This document discusses site selection factors for aquaculture. It outlines several key factors that must be considered, including ecological factors like water availability, quality and climate; biological factors; and social/economic factors. Specifically, it discusses water quality parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels, and plankton quantities that greatly impact fish and shrimp survival. Maintaining optimal ranges for these various water quality parameters is essential for successful aquaculture production.

1. REKAYASA AKUAKULTUR
PROGRAM SARJANA PERIKANAN UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
2019

2. AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING …
WHAT IS AND WHY LEARNING THIS SUBJECT?
2

3. AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING …
CABANG DARI ILMU AKUAKULTUR YANG MEMPELAJARI TETNANG STRATEGI, TEKNIK
DAN METODE UNTUK PEREKAYASAAN SYSTEM DAN TEKNOLOGI PRODUKI YANG
DIGUNAKAN DALAM SETIAP RUANG LINGKUP AKUAKULTUR
3

4. WHAT TO LEARN?
- THE ROLE OF AQUACULTURE IN FOOD PRODUCTION
- SITE SELECTION OF AQUACULTURE
- TYPES OF AQUACULTURE
- WATER FOR AQUACULTURE (SOURCE, QUALITY AND
QUANTITY)
- SOIL QUALITY FOR AQUACULTURE
- PONDS IN AQUACULTURE (MANAGEMENT,
REQUIREMENTS OF PONDS)
- RACEWAY AQUACULTURE
4

5. WHAT TO LEARN?
- CAGE AQUACULTURE
- FLOATING SISTEM AQUACULTURE (CONSTRUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT)
- AQUARIUMS AND TANKS (DESIGN, SUPPORTING
FACILITY)
- WATER FOR AQUACULTURE (SOURCE, QUALITY AND
QUANTITY)
- DISINFECTION FOR AQUACULTURE (THEORIES AND
PRACTICES)
- PUMPS AND AERATION IN AQUACULTURE
5

6. WHAT TO LEARN?
- FILTRATION (MECHANIC, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL)
- TRANSPORTATION IN AQUACULTURE
- BMP AND GAP IN AQUACULTURE
6

7. AQUACULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN FOOD PRODUCTION
LETS DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTURE!
7

8. AQUACULTURE FOR LIFE!
• 1 BILLION PEOPLE DEPENDS ON FISH AS ESSENTIAL
SOURCE OF PROTEIN! 30% OF ANIMAL PROTEIN
INTAKE!
• FISH IS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR LIVELIHOODS,
CULTURE AND INCOME
• DEMAND IS INCREASING 20 KG/CAPITA/YEAR,
MEANING 87% OF THE WORLD FISH SUPPLY (FAO,
2016)
•
8

9. AQUACULTURE FOR LIFE!
• Fish plays a very important role in food security
worldwide.
• Fish provides different types of nutrients, including
protein, micronutrients, and omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (Li and Hu, 2009).
• Aquaculture is the cheapest way to produce food rich
in protein (Soliman and Yacout, 2016).
• Fishery and aquaculture sectors are considered as a
fundamental resource of income for millions of
persons in low income families (Béné, 2006). In this
respect it contributes directly as well as indirectly to
their food security (Bénéet al., 2007; Allison et al.,
2011).
9

10. AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture or fish farming is defined as the
raising of aquatic organisms like crustaceans, fish,
mollusks, and plants under pre-described and
controlled environment (FAO, 2014).
China produces over than 60% of world farmed fish
production. It accounts for more than 45.5 million tons
production in 2014. Indonesia, India, Vietnam, Bangladesh
and Egypt came after China (FAO, 2016)
Fish farming might be the most important driver of
development in the fisheries and aquaculture industry
(FAO, 2016)
10

11. AQUACULTURE
PRODUCTION
11

12. AQUACULTURE
PRODUCTION
12

13. FISH MEAL ISSUE
13
Around 30 Mt per year of anchovies, mackerels, sardines,
and other small pelagic species are reduced into about 6
Mt per year of fishmeal. Approximately half of it is from
Humboldt anchovy, captured in Chile and Peru. Denmark
and Norway supply about 12 percent of global fishmeal.
This is primarily from North Sea sandeel (Ammodytes
marinus). While, China which is the world's top fishmeal
consumer, it produces only 6 percent of the world’s
production from Sardine, Japanese anchovy, and chub
mackerel (Merino et al., 2010)
ALSO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON FISH MEAL
PRODUCTION!
IN ADDITION WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH FISH MEAL
SUBSTITUTION?

14. AQUACULTURE FOR LIFE!
• 1 BILLION PEOPLE DEPENDS ON FISH AS ESSENTIAL
SOURCE OF PROTEIN! 30% OF ANIMAL PROTEIN
INTAKE!
• FISH IS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR LIVELIHOODS,
CULTURE AND INCOME
• DEMAND IS INCREASING 20 KG/CAPITA/YEAR,
MEANING 87% OF THE WORLD FISH SUPPLY (FAO,
2016)
•
14

15. SITE SELECTION IN AQUACULTURE
Roffi.grandiosa@outlook.com
www.unpad.ac.id

16. SITE SELECTION FAKTOR YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN
1. Faktor Ekologis
2. Faktor Biologis
3. Faktor Sosial dan Ekonomi
1. Faktor Ekologis
1.1. Ketersediaan air
1.2. Kualitas air
1.3. Iklim
1.4. Karakteristik hidrologis
1.5. Karakteristik tanah
1.6. Lahan
16

17. KUALITAS AIR
Responsi Awal
17

18. KUALITAS AIR
Faktor yang harus diperhatikan
• Air merupakan media budidaya ikan yang diperlukan untuk
kehidupan dan pertumbuhan ikan.
• Pengelolaan kualitas air adalah ilmu yang mempelajari
tentang upaya mengontrol kualitas air sehingga agar
tercapai kualitas air kondisi yang diinginkan sesuai dengan
peruntukannya, serta untuk menjamin agar kualitas air
tetap dalam kondisi alamiahnya.
• Dalam kegiatan budidaya perairan, yang dimaksud dengan
yang termasuk dalam pengelolaan kualitas air meliputi
program kegiatan yang mengarahkan perairan budidaya
pada keseimbangan ekosistem perairan dalam suatu wadah
yang terbatas, agar tercipta suatu kondisi perairan yang
menyerupai habitat alami biota air yang dibudidayakan,
baik dari segi sifat, tingkah laku, maupun secara ekologinya.
18

19. KUALITAS AIR
Faktor yang harus diperhatikan
• 1. Memahami aspek kimia pada air.
• 2. Memahami kebutuhan spesies budidaya (apa saja
spesies budidaya?)
• 3. Memahami pengaruh kualitas air terhadap kesehatan
ikan
• 4. Memahami pengelolaan kualitas air.
19

20. KUALITAS AIR
Faktor yang harus diperhatikan
20

21. KUALITAS AIR
Faktor yang harus diperhatikan
1.1. Ketersediaan air
• Suplai air dengan kualitas dan kuantitas yang baik
diperlukan.
• Investigasi diperlukan untuk melihat kebutuhan air untuk
kolam dan hatchery.
• Sumber air: Kanal irigasi, Reservoir, Sungai, mata air, sungai
kecil, danau, tadah hujan, sumur.
• Air bisa ditampung di storage tank dan dialirkan melalui pipa
dengan gravitasi or atau pompa.
• Metoda ekonomis yakni dengan gravitasi.
• Untuk kolam tanah suplai air harus minimal, 5 l/sec/ ha
sepanjang tahun.
• Jika air hujan yang dimanfaatkan, maka harus ada
penampungan (reservoir) 10 ha catchement area banding 1
ha kolam (Hora, 1962) 21

22. HYDROLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
Karakteristik Hidrologis Air
Data needed could be obtained from Irrigation
Departments or Water Authorities
The following data are needed :
- data for discharge
- Yield
- Floods
- Water elevations of existing water sources (rivers,
irrigation channels, reservoirs, springs etc)
22

23. KUALITAS AIR
Faktor yang harus diperhatikan
1.1. Ketersediaan air
• Pengeluaran air dari kolam dapat dilakukan dengan metoda
gravitasi.
• Pemompaan dari saluran irigasi, laut atau sumber lainnya
23

24. KUALITAS AIR
Faktor yang harus diperhatikan
1.2. Kualitas Air
1.2.1. karakteristik fisik – suhu, warna, bau, turbiditas,
kecerahan, padatan tersuspensi.
1.2.2. karakteristik kimia
pH, DO, BOD, free carbon dioxide, alkalinitas, salinitas,
dissolved solids, ammonia
1.2.3. karakteristik biologis - kualitas dan kepadatan
plankton.
1.2.4. karakteristik micro-biologis - spesies and quantitas dari
parasite 24

25. IKLIM Faktor yang harus diperhatikan
1.3. Cuaca
- Rata-rata suhu bulanan
- Rata-rata evaporasi bulanan
- Rata-rata kelembaban bulanan
- Rata-rata matahari bulanan
- Rata-rata arah angin dan kecepatan angin
- Informasi curah hujan atau catatan mengenai gejala
alam
25

26. Kualitas Air
• Ikan dan udang dapat hidup normal bila lingkungan airnya mempunyai kualitas yang sesuai untuk kehidupannya.
Parameter kualitas air yang tidak sesuai dapat berakibat fatal bagi kehidupan biota air pada umumnya.
• Parameter kualitas air yang sangat berpengaruh dalam kehidupan ikan dan udang antara lain adalah :
• a. Suhu
• Suhu sangat berpengaruh pada proses metabolisme ikan. Suhu perairan yang optimal (sesuai kebutuhan ikan didaerah
tropis) adalah 27 – 31oC. Pada suhu perairan dibawah 250C dapat menurunkan kecepatan metabolisme ikan, sehingga
ikan akan terhambat pertumbuhannya. Sedangkan bila suhu perairan di atas 350C dapat menyebabkan kematian ikan.
Pangandaran Februari 2020

27. Kualitas Air
• b. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• DO atau kelarutan oksigen dalam air merupakan faktor kritis bagi budidaya ikan. Oksigen merupakan kebutuhan pokok
bagi biota air pada umumnya. Udara di atmosfir mengandung oksigen sebanyak 20,95% dari volume udara. Sedangkan
dalam air kelarutan oksigen diukur dalam mg / liter air atau berat oksigen (mg) per juta mg air (ppm).
• Kelarutan oksigen tergantung pada;
• 1. Suhu air
• 2. Tekanan udara
• 3. Tekanan uap air
Pangandaran Februari 2020

28. Kualitas Air
• pH
• Derajat keasaman atau pH
• Standard pH yang dibutuhkan pada sebagian besar biota air adalah 6,8 – 8,5. Apabila air menjadi asam, pH dibawah 4
maka ikan akan mengeluarkan banyak lendir yang mengganggu pernafasan, demikian pula bila pH di atas 8. Untuk itu
perlu dilakukan pengukuran kualitas air secara berkala untuk menjaga kualitas air pada kondisi yang normal.
• Alat mengukur dinamakan pH meter atau bisa juga dengan kertas indicator pH
Pangandaran Februari 2020

29. Kualitas Air
• Ammonia
• Ammonia dalam air dapat berasal dari pemupukan, eksresi hewan dan hasil perombakan komponen nitrogen oleh
mikroba.
• Beberapa jenis tanaman dapat menyerap ammonia. Bakteri pengurai (nitrobacter) dapat mengoksidasi ammonia
menjadi nitrat. Oleh karena itu ammonia dapat menurun konsentrasinya dengan berbagai cara. Akan tetapi dengan
kepadatan ikan yang tinggi dikolam dan pemberian makanan buatan dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi ammonia.
• Ammonia sangat beracun bila dalam bentuk NH3, sedangkan yang sudah terionisai menjadi NH4+ relatif tidak beracun.
Pangandaran Februari 2020

30. Kualitas Air
• Efek dari Amoniak Tinggi adalah:
• 1. Terjadinya kerusakan Insang
• 2. Laju pertumbuhan menurun
• 3. Mudah terkena penyakit
• 4. Kenaikan ph darah
• 5. Kerusakan jaringan dan organ bagian internal
• 6. Osmoregulation lemah
• 7. Kematian.
Pangandaran Februari 2020

31. Kualitas Air
• Penyebab Amoniak Tinggi:
• 1. Pemberian pakan yang berlebih
• 2. Pembusukan dari zat organik oleh bakteri
• Cara penanggulangan
• 1. Mengurangi jumlah pakan
• 2. Pergantian air
• 3. Mengurangi kepadatan ikan
• 4. Pemberian aerasi
• 5. Menurunkan pH kolam
Pangandaran Februari 2020

32. Kualitas Air
• Amoniak dapat diturunkan konsentrasinya dengan cara :
• 1. Meningkatkan aerator.
• 2. Menghentikan pemberian pakan atau mengurangi jumlah pakan yang diberikan.
• 3. Memeriksa keseimbangan mikrobiologi.
• 4. Bila amoniak meningkat 0.1 ppm, melakukan pergantian 10% dan bila amoniak menjadi 1.0 ppm, melakukan
pergantian air 25%. Jangan menggunakan air yang mengandung klorin.
• 5. Memindahkan ikan bila amoniak > 2,5 ppm.
• 6. Mengulangi pemeriksaan setiap 12 – 24 jam
• 7. Menurunkan pH, tetapi tidak sampai dibawah 6
Pangandaran Februari 2020

33. Kualitas Air
• Nitrit (NO2ˉ) dan Nitrat (NO3ˉ)
• Nitrit mempunyai sifat racun bagi ikan. Pada darah yang banyak mengandung nitrit akan bereaksi dengan haemoglobin
membentuk methemoglobin sebagai penyakit darah coklat.
• Nitrit terbentuk dari hasil reduksi nitrat oleh bakteri anaerob pada dasar perairan. Di perairan nitrit dapat bersifat
racun bila konsentrasi lebih dari 5 mg/l NO2ˉ - N.
• Untuk mengatasi tingkat keracunan nitrit dapat ditambahkan kalsium dan klorida pada perairan tersebut.
Pangandaran Februari 2020

34. Kualitas Air
• Plankton
• Kelimpahan plankton yang terdiri dari phytoplankton dan zooplankton sangat diperlukan untuk mengetahui kesuburan
suatu perairan yang akan dipergunakan dalam kegiatan budidaya. Plankton sebagai organisme perairan tingkat rendah
yang melayang-layang di air dalam waktu yang relatif lama mengikuti pergerakan air. Plankton pada umumnya sangat
peka terhadap perubahan lingkungan hidupnya (suhu, pH, salinitas, gerakan air, cahaya matahari dll) baik untuk
mempercepat perkembangan atau yang mematikan.
Pangandaran Februari 2020

35. Kualitas Air
• Bakteri / Mikroba
• Keberadaan mikroba yang merugikan antara lain E. Coli, bakteri penyebab penyakit dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan
ikan.
Pangandaran Februari 2020

36. Metoda Peningkatan Kualitas Air
• Selain yang sudah disebut diatas ..
• Ada pula beberapa metoda pengelolaan yakni:
• - Menjaga kualitas dan kuantitas air budidaya
• - Melakukan filterisasi
• - Melakukan penampungan air
Pangandaran Februari 2020

37. SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
37

38. SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
38
• Pasir adalah bahan yang terasa kasar apabila kita remas dengan jari.
Butir-butir pasir juga dapat terlihat langsung oleh mata.
• Debu adalah material yang tidak terasa kasar ataupun lekat melainkan
terasa licin seperti sabun yang dibasahi
• Lempung biasanya membentuk bongkahan tanah keras apabila kering,
dan terasa lekat apabila dalam keadaan basah, dalam keadaan lembab
lempung bisa dibuat pita dengan memilin diantara ibu jari dan jari telunjuk
• Geluh adalah campuran adalah campuran ketiga fraksi tersebut (Pasir,
Debu, dan Lempung)

39. SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.5. Soil Characteristics
•
Field investigations to determine surface and sub-surface
soil conditions at the site should be made as early as
possible. Often money can be saved if proper soil
explorations are made before the site is procured. They
may reveal soil conditions undesirable for pond
construction, in which case another site may have to be
found. Investigations should be carried out in order to
ascertain the suitability of soil both for construction and
operation of ponds.
39

40. SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.5. Soil Characteristics
• For engineering purposes, the techniques used for soil
investigations vary from relatively simple visual inspection
to detailed sub-surface exploration and laboratory tests.
Visual inspection of the site is an essential preliminary step.
• In order to provide data on sub-surface soils, a test pit
measuring 0.80×1.50 m with a depth of 1.50 to 2.0 m,
depending on the land form and the elevation of the water
table, should be dug in each hectare of the site. Digging of
a test pit permits visual examination of soil and also makes
it possible to obtain disturbed and undisturbed samples of
soils encountered in the different layers below ground
level.
40

41. SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.5. Soil Characteristics
• Soils have characteristics that can easily be determined by
sight and feel. Visual examinations are employed in place
of precise laboratory tests to define the basic soil
properties.
• A sandy clay to clayey loam is the best type of soil both for
pond construction and growing natural foods at the pond
bottom. Areas with a layer of organic soil over 0.60 m in
thickness are unsuitable for any kind of fish pond, because
it would be difficult to maintain water levels in the ponds
due to high seepage; also, it would be necessary to
transport suitable soils for dike construction to the site, and
this will be costly. Big surface stones or rock outcrops may
make an area unsuitable for anything except lined ponds or
concrete raceways. 41

42. SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.5. Soil Characteristics
• In general, a site will be suitable for construction of fish
ponds if soils below the proposed pond bottoms have a
grain-size curve which can be plotted to the left side of the
grain-size curve A in Figure 1, together with a coefficient of
permeability less than k = 5 × 10-6 m/sec. Dikes without any
impervious clay core may be generally built from soils
having grain-size curves plotted between the grain-size
curves A and B in Figure 1 or having a coefficient of
permeability between k = 5 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-4 m/sec (MI.,
1972).
42

43. SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.5. Soil Characteristics
• Figure 1. Semilogarithmic grain-size curves of soils
• Clay used for impervious core in the dike should have a
liquid limit < 80 percent, a plastic limit < 20 percent, and a
plasticity index > 30 percent. On the other hand, using the
boundary classification, the following soil groups are
suitable for dike construction as follows (IS, 1970).
43

44. SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.5. Soil Characteristics
44
For production purposes, a chemical analysis of the soil should be
conducted by using representative samples from the different layers
found in the test pits. In general, the pH, available nutrients such as
phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon and nitrate, etc., are
determined by chemical analysis of soil

45. LAND
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.6. Land
45
It should be confirmed that the proposed land area is suitable. The general
conformation of the land should be with slopes not steeper than 2 percent.
If wasteland, unsuitable for agriculture or other direct use, is selected for a
project, the cost of the land will be low. Land elevation and flood level are
important factors in determining the suitability of the area for the
construction of a fish farm or hatchery. The land should be free from deep
flooding; the maximum flood level for the past 10 years should not be higher
than the top of the dikes. Observation of the marks left by flood waters on
bridges or other structures at the site, or questioning of local people, may
give information about the expected heights of floods.

46. LAND
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.6. Land
46
The shape and size of available land should be considered: land with a
regular shape and extensive enough for future expansion is ideally suitable
for a fish farm. It is very important to know the development plans for the
area as it would be unwise to select a site for a project in a region where
future industrial activity may cause air and water pollution. Similarly, if a site
is adjacent to a heavily populated area, the risk of pollution should be borne
in mind. However, some industrial and agricultural wastes may be utilized in
fish farming. In such cases, special investigations should be conducted on
their utilization or required treatment.

47. LAND
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
1.6. Land
47
Underground utilities crossing the site (oil pipelines, etc.) may render
otherwise good sites unsuitable for a project. Generally, high electric power
poles, radio masts and the like are not allowed in the pond area.
The type and density of vegetation depend partly on the land elevation.
Vegetation is also an indicator of soil types and of the elevation of the water
table. The type and density of vegetation, its size and the root systems of
trees largely determine the method of clearing the site and, therefore, the
construction time and cost.
Grassland, abandoned paddy fields, open woodland or land covered with
low shrubs and bushes allow cheaper construction than land with very thick
jungle or swampy areas with high trees. However, in the cyclone belt or in
areas where strong winds are frequent, it is very important to have a wide
and high windbreak of thick vegetation against the direction of the
prevailing wind.

48. SITE SELECTION FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
2. Biological and operational factors
Before a site can be selected for a project, the following
should be ascertained:
- species to be cultured
- resources and availability of stocking materials (spawners,
fry or fingerlings)
- type of project
(i) small-scale rural project
(ii) large-scale rural project
48

49. SITE SELECTION
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
2. Biological and operational factors
- system of culture adopted
(i) extensive
(ii) semi-intensive
(iii) Intensive
- operational method
(i) monoculture
(ii) polyculture
(iii) integrated
- production target
- estimated size of area required. 49

50. SITE SELECTION
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
3. Economic and social factors
The most important economic and social factors are as
follows:
- development plans for the project area
- ownership, availability of land and land values, land
regulations and rights, as well as any legal restrictions
relating to land
- proximity to all-weather road connections
50

51. SITE SELECTION
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
3. Economic and social factors
The most important economic and social factors are as
follows:
- availability of electricity, telephone or radio connections,
as well as unit power cost
- availability of equipment, services and supplies needed for
running the project
- availability of construction materials
51

52. SITE SELECTION
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
3. Economic and social factors
The most important economic and social factors are as
follows:
- costs of equipment, materials, feeds, etc. needed for
running the project
- availability of suitable transport facilities
- availability of ice for marketing
52

53. SITE SELECTION
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
3. Economic and social factors
The most important economic and social factors are as
follows:
- location of markets for the produce and determination of
demand
- availability of organic and artificial fertilizers, drugs and
chemical materials
- availability of supplementary feeds
53

54. SITE SELECTION
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
3. Economic and social factors
The most important economic and social factors are as
follows:
- costs of equipment, materials, feeds, etc. needed for
running the project
- availability of suitable transport facilities
- availability of ice for marketing
54