore Organisms need to be either dried, extracted or frozen
immediately to reduces spoilage & chemical degradation.
 The verongid sponges, can begin to degrade and polymerize
immediately up on being touched.
This is indicated by a rapid colour change from white, yellow or
Orange to dark blue-black, even when maintained in sea water.
After collection the organisms should be frozen immediately at-
20˚C. In some cases, organisms are placed into an alcohol such as
methanol, ethanol or Isopropanol.

16. Algae and some gorgonians are often air dried and then stored
at room Temperature.
If facilities are available, the samples can be lyophilized
immediately after collection and then stored either at room
Temperature or in a freezer.

17. Extraction Process for Macroalgae

38. Classification of Marine Drugs:

41. Antibacterial agents:
Compound
name
Biological
Source
Chemical Structure Uses
Acanthellin-1 Acanthella acuta
(sponge)
Active against
mycobacterium.
chondriol L.Filiformis
(red algae)
Antimicrobial agent.
Prepacifenol Laurenciajohnsto
nil (red algae)
Antimicrobial agent.

43. Antiviral agents:
Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Avarol Disidea avara
(sponge)
Used in the
treatment of AIDS.
Avarone Disidea avara
(sponge)
Its also used in the
treatment of AIDS.
It have the ability to
cross B.B.B.
Eudistomin-A Eudistoma
oivaceum
It inhibit
immunodeficiency
virus.

45. Antifungal agents:
Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical Structure Uses
Zonarol Dictyopteris
zonoroid
(brown algae)
It has fungicial
property.
Isozonorol Dictyopteris
zonoroid
(brown algae)
Antifungal agent.
Thelphin Thelepus setosus
(annelida)
Antimicrobial
agent.

48. Antimicrobial agents:
Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Laurinterol Laurenciajohnst
onii
(red algae)
Active antimicrobial
agent.
Aeroplysinin-1 Verongia
Aerophoba
(sponge)
Antimicrobial agent.
Bromopyrones Ptilonia
Australasica
They are toxic as well
as Antimicrobial
agent.

51. Antibiotics
Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Cephalosporin-c Cephalosporium
acrimonium
(fungus)
Antibiotic agent.
Istamycin-A Streptomyces
tenjimariensis
In-vitro activity is
observed against
Gr(-) and Gr(+)
bacteria.
Istamycin-B Streptomyces
tenjimariensis
In-vitro activity is
observed aganst
Gr(-) and Gr(+)
bacteria.

53. Antiprotozoal agent:
Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Eunicin Eunicia mammosa Anti-microbial
agent.

55. Antiparasitic agents:
Compound name Biological source Chemical
structure
Uses
Α-kainicacid Digenia simplex
(red algae)
Used for the
treatment of
Ascariasis.
Convulsant.
Anthelmintic.
Domoicacid Alsidium corallinum
(red algae)
Used as Calcium
channel blocker.

57. Anticancer agents:
Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Bryostatin-1 Bugulaneritina It has antineoplastic
activity.
Sinularin Sinulariaflexibilis It has more
anticancer activity.

60. Antispasmodic agents:
Compound name Biological source Chemical
structure
Uses
Agelasidine-A Okinawa seasponge
Agela spp.
It has very potent
Antispasmodic
activity.

63. Cardiovascular agents:
Compound name Biological source Chemical
structure
Uses
Eldoisin Eledonemoschata
(Cephalopod)
Stimulate extra
vascular smooth
muscle.
Octapamine Octopus vulgaris Shows Adrenergic
responses.
Act as
Neurotransmitter.

65. Anti-inflammatory agents:
Compound
name
Biological source Chemical
structure
Uses
Bio-indole Rivularia firma
(cynobacterium)
Active
antiinflammatory
activity.
Butanolide Euplexaura flava Antiinflammatory
agent.

68. Insecticides:
Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Nereistoxin Lumbriconereis
heteropoda
It shows Ganglion
blocking effects.
Cartap Lumbriconereis
heterpoda
Insecticidal agent.

70. Anticoagulants:
Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Carrageenan Condruscrispus Anti coagulant.
Activation of
Thrombin.
Fucoidan Fucus vesiculosus Antithrombin
activity.
Mediator for
Heparin cofactor-II

72. Prostaglandins:
Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Prostaglandin
E2
Gracilaria
verucossa
Active CNS agent.
Control induced child
birth , Blood
pressure.
Suppress blood
platelet aggregation.
15epi-PGA2 Plexaurahomomalla Smooth muscle
relaxant.
Inhibit gastric acid
secretion.
Treat Asthma, Peptic
ulcers.

74. Marine toxins:
Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Saxitoxin Gonyaulax calenella
(dinoflagellate)
Hypotensive
effect
Holothurin-A Helixpomatia
(sea cucumber)
Haemolytic
activity.
Antifungal
activity.
Aplysins Aplysiadepilans
(sea hare)
Toxical agent

77. Conclusion:-
The great part of the earth surface is covered by Seas & Ocean,
which contains about 500,000 species of marine organisms
since the natural products Chemists diverted their attention to
exploit the vast resources of marine flora and animal world
numerous novel compounds have been isolated from these
marine organisms During the second half of Twentieth
century.
To be successful in marine natural product chemistry one
should always keep an open mind. Expect purification as
possible and save all functions.

78. References:-
Ashutoshkar-Text book of Pharmacognosy & Pharmacobiotechnology
(pg.no-469-480)
William. C and Trease-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-723-740)
Shah & Seth-Text book of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry (pg.no:-461-
470)
E.Edwin Jarald-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-637-658)
Tyler-Brady-Robbers-Text book of Pharmacognosy
(pg.no:-325-335)
 Vinod. D.Rangari-Text book of Pharmacognosy. (pg.no:-263-285)
Dr.S.H.Ansari-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-637-658)
Mohammed Ali-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-68-94)
A.N.Kalia-Text book of Pharmacognosy. Pg,no:-163-175)
C.K.Kokate-Text book of Pharmacognosy. (pg.no:-5.01-5.12)

79. Acknowledgement
 I would like to Thank my Guide Mr.R.Karthikeyan
For wonderful guidance.
And also Thank to my beloved Principal sir
Mr.P.Srinivasbabu sir.
And also Thank to seminar committee for giving this
wonderful opportunity.