1. The document summarizes recent research on natural polymers (polysaccharides) in Indonesia, focusing on using irradiation to modify chitosan and carrageenan.
2. Chitosan extracted from shrimp shells was irradiated in dry, wet, and liquid forms and tested as a plant growth promoter for red chili plants. Irradiating in dry form resulted in the highest plant growth increase of 50.2% and growth promotion of 92.6%.
3. Carrageenan was modified by copolymerizing with poly(vinyl)pyrrolidone using irradiation to create a new hydrogel material. The optimal composition was found to be 2/2 g/g carrage
Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent.
Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent.
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
Cod Removal Of An Industrial Effluent Using Nan crystalline Ceria Synthesized...IOSRJAC
Nanocrystalline ceria (CeO2) was prepared by solution combustion method using cerium nitrate as oxidizer and citric acid as fuel. The as-formed CeO2 nanopowder was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles were found to be agglomerated, fluffy and porous with a mean crystallite size of about 20 nm. The as-formed ceria nanopowder was used for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of an industrial effluent. The effect of various factors such as pH, dosage of nanopowder, stirring time and sedimentation time was studied. It was found that more than 89% removal of COD could be achieved at a pH of 4, for a catalyst dosage of 0.8g of the nanopowder per liter of the industrial effluent with a sedimentation time of about 80 minutes.
To develop a water purification system especially designedKanhaiya Kumar
This is the report of purification of water system.I had given a presentation on this report in national level techfest in 2015.This report may help those student who want to make purification of water system for rural area and also for mini project.
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
The Use of Moringa Oleifera Seed As A Coagulant For Domestic Water Purificationiosrjce
The efficiency of Moringa Oleifera seed powder as a coagulant for domestic water purification was
investigated using the Jar Test.The optimum dosage of moringa oleifera seed powder was observed to be at
90mg/L. The results of the physiochemical parameters tested at the point of sample collection and at 90mg/L
optimal dosage respectively are as follows: pH (8.1 and 7.9) temperature (26.6oC and 26.8oC), conductivity
(1.75 µs/cm and 1.78 µs/cm), dissolved oxygen (0.30mg/l and 0.10mg/l), turbidity (339 and 4.10NTU), and
hardness (212mg/l and 300mg/l) respectively. Analysis of some metals such as copper, chromium, lead, calcium,
magnesium, cobalt and zinc were performed before and after treatment of the water sample with the Moringa
oleifera seed. The metals analyzed (Cu, Zn, Ca, Cr, Pb, Co, and Mg) before and after coagulation showed that
concentration of Zn, Cu, Co, Pb and Ca as increased in the most optimally purified water containing 90mg/L
Moringa Oleifera seed Powder from, 1.12 to 2.54mg/L, 0.18 to 0.39mg/L, 0.00 to0.19mg/L, 0.00 to 0.08mg/L
and 1.02 to 2.10 mg/L respectively. And magnesium concentration decreased from 36.32 to 27.89 mg/L.
DISINFECTION OF WATER CONTAINING E. COLI BY PHOTOCATALYTIC ROUTE USING TIO2/...Michael George
Disinfection of water containing E. coli is a major concern. The objective of this research is to disinfect the water containing E. coli by photocatalytic route using TiO2 and Carbon doped TiO2 and comparison of the two. The photocatalytic disinfection was tested under UV light and visible light irradiation. The experiments were carried out using different culture concentrations and different catalyst concentrations. It was examined that 99.94% disinfection occurs at 0.2 grams C-doped TiO2 concentration per 200 ml of solution.
Water treatment using moringa oleifera seeds and kernals in stream watereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT - PROJECT PERIOD : FY 2006 TO FY 2007 ( 2 YEARS
To specify the advantage of radiation processing of natural polymer
To promote its application for end-users
To develop new technology on radiation processing of natural polymers
The remarkable rapid and successful expansion of prawn processing industry in Indonesia suggests the possibility of utilizing prawn-processing waste as raw material for the manufacture of many valuable products such as chitin and chitosan
Chitosan is a linier polysaccharide derived from chitin
A mayor component of the shell of the crustacean organisms
The second most abundant biopolymer in nature next to cellulose. In the last year chitosan has proved to be valuable product for using in different application such as seed coating, chelating and growth promoters etc
Chitosan reported to have various biological functions, for instance, anti microbial activity, growth inhibitor of some pathogens
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
Cod Removal Of An Industrial Effluent Using Nan crystalline Ceria Synthesized...IOSRJAC
Nanocrystalline ceria (CeO2) was prepared by solution combustion method using cerium nitrate as oxidizer and citric acid as fuel. The as-formed CeO2 nanopowder was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles were found to be agglomerated, fluffy and porous with a mean crystallite size of about 20 nm. The as-formed ceria nanopowder was used for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of an industrial effluent. The effect of various factors such as pH, dosage of nanopowder, stirring time and sedimentation time was studied. It was found that more than 89% removal of COD could be achieved at a pH of 4, for a catalyst dosage of 0.8g of the nanopowder per liter of the industrial effluent with a sedimentation time of about 80 minutes.
To develop a water purification system especially designedKanhaiya Kumar
This is the report of purification of water system.I had given a presentation on this report in national level techfest in 2015.This report may help those student who want to make purification of water system for rural area and also for mini project.
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
The Use of Moringa Oleifera Seed As A Coagulant For Domestic Water Purificationiosrjce
The efficiency of Moringa Oleifera seed powder as a coagulant for domestic water purification was
investigated using the Jar Test.The optimum dosage of moringa oleifera seed powder was observed to be at
90mg/L. The results of the physiochemical parameters tested at the point of sample collection and at 90mg/L
optimal dosage respectively are as follows: pH (8.1 and 7.9) temperature (26.6oC and 26.8oC), conductivity
(1.75 µs/cm and 1.78 µs/cm), dissolved oxygen (0.30mg/l and 0.10mg/l), turbidity (339 and 4.10NTU), and
hardness (212mg/l and 300mg/l) respectively. Analysis of some metals such as copper, chromium, lead, calcium,
magnesium, cobalt and zinc were performed before and after treatment of the water sample with the Moringa
oleifera seed. The metals analyzed (Cu, Zn, Ca, Cr, Pb, Co, and Mg) before and after coagulation showed that
concentration of Zn, Cu, Co, Pb and Ca as increased in the most optimally purified water containing 90mg/L
Moringa Oleifera seed Powder from, 1.12 to 2.54mg/L, 0.18 to 0.39mg/L, 0.00 to0.19mg/L, 0.00 to 0.08mg/L
and 1.02 to 2.10 mg/L respectively. And magnesium concentration decreased from 36.32 to 27.89 mg/L.
DISINFECTION OF WATER CONTAINING E. COLI BY PHOTOCATALYTIC ROUTE USING TIO2/...Michael George
Disinfection of water containing E. coli is a major concern. The objective of this research is to disinfect the water containing E. coli by photocatalytic route using TiO2 and Carbon doped TiO2 and comparison of the two. The photocatalytic disinfection was tested under UV light and visible light irradiation. The experiments were carried out using different culture concentrations and different catalyst concentrations. It was examined that 99.94% disinfection occurs at 0.2 grams C-doped TiO2 concentration per 200 ml of solution.
Water treatment using moringa oleifera seeds and kernals in stream watereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT - PROJECT PERIOD : FY 2006 TO FY 2007 ( 2 YEARS
To specify the advantage of radiation processing of natural polymer
To promote its application for end-users
To develop new technology on radiation processing of natural polymers
The remarkable rapid and successful expansion of prawn processing industry in Indonesia suggests the possibility of utilizing prawn-processing waste as raw material for the manufacture of many valuable products such as chitin and chitosan
Chitosan is a linier polysaccharide derived from chitin
A mayor component of the shell of the crustacean organisms
The second most abundant biopolymer in nature next to cellulose. In the last year chitosan has proved to be valuable product for using in different application such as seed coating, chelating and growth promoters etc
Chitosan reported to have various biological functions, for instance, anti microbial activity, growth inhibitor of some pathogens
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso,
Centre for Application of Isotopes and Radiation Technology
NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
Jl. Cinere ,Ps Jumat, PO Box 7002 JKSKL, Jakarta 12070
Fax: 021-7513270, E-mail: gatot28 @ batan.go.id, gatot2811@yahoo.com
Radiation processing can modify the molecules weight, hydrophilic and mechanical properties of chitosan resulting in enhanced properties. Radiation processing also provides a simple and fast method for degradation of chitosan for a specific application.
An Experimental Study on Chitosan for Water TreatmentVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan et al (2018) 'An Experimental Study on Chitosan for Water Treatment’, International Journal of Current Advanced Research, 07(5), pp. 12242-12247.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijcar.2018.12247.2145
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREA...civej
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
Effect of Nitrobenzene granules and Seaweed extracts on biochemical contents ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of organic extracts (benzene, diethyl ether and water) of seaweeds (Halimeda gracilis, Ceramium rubrum and Cystophyllum muricatum) and nitrobenzene granuleson biochemical contents of Arachishypogea L. callusunder in vitro conditions. The callus of Arachishypogea L. was obtained from the leaf explants on MS medium containing 2, 4-D (1 mgL-1) and BAP (0.5 mg L-1). The mass multiplication of callus was achieved at 1mg L-1 of 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 of GA3. The calli were then treated with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg L-1) of seaweed extracts and Nitrobenzene granules. Total carbohydrate, total protein and total chlorophyll contents were analyzed at 5, 10 and 15 days intervals. The total carbohydrate content was high (3.7mg/100mg) in callus treated with Benzene extract of Ceramium rubrumat 1.5 mg L-1 on 15th day. The total protein content was increased (6.9mg/100 mg) in callus treated with Benzene extract of Cystophyllum muricatum at 0.5 mg L-1 on 5th day and the total chlorophyll content was lower (0.36mg/100mg) in Nitrobenzene granules at 0.5mg L-1 in 5th day when compare to control. The present study reveals the positive role of different extracts of seaweeds on increasing the biochemical contents of callus culture of A.hypogea. The extracts can be further evaluated for their role on enhanced regeneration of plants from callus culture.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TEST OF RADIATION DEGRADED CHITOSAN AS PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER
Dr.Ir Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso,
Centre for Research and Development of Isotopes and Radiation Technology
NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
Jl. Cinere ,Ps Jumat, PO Box 7002 JKSKL, Jakarta 12070
Fax: 021-7513270, E-mail: gatot2811@yahoo.com
Optimization and Production of Itaconic Acid from Estuarine Aspergillus terre...BRNSS Publication Hub
Itaconic acid (IA) is an organic acid. It is used in medicine, resins, agriculture, and polymer production. In the present study, sediment sample was collected aseptically from Vellar estuary, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India. About 1.6 × 102 to 6.1 × 103 colony forming units/g density of fungal strains were isolated and screened for IA production. As a result of the tested strains Aspergillus terreus was observed as the most potential strain. Optimization was done at different temperatures (25–45°C), in different pH (5.0–7.0). The impact of salinity on IA production was evaluated using various salinity (5–25 ppt), carbon sources (1% w/v of glucose, sucrose, dextrose, and maltose), nitrogen sources (0.5% sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and potassium nitrate), and cheaper sources (1% w/v molasses, jackfruit waste, wheat bran, and coconut oil cake). As a result optimized culture condition for IA production was 1% w/v of glucose - best carbon source, 1% w/v molasses - best cheaper carbon source, 0.5% of sodium nitrate - best nitrogen source, salinity - 20 ppt, temperature - 40°C, and pH - 5.5 and incubation time – 96 h. Compared to glucose (0.41 mg/ml) production of IA was high when molasses (0.61 mg/ml) was used as carbon source, it is also economically good. Mass scale culture was done using molasses instead of glucose with an optimized parameter. After mass scale culture, IA production was 6.3g/l.
In this study, kinetics of demineralization of chitin extraction from snail shells was
investigated. Chitin was extracted from snail shells by demineralizing the
deproteinized shells in 1.2 M HCl solution. Prior to demineralization, the raw snail
shells were deproteinized using 1 M NaOH solution to remove proteins and organic
matter present in the shells. The product was dried before the demineralization
process was carried out. The results showed that based on the R2 values obtained for
each of the shrinking core models considered which include; fluid film diffusion
(FFD), ash layer diffusion (ALD), and chemical reaction control (CRC), it was noted
that the CRC model was prevalent for all the various range of particle sizes analyzed
(6.3 – 4.75 mm, 4.75 – 2 mm, 2 – 1 mm, and 600 – 300 μm). The surface morphologies
and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) bands of the extracted chitin were
similar to previous studies
preparation and foliar application of oligochitosanIJEAB
Oligochitosan with weight average molecu-lar weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 radiation degradation of 4% chitosan solution containing 0.5% H2O2 at 21 kGy. Nanosilica with size of 10 – 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk at 700o C for 2 h. The mixture of 2% oligo-chitosan-2% nanosilica was prepared by dispersion of nanosilica in oligochitosan solution. Oligochitosan, nanosilica and their mixture were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electr-on microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Effect of foliar application of oli-gochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica on soybean seed yield was conducted in experimental field. Results indi-cated that soybean seed yield increased 10.5 and 17.0% for oligochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica, respect-tively for the control. Radiation degraded oligo-chitosan and its mixture with nanosilica can be potentially used for cultivation of soybean with enhanced seed yield.
Screening and Production of Protease Enzyme from Marine Microorganism and Its...iosrjce
Marine sediment samples were collected from the Gulf of Mannar, Mandapam coast to screen for
protease producing microbes. Among the five isolates screened only two isolates showed maximum proteolytic
activity with the zone of 21mm and 19mm respectively. Biochemical characterization of the isolates were
performed and identified as strain P2 belonged to Bacillus subtilis and strain P5 belonged to Bacillus
licheniformis. Both the strains have the ability to tolerate 7%Nacl concentration. The amount of protease
produced was expressed in microgram of tyrosine released under standard assay conditions. The total protein
content of crude enzyme extracts of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis were quantified which revealed
21.2mg/ml for strain P2 and 22.4mg/ml of protein content was presented by strain P5. The proteolytic bacteria
gave an optimum performance were both strains exhibited the enzymes stable at PH
7. In the present study
Bacillus subtilis showed a remarkable activity at 40ºC where as Bacillus licheniformis exhibited maximum
activity at 50ºC. Studies pertaining to carbon sources starch and lactose were utilized by Bacillus subtilis and
Bacillus licheniformis and maximum production was achieved. Among the different nitrogen sources tested
yeast extract induced maximum proteolytic activity where as ammonium sulphate was found to be the best
nitrogen sources for protease production. The crude enzyme was efficient to remove hair dye and blood stain by
Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis
Extraction and Evaluation of Chitosan Enhanced by Lippia Multiflora Oil Essen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Influence of chitosan and Lippia multiflora (Lm) essential oil used singly or combined was studied on postharvest tomato. Chitosan with 89.31% of DDA and solubility in acetic acid at 97.15 % was extracted from shrimp exoskeletons. Three concentrations of chitosan extracted (0.25; 0.5 and 1%) containing or not L. multiflora oil were used on Rhizopus stolonifer growth in vitro and in situ condition. In vitro condition, antifungal activity of the chitosan and Lm oil against R. stolonifer was conducted on agar media inoculated with fungal spores. Coating containing 1% chitosan incorporated with Lm efficiently inhibited fungal proliferation at 100% after 10 days. The antifungal effect of two molecules was effective when they were associated. In situ condition tomatos were coated with different solution. Antifungal effect and chemical parameters (pH and titrable acidity) were evaluated. Combination of Lm and 1% chitosan delayed efficiently R. stolonifer radial growth (2.1 mm) compared to uncoated fruit (70.37 mm) after 10 days of storage. Chitosan at 1% with or not Lm significantly reduced weight loss. Though, pH and total acidity (TA) were not influenced by coating solution.
Most of the synthetic colours are carcinogenic. Many
natural colours are thought to play- a significant role in preventing
or delaying the onset of many diseases. Optimized conditions were
arrived for the extraction of plant based biocolours based on the
literature survey. In the present study, extraction of bixin from
annatto seeds was carried out using ethyl acetate and ethanol. A
pure bixin is obtained by precipitating from petroleum ether. A
simple method for preparing butter colour from annatto seeds is
tested using castor oil and groundnut seed oil. Lycopene was
extracted from tomatoes using ethyl acetate as a solvent and
further purified by successive recrystallisation from ethyl acetate
and ethanol. A stable oleoresin of lycopene was prepared in
soybean oil. Purity of extracted colours is established from spectral
studies.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
Pada penelitian yang kan dilakukan adalah mendapatkan perbandingan optimum bahan pelapis dan pupuk urea dalam bentuk pellet. Parameter meliputi perbandingan bahan pelapis dan berat pupuk dan kecepatan putaran alat. Karakterisasi meliputi bulk density, durabilitas, daya serap air dan kek
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
Seseorang yang memiliki kemampuan dalam menggunakan sumberdaya seperti financial (money), bahan mentah (matrials), dan tenaga kerja (labors), untuk menghasilkan suatu produk baru, bisnis baru, proses produksi atau pengembangan organisasi usaha
Para wirausaha adalah orang-orang yang mempunyai kemampuan melihat dan menilai kesempatan-kesempatan bisnis, mengumpulkan sumber-sumber daya yang dibutuhkan guna mengambil keuntungan dari padanya dan mengambil tindakan yang tepat guna memastikan sukses
Para wirausaha adalah orang-orang yang mempunyai kemampuan melihat dan menilai kesempatan-kesempatan bisnis, mengumpulkan sumber-sumber daya yang dibutuhkan guna mengambil keuntungan dari padanya dan mengambil tindakan yang tepat guna memastikan sukses
Seseorang yang memiliki kemampuan dalam menggunakan sumberdaya seperti financial (money), bahan mentah (matrials), dan tenaga kerja (labors), untuk menghasilkan suatu produk baru, bisnis baru, proses produksi atau pengembangan organisasi usaha
Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid into cellulose sheet by irradiation technique was examined. The irradiation of samples cellulose sheet was carried out using 60Co gamma irradiation source. The cellulose sheet was irradiated in presence of atmospheric oxygen at room temperature. An acrylic acid monomer solution then introduced into irradiated cellulose sheet and the graft copolymerization was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere at a certain time of reaction. The percentage of grafting has been determined as a variation of monomer concentration and temperature as a function of time of reaction. The results showed the percentage of grafting increases as increasing acrylic acid concentration and temperature. The optimal conditions were total dose of 12 kGy, acrylic acid concentration of 30%, temperature of 70°C and reaction period of 3 hours. The yield of grafting was found 45.8%. The presence of acrylic acid on cellulose was demonstrated by FTIR spectrum. Thermal properties were measured by DSC the melting point decrease 2.3°C and new peak appeared at 343.5 °C.
Pada penelitian ini dilakukan karakterisasi hasil kopolimerisasi cangkok lembaran selulosa dengan asam akrilat yang diiradiasi sinar gamma Co-60. Lembaran selulosa diiradiasi pada kondisi atmosfer udara dan suhu kamar. Selanjutnya lembaran selulosa dimasukkan dalam larutan monomer asam akrilat pada variasi konsentrasi 10% (v/v), 20% (v/v), 30% (v/v), dan 40% (v/v) dengan waktu reaksi 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, dan 5 jam serta temperatur 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, dan 80°C. Reaksi kopolimerisasi cangkok dilakukan dalam aliran nitrogen. Lembar selulosa yang dikopolimerisasi cangkok dipisahkan dari homopolimer yang terbentuk kemudian dicuci dan dikeringkan dalam oven vakum dan hasil kopolimerisasi cangkok serta homopolimer yang terbentuk ditentukan dengan metode gravimetri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil kopolimerisasi meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi monomer asam akrilat dan suhu reaksi. Kondisi optimal kopolimerisasi adalah pada dosis total radiasi 12 kGy dengan konsentrasi asam akrilat 30% dan suhu reaksi 70°C serta waktu reaksi selama 3 jam. Hasil kopolimerisasi cangkok yang diperoleh sebesar 45,8%. Telah terjadinya kopolimerisasi cangkok pada lembaran selulosa ditunjukkan dengan adanya perubahan pada spektrum infra merah dengan munculnya gugus karbonil yang diukur dengan Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). Sifat termalnya yang ditentukan dengan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan titik leleh sebesar 2,3°C dan muncul puncak baru pada 343,5°C.
COATING EFFECT OF CHITOSAN IRRADIATION ON PERFORMANCE OF STRAWBERRIES (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Strawberry is a horticultural product which has high economic value,however, strawberries are easily damaged. Therefore, required proper post harvest handling in extend the shelf life of strawberries, one of them is the edible coating technique using chitosan. The purpose of this research was to extend the shelf life of strawberries coated with irradiated chitosan. Chitosan is irradiatiated at a dose of 0 kGy, 5 kGy, and 10 kGy, and then characterized. Observations were carried on for five days at room temperature including: the testing of the performance of the fruit that was observed visually and analysis of fruit weight loss. The results showed that the performance of strawberries is coating with irradiated chitosan of 10 kGy is still good. The percentage of weight loss strawberries coated with irradiated chitosan smaller than the strawberries without coating with chitosan (control). Strawberries coated with irradiated chitosan has a shelf life and weight loss better than control.
Keywords : chitosan, irradiation, strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, shelf life.
PELAPISAN KITOSAN IRADIASI TERHADAP PENAMPILAN BUAH STRAWBERI (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Strawberi merupakan produk hortikultura yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi, namun strawberi mudah rusak. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penanganan pasca panen yang tepat dalam memperpanjang masa simpan buah strawberi, salah satunya dengan teknik edible coating menggunakan kitosan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperpanjang masa simpan buah strawberi yang dilapisi kitosan iradiasi pada penyimpanan suhu ruang. Kitosan diiradiasi dengan dosis 0 kGy, 5 kGy dan 10 kGy, Pengamatan dilakukan selama 5 hari pada suhu kamar meliputi: penampilan buah yang diamati secara visual dan analisis susut bobot buah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan buah strawberi yang penampilan masih baik yaitu pada pelapisan buah dengan kitosan iradiasi 10 kGy. Buah strawberi yang dilapisi kitosan iradiasi memiliki persentasi susut bobot yang lebih baik dibandingkan buah kontrol.
Controlled-release fertilizer is one method to reduce the rate of loss due to leaching of fertilizer from the soil by rain or irrigation water. One agent that can be used for this controlled-release fertilizer is a polymer material that is coated on NPK fertilizer. Coating polymer material used for NPK fertilizer is a mixture of starch, acrylamide, PVA and chitosan that formulated and irradiated at a dose of 20 kGy. The purpose of this study is to get the best ratio of coating materials and NPK fertilizers which made with pelletizer machine. NPK fertilizer mashed and mixed with a polymer coating materials with a ratio of coating material / NPK; 1/9, 2/8 and 3/7.. The results obtained were the largest pellet output capacity is 4.28 g / min by using ratio of the coating material and NPK fertilizer of 1/9 and the greatest durability value is 87.1%. at ratio of 3/7 . NPK fertilizer which coated with a coating of polymer materials and fertilizers with ratio of 1/ 9, 2/8 and 3/7 the results shows on the release of NPK is not so difference.
Teknologi iradiasi untuk memodifikasi bahan polimer untuk keperluan industri telah banyak dikembangkan oleh negara maju seperti Jepang , Amerika dan Jerman.
Sebagai contoh di Jerman telah dikembangkan penggunaan mesin berkas elektron sebagai sumber radiasi untuk memodifikasi pulp untuk bahan dasar serat rayon.
Hasilnya menunjukkan dengan pengunaan irradiasi dapat menyingkat tahapan proses serta pengurangan bahan kimia sehingga lebih ekonomis dan mengurangi pencemaran bahan kimia terhadap lingkungan.
Selain itu daya tembus radiasi relatif tinggi maka pemutusan rantai selulosa terbentuk secara merata, sehingga akan diperoleh distribusi bobot molekul dan derajat polimerisasi yang homogen.
Dengan homogennya distribusi derajat polimerisasi (DP) akan diperoleh viskosa yang homogen dan stabil yang akan menghasilkan serat yang lebih unggul, terutama sifat fisiknya
Grafting of chitin for ion exchange by irradiation method
APLIKASI RADIASI UNTUK KOPOLIMERISASI CANGKOK ASAM AKRILAT DAN AKRILAMIDA PADA KHITIN SEBAGAI BAHAN PENUKAR ION
ADAPUN DASAR DARIPADA TEKNOLOGI HEAT-SHRINK ADALAH PENERAPAN ILMU KIMIA RADIASI TERHADAP BAHAN POLIMER
PELASTIK YANG MENCIUT KARENA PANAS
UMUMNYA DIGUNAKAN DALAM PEMBUATAN BAHAN ISOLASI DAN JAKET KABEL
SALAH SATU BAHAN POLIMER PLASTIK YANG PALING CANGGIH ADALAH POLIETILEN (PE)
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Pusat AplikasiTeknologi Isotop dan Radiasi
Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional
Jl. Cinere, Ps Jumat PO Box 7002 JKSL, Jakarta 12070
Fax : 021 7513270. E-mail : gatot2811@yahoo.com
Uji coba iradiasi chitosan pada fasa cair menggunakan sinar gamma dengan kapasitas 1 ton. Telah dilakukan percobaan uji coba iradiasi chitosan pada fasa cair menggunakan sinar gamma dengan kapasitas 1 ton untuk mendapatkan chitosan dengan bobot molekul re
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN CHITOSAN PADA POLIVINIL ALKOHOL HIDROGEL YANG DIBUAT DENGAN TEKNIK IRADIASI
Salah satu bahan dasar yang digunakan dalam pembuatan hidrogel adalah polivinil alkohol (PVA) yang merupakan bahan polimer yang relatif murah dan tidak toksik.
Hidrogel yang transparan dan kuat secara mekanik dapat dihasilkan dari campuran PVA dan chitosan yang diiradiasi sehingga dapat dihasilkan hidrogel yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antibakteri
PENGARUH PELAPISAN CHITOSAN PADA NPK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN JAGUNG
Modifikasi pupuk NPK dengan oligo chitosan
1. Diharapkan NPK selain berfungsi sebagai pemenuhan unsur hara ditambah lagi fungsinya sebagai pemercepat tumbuh (growth promoters) dan plant eleciator.
2. Tujuan dari penelitian ini diperoleh teknologi proses dan formulasi polimer alam chitosan dengan teknik iradiasi yang berfungsi sebagai bahan slow release pupuk kimia dan untuk penginduksi pertumbuhan .
3. Formulasi oligo chitosan yang di lapiskan pada pupuk NPK di ujikan pada tanaman jagung.
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1. RECENT ACTIVITY OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMMENT OF NATURAL
POLYMER (POLYSACCHARIDE) BY IRRADIATION TECHNIQUE IN
INDONESIA
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Centre for Application of Isotopes and Radiation Technology
NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
Jl. Cinere ,Ps Jumat, PO Box 7002 JKSKL, Jakarta 12070
Fax: 021-7513270, E-mail: gatot28 @ batan.go.id
INDONESIA
ABSTRACT
The research activities on natural polymer in Indonesia, especially chitosan as growth
promoters and carrageen for hydro gel are summarized . The present paper point out the
application of radiation process for the modification of chitosan and carrageen for growth
promoter and hydrogen. Chitosan with 80, 5 % degree of deacetylation was irradiated in
dry solid, wet and aqueous solution at a dose of 50 kGy by gamma ray from Co-60
source. The irradiated chitosan were dissolved in water and 300 mL of water that contains
concentration of 50 ppm chitosan was sprayed to red chili plant three times a week for
each plant. The result showed that irradiation of chitosan in an aqueous solutions give the
highest decreasing of molecule weight from 1, 5740 104 become 1, 1050 104 . Irradiation
of chitosan in dry solid conditions gives the highest degree of height growth of plant to
50,2 % and the degree of growth promotion to 92,6 %. The field data of using irradiated
chitosan for red chili plant shows of the increase in production yield was around 60 %
higher than without using irradiated chitosan. In the purpose to increase the added value
of the quality marine natural polymer, modification of kappa carrageen (KC) has been
carried out by copolymerization radiation with poly(vinyl) pirrolidone (PVP) to prepare a
new material. KC with the concentrations ranged of 0-2 wt % was mixed and then
homogenized with poly(vinyl ) pirrolidone (PVP) in the concentration of 0-2 % wt % in
distilled water at temperature of 80 0C, respectively and then homogenized. After
evaluation, it was found that the physical, mechanical and showed that the best condition
for copolymerization of KG with PVP was that in the composition of 2/2 (g/g) and
the other compositions relatively did not good (fragile). The swelling of hydro gel and
tensile strength of hydro gel decreased with increasing irradiation dose, while the gel
contents increases with increasing irradiation dose. The hydro gel PVP-KC proposed can
be used as a matrix for immobilization of bioactive materials or as wound dressing
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago with around 13,000 islands, of which
6.000 are inhabited, and occupies a 5,100-km stretch from the Indian to the Pacific
Ocean. With a total land area of almost 195 million hectares, it is the largest member
1
2. country of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the most important
country in Asia regarding of ocean and lands those rich of natural polymer material.
Shell seafood waste such as prawn shell, crabs shells are abundantly found in Indonesia.
Utilization of the fishery waste mentioned above to be useful product is suggested not
only to recycle the fishery waste but also to reduce the environmental pollution and to
improve the economic situation such as to preparing of the field employee occupation, to
bring socio-economic benefit.. The remarkable rapid and successful expansion of prawn
processing industry in Indonesia suggests the possibility of utilizing prawn-processing
waste as raw material for the manufacture of many valuable products such as chitin and
chitosan for industrial and health care product.
The last news about production shrimps in Indonesia an official of the Directorate
General of Fishery affairs, M. Rahmat Ibrahim said in Semarang, Central Java, August
31, 2006 (ANTARA News) - Indonesia’s shrimp production in 2006 had been projected
at 350,000 tons, consisting of 110,000 tons of tiger prawn and 240 thousand tons of
"vaname" shrimps. The shrimp producing areas are located in 27 provinces, Some
150,500 hectares of land, comprising 93,500 hectares for tiger prawn and 57,000 hectares
for "vaname" shrimps were needed to reach the projected shrimps production, Rahmat
said, adding that the shrimp business would absorb some 194,316 workers.
Chitosan is a linier polysaccharide derived from chitin, a mayor component of the shell of
the crustacean organisms and the second most abundant biopolymer in nature next to
cellulose. In the last year chitosan has proved to be valuable product for using in different
application such as seed coating, chelating and growth promoters etc. Chitosan reported
to have various biological functions, for instance , antimicrobial activity, growth inhibitor
of some pathogens..
Radiation processing can modify the molecules weight, hydrophilic and mechanical
properties of chitosan resulting in enhanced properties. Radiation processing also
provides a simple and fast method for degradation of chitosan for a specific application.
Radiation-degraded chitosan can induce various kinds of bioactivities such as growth
promotion of plant, suppression of heavy metal stress in plant, anti microbial activities.
2
3. Carrageen is the name to a family of linier sulfated polysaccharide obtained from the red
seaweed . Product of seaweed in Indonesia on the Asian country is not so much compare
with Philippine or Thailand.
Fig 1. Product of seaweed in Asian Country
The research activity in the development and application of polysaccharides polymer in
Indonesia are irradiated chitosan for growth promoter and carragenan modification by
irradiation for hydro gel .
APPLICATION OF IRRADIATED CHITOSAN FOR GROWTH PROMOTORS
Isolation of chitin
Chitin extracted from prawn shell (Penaeus Monodon), it was got from Desa Gebang ,
Cirebon. The were initially washed by water then dried on the sun shine.
.
Crab shell Shrimp shell
Fig.2. Source of chitin
3
4. In the beginning of our research work was involved in making on the research
advisability of the natural of resource for chitin and chitosan such as various kind of
prawn and crab shell. The survey was done in side beach of north Java Island. We found
that prawn and crabs shells are easily collected from the frozen prawn processing plant.
Shell was ground using a blender. Then served to obtain particle size of (- 40 + 60 ) mesh.
The schematic diagram of isolation chitin is shown in figure 3.
Dried shrimps shells
Grinding
1 N NaOH Deprotenization waste
Washing For fertilizer
1 N HCl De mineralization waste
Washing
Drying
Chitin
Figure 3. Flow diagram of the isolation of chitin
The average yield of isolation chitin from shrimps shell is shown in Table 1 the data
obtained shows that the number of extraction affected the yield of chitin . It was reported
that the number of stage of extraction affected the mineral removal significantly.
4
5. Table 1 the yield of chitin at various number of extraction
Parameter Number of extraction
Single Double Triple
Yield ( %) 28,7 24,8 23,2
Visual appliance
- Color Brown -light white white
- Odor Weak No No
From the Table it was seen that by single stage extraction . The average yield of chitin
was 28,7 % and the solids obtained were brown-light and still have a weak odor. This
unexpected color and odor was caused by the presence of some protein mineral and
pigment such as carotene. The double one gave an average 24,8 percent and no odor, the
color was white. So it is obvious that the number of extraction affected the protein and
mineral removal. However for three times extraction yield of the solid was not giving
significantly different compare with double extraction. It was meaning that double stage
extraction was enough for isolation of chitin from shrimps shell.
This method for isolation of chitin already transfer to the fishery for developing of rural
people in North and South sea side Java Island , which that area rich with shell shrimp or
crab waste.
We introduce and teach them how to make chitin from that waste after that they can
make by themselves and sells the product to private company and use the waste from that
process for fertilizer.
Lectures Participants
5
6. Experiments
Fig 4. Training of isolation chitin for a fishery and farmer
Preparation of chitosan
The conversion of chitin to chitosan was achieved by extracting chitin in 50 percent
sodium hydroxide with solid –liquid ratio = 1 : 20 at temperature of 100 0C for 120, 240,
and 300 minutes.
NaOH 50 %
Fig 5. The conversion of chitin to chitosan
The data obtained gave an average yield of chitosan from chitin were 78,4 %, 75,6 % and
72,6 %. The degree of deacetylation was determined by means of FTIR
spectrophotometer. It is determined by the base line method shown in Table 2.
6
7. Table 2. The degree of deacetylation at various time of reaction
Parameter Time of deacetylation ( minutes)
120 240 300
Yield of chitosan from chitin 78,4 75,6 72,6
Degree of deacetylation 65,4 78,2 79,8
It can be seen in Table 2. That the deacetylation time gave significant effect of
deacetylation. After 120 minutes degree of deacetylation reaches 78,2 % , it is gradually
increased as the time increased. The highest degree of the deacetylation was achieved for
300 minutes.
Irradiated chitosan as growth promoters
Preparation of irradiated chitosan
The irradiation of chitosan was carried out in a Co-60- Gamma irradiation source. The
conditions of chitosan for irradiation were solid state, wet and liquid (5% chitosan in 1
% acetic acid) the irradiation dose used was 50 kGy with a dose rate of 5,1 kGy/hr and
parameters measured were molecular weight and solubility
The effect of irradiated chitosan on the growth of the red chili plant
Five series with 2 replicated each were done, the experiment was carried out in 10 plots,
the area of the plots was 10 m2 (10 plants). The irradiated chitosan were dissolved in
water and 300 mL of water that contains concentration of 50 ppm chitosan was sprayed to
red chili plant three times a week for each plant.
Fig 6. Preparation of the plots for the experiment of red chili plants on the field
7
8. The growth promotion degree of the plant was calculated as follow :
Height of the treated one
Growth of height of the plant degree (%) = x 100 %
Height of the untreated one
Evaluation dry weight of the treated one
Growth promotion degree (%) = x100%
Evaluation dry weight of untreated one
Effect of irradiation condition of chitosan on the molecular weight and the solubility.
Gamma-irradiated chitosan showed a rapid decrease in molecular weight with a
concomitant increase of the solubility of the chitosan in 1 % acetic acid.
Results concerning the effect of irradiation conditions of chitosan on the average
molecule weight are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. The effect of different condition of irradiation on the average molecular
weight of chitosan
Irradiation doses Average molecular weight ( 104)
No (kGy) Condition of irradiation of chitosan
Dry Wet Liquid
1 0 1,5740 1,5740 1,5740
2 50 1,1050 0,9210 0,7450
It was found that upon irradiation, chitosan is actually degradation of any polymer by
means of irradiation causes the chain length of chitosan to become shooter with the
formation of shooter fragment the molecular size, depend on the condition of chitosan
used during irradiation. Chitosan in the liquid phase give a lowest molecular weight than
solid and wet conditions. It was because the radiolysis of water occurs during irradiation
H2O e-, H•, OH•, H2, H2O2, H3O
Furthermore, radical produced by irradiation of water could benefit to depolymerization
of chain of chitosan .
Table 4. The effect of different condition of irradiation chitosan on the solubility
properties (in 1% acetic acid)
8
9. No Solubility (gr/mL)
Condition of irradiation of
Irradiation doses chitosan
(kGy) Dry Wet
0 0,045 0,045
50 0,120 0,144
It can be seen in Table 4. That the condition of chitosan during irradiation gave a
significant effect on the solubility of chitosan. The wet chitosan give a higher of
solubility value than dry chitosan . This would tend that low molecular weight of
chitosan give a better solubility.
Irradiated chitosan as growth promoter of red chili plant
Table 5 illustrated the effect of irradiated chitosan at different condition of chitosan
during irradiation on red chili plant growth .
Table 5. Effect of condition of chitosan when irradiated on height of red chili plants
after 3 month
Condition Height of plants (cm) Average Growth of
of chitosan height of the
No Plant number height of
when plant degree
irradiated plants (cm) (%)
at 50 kGy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Non 34 36 35 37 33 34 35 39 34 34 35,1 ± 1,34 18,2
irradiated
Dry
2 50 56 58 60 52 53 52 55 52 53 54,1 ± 2,72 82,1
Wet 42 48 50 56 57 58 55 52 59 40 51,7 ± 5,96 74,0
3
Liquid 48 42 44 50 42 43 44 40 42 40 43,5 ± 2,40 46,4
4
Control (without
chitosan )
32 28 33 29 27 29 29 28 32 30 29,7 ± 1,12 0
The data shows in Table 5 clearly demonstrated that the irradiated chitosan can
effectively help developing of height of the plants faster than that of without irradiation (0
9
10. kGy) and control (without chitosan). In this experiment, chitosan with condition of dry
solid state when irradiated was the most effective as red chili plant growth compare with
wet and liquid chitosan. It was because when chitosan irradiated in liquid or wet state
radical occurs from radiolysis of water damaged the active side of chitosan .
Table 6. Illustrated the effect of different condition of chitosan when irradiated as
growth promoter for red chili plants .
Table 6. Growth promotion degree of irradiation chitosan on red chili plants
No Condition of chitosan Average dry weight of chili Growth promotion
when irradiated at 50 plants (g) degree (%)
kGy
1 non irradiated 21,2 69,6
2 dry 30,8 146,4
3 wet 27,2 117,6
4 liquid 24,5 96,0
Control (without chitosan): 12,5 0,0
Results in table 6. Showed the remarkable effect of the growth promotion of the irradiated
chitosan on red chili plants. In the dry condition of chitosan when irradiated attained the
highest increase of growth promotion degree (146,4%). The marked lower of growth
promotion degree of chitosan when irradiated in liquid or wet state compare with dry
condition, because the radicals form from radiolysis of water damaged the site active of
functional group chitosan.
The effect of growth promotion for plants in field
Results in Table 7 showed the remarkable average effect of the growth promotion of the
irradiated of dry chitosan on red chili plants 40 days age.
Table 7. Growth promotion effect of the irradiated of dry chitosan
10
11. Average of With out Using irradiated
chitosan of dry chitosan
No Plant characteristic
1 Height of the plant (cm) 7 12
2 Amount of root 8 19
3 Length of root (cm) 3 8
4 Amount of leaves 4 7
As can be seen in Table 7. The irradiated of dry solid chitosan showed strong effect of the
growth promotion on red chili plant at all and roots and leaves were found to develop at a
faster rate than that of without chitosan. Results of field test showed that by spraying
water contents of dry state irradiated chitosan made the productivity increase around of
60 %.
Control + chitosan
Control + chitosan
Fig 6. Field test of irradiated dry solid chitosan on yield of red chili
APPLICATION OF CARRAGEENAN AS HYDROGEL MATERIAL
11
12. The Eucheuma seaweed , which produced carrageen is grown in cultivation farms located
mostly in North Java and in South Celebes .
Fig 7. Source of Carrageen
The carrageen family has three main branches named Kappa, Iota and Lambda which are
well differentiated in term of their gelling properties and protein reactivity. Kappa
carrageen produces strong rigid gel s while those made with Iota products are flaccid and
compliant.
Fig 8. Molecular structure of carrageen
Although Lambda carrageen do not gel in water, the interact strongly with protein to
stabilize a while range of dairy products. With the end in view of developing non food
12
13. application of carrageen several studies were undertaken to investigate the properties of
carrageen –polymer hydro gel prepare by irradiation technique and it’s application as
wound dressing.
In the purpose to increase the added value of the quality marine natural polymer,
modification of kappa carrageen (KC) has been carried out by copolymerization radiation
with poly(vinyl) pirrolidone (PVP) to prepare a new material. KC with the concentrations
ranged of 0-2 wt % was mixed and then homogenized with poly(vinyl ) pirrolidone (PVP)
in the concentration of 0-2 % wt % in distilled water at temperature of 80 0C, respectively
and then homogenized. The samples were packed in the polypropylene (PP) plastic film
then irradiated by electron beam machine at the doses of 10 kGy/pass (Erizal, et al).
Effect of the composition of PVP and KC
Table 8. Shows of the physical appearance of the hydro gel which was made by the
various concentration of PVP and KC.
Table 8. Physical appearance of hydro gel PVC-KC by various concentration
Of PVC and KC
.No. Composition of Irradiation Dose(kGy) Physical appearance
PVP: KG (w/w)
1. 0,5 :0,5 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
0,5 :1,0 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
0,5 :1,5 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
0,5 ;2,0 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
2. 1 :1 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
1 :1,5 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
1 :2 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
3. 2 :0,5 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
2 :1,0 10,20,30,40 Soft and Brittle
2 :2 10,20,30, 40 Tough, Brittle
2 :3 10,20,30,40 Tough, Brittle
3 :3 10,20,30,40 Tough, Brittle
13
14. Fig 9. Appearance of PVC and KC hydro gel
The gel content of PVP and KC hydro gel
The gel content of the hydro gel was measured by extraction in hot distillated water at 50
0
C for 72 hr. The effect of irradiation on the percentage of gel content is presented in
Table 10.
100
80
Gel Content (%)
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40
Dose (kGy)
Fig 9. Relation between gel content and irradiation dose
It can be seen that the percentage of the gel content increases by increasing of total dose,
it’s mean more cross linking occurs.
The tensile strength of hydro gel
The relationship between total dose and tensile strength of hydro gel shows in Figure 10.
14
15. 2
Tensile strength (kG/cm2)
1,5
1
0,5
0
0 10 20 30 40
Dose(kGy)
Fig 10. Relation between tensile strength and irradiation dose
COOPERATION
For promoting the application of chitosan irradiated to the farmer as the users, we
cooperate with local government in West Java and Center Java . Also we promote by
poster in some exhibition.
15
17. Also we do cooperation with Unibraw University for trial of irradiated chitosan to the
farmer land and compare the results by treatments that the usually use.
CONCLUSIONS
17
18. 1. It is clear irradiation treatment was applicable on modification of chitosan for
growth promoters and carrageen for hydro gel.
2. Irradiation of chitosan in dry solid conditions gives the highest degree of height
growth of plant to 50, 2 % and the degree of growth promotion to 92, 6 %.
3. The field data of using irradiated chitosan for red chili plant shows of the increase
in production yield was around 60 % higher than without using irradiated chitosan
4. The best condition for copolymerization of KG with PVP was that in the
composition of 2/2 (g/g) and the other compositions relatively did not good
(fragile). The gel content hydro gel and tensile strength of hydro gel increases
with increasing irradiation dose,
REFERENCES
1. Goosen,M.F.A. , Application of Chitin and Chitosan, Technomic Publishing
Company,Inc,Lancaster,Pennsylvania, USA. 1997, 297-305.
2. Kurita,K; Koyama, Y and Taniguchi,A; Journal of Applied Polymer
Science,1986,31,1169-1176.
3. Hong, K.N.O.; Mayer, S.P, Lee, K.S. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, 1989, 37,(3),575-579.
4. Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso, Anik Sunarni, Kadarijah, Isni Marliyanti, and Rahayu
Chosdu, Preliminary Studies of Chitin Sterilized by Irradiation, Proceeding book
of 4thScientific Conference of The Asian Societies of Cosmetic Scientists, Bali,
Indonesia, 7-9April, 1999.
5. Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso, N,Msurdia, The Effect of Total Irradiation Dose on Graft
Co polymerization of Acrylic Acid onto Chitin by pre-irradiation Technique,
proceeding of The 4thITB-UKM joint seminar on chemistry, Jogyakarta, 12-13
April,2000.
6. Hien, N.O., Nagasawa, N., 2000, Rad. Phys. Chem., 59, 97-101.
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shrimp shell, Proceeding National Seminar V, JASA-KAI, Mar, 2002 .
8. Erizal, et al., Technical Report, PATIR-BATAN, 2005.
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