This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
Engineering escherichia coli to convert acetic acid to free fatty acidszhenhua82
Fatty acids (FAs) are promising precursors of advanced biofuels. This study investigated conversion of acetic acid (HAc) to FAs by an engineered Escherichia coli strain. We combined established genetic engineering strategies including overexpression of acs and tesA genes, and knockout of fadE in E. coli BL21, resulting in the production of similar to 1 g/L FAs from acetic acid. The microbial conversion of HAc to FAs was achieved with similar to 20% of the theoretical yield. We cultured the engineered strain with HAc-rich liquid wastes, which yielded similar to 0.43 g/L FAs using waste streams from dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and similar to 0.17 g/L FAs using effluent from anaerobic-digested sewage sludge. C-13-isotopic experiments showed that the metabolism in our engineered strain had high carbon fluxes toward FAs synthesis and TCA cycle in a complex HAc medium. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the possibility for coupling the waste treatment with the biosynthesis of advanced biofuel via genetically engineered microbial species.
Engineering escherichia coli to convert acetic acid to free fatty acidszhenhua82
Fatty acids (FAs) are promising precursors of advanced biofuels. This study investigated conversion of acetic acid (HAc) to FAs by an engineered Escherichia coli strain. We combined established genetic engineering strategies including overexpression of acs and tesA genes, and knockout of fadE in E. coli BL21, resulting in the production of similar to 1 g/L FAs from acetic acid. The microbial conversion of HAc to FAs was achieved with similar to 20% of the theoretical yield. We cultured the engineered strain with HAc-rich liquid wastes, which yielded similar to 0.43 g/L FAs using waste streams from dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and similar to 0.17 g/L FAs using effluent from anaerobic-digested sewage sludge. C-13-isotopic experiments showed that the metabolism in our engineered strain had high carbon fluxes toward FAs synthesis and TCA cycle in a complex HAc medium. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the possibility for coupling the waste treatment with the biosynthesis of advanced biofuel via genetically engineered microbial species.
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor -A New Perspective In Pulp And Paper Waste Water T...IJERA Editor
The pulp and paper mill effluent is one of the high polluting effluent amongst the effluents obtained
from polluting industries. All the available methods for treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent have certain
drawbacks. In this work, experiments were conducted to treat the pulp and paper mill effluent using moving bed
biofilm reactor (MBBR).The wastewater generated by these industries contains high COD, BOD, colour, organic
substances and toxic chemicals. This study was carried out on laboratory scale Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor with
proflex type biocarriers, where the biofilm grows on small, free floating plastic elements with a large surface area
and a density slightly less than 1.0 g/cm3
. The reactor was operated continuously at 50% percentages filling of
biocarriers. During the filling percentage, the removal efficiencies of COD & BOD were monitored at the time
period of 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h. The result showed that the maximum COD and BOD removal of 87% were achieved
for the 50 percent filling of biocarriers at the HRT of 8 h. From the experimental results, the moving bed biofilm
reactor could be used as an ideal and efficient option for the organic and inorganic removal from the wastewater
of pulp and paper industry
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED BY Pseudomonas aer...UniversitasGadjahMada
The biosurfactants are used by several industrial sectors such as petroleum, agriculture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, they have potency to reduce surface tension, interfacial tension between water-hydrocarbon systems, and low micelle concentration. Their characteristics strongly depend on the producer strain as well as on the medium composition, such as carbon and nitrogen sources. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of carbon (n-hexadecane, glycerol and glucose) and nitrogen (urea, NH4Cl and NaNO3 ) for the production of biosurfactants by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a rhizosphere of Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen, a hardwood plant species at a phytoremediation field. The biosurfactant characteristics of the strain were evaluated, particularly its surface-active properties and potential to remove hydrocarbon. Glycerol was found to be the optimum carbon source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 718 mg/L, 37%, and 35 mN/m, respectively. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3 ) was observed as the optimum nitrogen source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and CMC of 290 mg/L, 30%, and 24 mN/m, respectively. These biosurfactants efficiently reduced surface tension of culture broth from 42 mN/m to 31 mN/m for the glycerol treatment and from 37 mN/m to 24 mN/m for the sodium nitrate treatment. The crude biosurfactants from the glycerol and sodium nitrate treatments also removed 87.5% and 84%, respectively, of crude oil from sand. These rates were higher than those of the chemical surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100). These findings indicate that the biosurfactants produced by the strain from both glycerol and NaNO3 treatments can efficiently decrease the interfacial tension of culture broth dilution and have a high emulsion index, thus hold promise in hydrocarbon bioremediation application.
Production of Spirulina in semicontinuous cultivation using medium recycleIJERA Editor
The biomass of cyanobacteria Spirulina is rich in bioactive compounds, with main applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient consumption on the growth kinetics of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 grown in semicontinuous cultivation in raceway bioreactor. Zarrouk medium was used, maintaining the original concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, while the other nutrients varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Chemical determinations were performed in the biomass for each growth cycle. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 exhibited cell growth until approximately 130 days of experiment. The maximum specific growth rate (0.184 d-1) and productivity (48.03 mg L-1 d-1) were observed in the trial with 50% Zarrouk medium, except for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations reduced up to 100% and 64.8%, respectively. No significant difference (p <0.0003) was observed in the protein concentrations for all tests. The results showed that Spirulina sp. LEB 18 can provide high growth rate and productivity, as well as production of proteic biomass when cultivated with lower nutrients concentration in Zarrouk medium, thus reducing production costs.
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Microwave-Assisted Alkali Delignification Coupled with Non-Ionic Surfactant E...IJEAB
Cassava stem, leaves and peel are agricultural residues generated as waste biomass during the cultivation and processing of cassava. The potential of these biomasses as feedstock for ethanol production depends on the effective deconstruction via pretreatment and saccharification. The effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment on microwave (MW)-irradiated or steam-exposed aqueous slurry was compared with MW-irradiation (300 W) of alkali slurry in delignifying the biomass and degrading the polysaccharides. Cellulose was degraded to a higher extent than hemicellulose in the AHP treatments. The steam-exposed and AHP pretreated residues on saccharification with Cellic (Cellulase complex) alone or Cellic along with Tween 20 resulted in high conversion of carbohydrate to reducing sugars (RS) in leaves (64-70%) and peel (74- 78%), with slightly lower conversion in stem. MW-irradiation of alkali slurry (5 min.) followed by Tween 20 supplemented saccharification was a better strategy degrading cellulose and hemicellulose to very high extent. Tween 20 supplementation was beneficial in enhancing the RS release from the biomasses even when Cellic dosage was halved. Ultrastructural studies indicated the disappearance of starch granules from stem and peel samples after MW-irradiation and saccharification, while fragmented cellulose fibers were visible in leaf samples. The study showed that MW-assisted alkali pretreatment followed by saccharification with Cellic in presence of Tween 20 was very effective in releasing maximum sugars from these biomasses.
Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ELECTRO DIALYSIS FOR THE DESALINATION OF BACKWATERS IN KERALAcivej
With the declining freshwater source and increase in demand for the potable water need of desalination
have increased. The electrodialysis can be put as an economic substitute for the desalination of the
brackish water. This paper deals with the assessment of the effect contaminants in the desalination of
natural brackish water using electrodialysis. The contaminants studied were Boron, Sulfate and
Magnesium in the presence of chloride. The study was based on the function of pH at a constant voltage
of 11 V. Magnesium, Chloride, and Sulfate was not affected by the pH variations and was removed to an
efficiency of 94%, 95%, and 74% respectively. But the boron was not removed in neutral pH and showed
a removal efficiency of 41% at pH 10 in an hour. There was significant interference in the removal of the
Chloride ion and Sulfate ion.
PRIDICTION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT BY USING REGRESSION TECHNIQUE WI...civej
This paper presents the comparison of results i.e., (compressive strength of cement) by the experimental
study and Regression model to evaluate the possibility of utilizing the hylam powder as a partial
replacement in cement mortar. The remarkable increase in the production of hylam and its disposal in an
ecofriendly manner is increasingly becoming a matter of global concern. Hylam powder is a waste
produced from hylam sheets at the time of fabrication (Cutting, Making holes and polishing process) is
used as a partial replacement in cement. A total 63cement cube were casted and tested for 3,7& 28days of
seven mortar mix (i.e. 0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 13% & 15% of Hylam powder was replaced by weight of
cement). The results show that incorporation of the hylam powder yields to the increase of strength at the
age (28 days) in comparison with that of a control mortar.
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor -A New Perspective In Pulp And Paper Waste Water T...IJERA Editor
The pulp and paper mill effluent is one of the high polluting effluent amongst the effluents obtained
from polluting industries. All the available methods for treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent have certain
drawbacks. In this work, experiments were conducted to treat the pulp and paper mill effluent using moving bed
biofilm reactor (MBBR).The wastewater generated by these industries contains high COD, BOD, colour, organic
substances and toxic chemicals. This study was carried out on laboratory scale Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor with
proflex type biocarriers, where the biofilm grows on small, free floating plastic elements with a large surface area
and a density slightly less than 1.0 g/cm3
. The reactor was operated continuously at 50% percentages filling of
biocarriers. During the filling percentage, the removal efficiencies of COD & BOD were monitored at the time
period of 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h. The result showed that the maximum COD and BOD removal of 87% were achieved
for the 50 percent filling of biocarriers at the HRT of 8 h. From the experimental results, the moving bed biofilm
reactor could be used as an ideal and efficient option for the organic and inorganic removal from the wastewater
of pulp and paper industry
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED BY Pseudomonas aer...UniversitasGadjahMada
The biosurfactants are used by several industrial sectors such as petroleum, agriculture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, they have potency to reduce surface tension, interfacial tension between water-hydrocarbon systems, and low micelle concentration. Their characteristics strongly depend on the producer strain as well as on the medium composition, such as carbon and nitrogen sources. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of carbon (n-hexadecane, glycerol and glucose) and nitrogen (urea, NH4Cl and NaNO3 ) for the production of biosurfactants by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a rhizosphere of Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen, a hardwood plant species at a phytoremediation field. The biosurfactant characteristics of the strain were evaluated, particularly its surface-active properties and potential to remove hydrocarbon. Glycerol was found to be the optimum carbon source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 718 mg/L, 37%, and 35 mN/m, respectively. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3 ) was observed as the optimum nitrogen source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and CMC of 290 mg/L, 30%, and 24 mN/m, respectively. These biosurfactants efficiently reduced surface tension of culture broth from 42 mN/m to 31 mN/m for the glycerol treatment and from 37 mN/m to 24 mN/m for the sodium nitrate treatment. The crude biosurfactants from the glycerol and sodium nitrate treatments also removed 87.5% and 84%, respectively, of crude oil from sand. These rates were higher than those of the chemical surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100). These findings indicate that the biosurfactants produced by the strain from both glycerol and NaNO3 treatments can efficiently decrease the interfacial tension of culture broth dilution and have a high emulsion index, thus hold promise in hydrocarbon bioremediation application.
Production of Spirulina in semicontinuous cultivation using medium recycleIJERA Editor
The biomass of cyanobacteria Spirulina is rich in bioactive compounds, with main applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient consumption on the growth kinetics of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 grown in semicontinuous cultivation in raceway bioreactor. Zarrouk medium was used, maintaining the original concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, while the other nutrients varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Chemical determinations were performed in the biomass for each growth cycle. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 exhibited cell growth until approximately 130 days of experiment. The maximum specific growth rate (0.184 d-1) and productivity (48.03 mg L-1 d-1) were observed in the trial with 50% Zarrouk medium, except for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations reduced up to 100% and 64.8%, respectively. No significant difference (p <0.0003) was observed in the protein concentrations for all tests. The results showed that Spirulina sp. LEB 18 can provide high growth rate and productivity, as well as production of proteic biomass when cultivated with lower nutrients concentration in Zarrouk medium, thus reducing production costs.
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Microwave-Assisted Alkali Delignification Coupled with Non-Ionic Surfactant E...IJEAB
Cassava stem, leaves and peel are agricultural residues generated as waste biomass during the cultivation and processing of cassava. The potential of these biomasses as feedstock for ethanol production depends on the effective deconstruction via pretreatment and saccharification. The effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment on microwave (MW)-irradiated or steam-exposed aqueous slurry was compared with MW-irradiation (300 W) of alkali slurry in delignifying the biomass and degrading the polysaccharides. Cellulose was degraded to a higher extent than hemicellulose in the AHP treatments. The steam-exposed and AHP pretreated residues on saccharification with Cellic (Cellulase complex) alone or Cellic along with Tween 20 resulted in high conversion of carbohydrate to reducing sugars (RS) in leaves (64-70%) and peel (74- 78%), with slightly lower conversion in stem. MW-irradiation of alkali slurry (5 min.) followed by Tween 20 supplemented saccharification was a better strategy degrading cellulose and hemicellulose to very high extent. Tween 20 supplementation was beneficial in enhancing the RS release from the biomasses even when Cellic dosage was halved. Ultrastructural studies indicated the disappearance of starch granules from stem and peel samples after MW-irradiation and saccharification, while fragmented cellulose fibers were visible in leaf samples. The study showed that MW-assisted alkali pretreatment followed by saccharification with Cellic in presence of Tween 20 was very effective in releasing maximum sugars from these biomasses.
Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ELECTRO DIALYSIS FOR THE DESALINATION OF BACKWATERS IN KERALAcivej
With the declining freshwater source and increase in demand for the potable water need of desalination
have increased. The electrodialysis can be put as an economic substitute for the desalination of the
brackish water. This paper deals with the assessment of the effect contaminants in the desalination of
natural brackish water using electrodialysis. The contaminants studied were Boron, Sulfate and
Magnesium in the presence of chloride. The study was based on the function of pH at a constant voltage
of 11 V. Magnesium, Chloride, and Sulfate was not affected by the pH variations and was removed to an
efficiency of 94%, 95%, and 74% respectively. But the boron was not removed in neutral pH and showed
a removal efficiency of 41% at pH 10 in an hour. There was significant interference in the removal of the
Chloride ion and Sulfate ion.
PRIDICTION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT BY USING REGRESSION TECHNIQUE WI...civej
This paper presents the comparison of results i.e., (compressive strength of cement) by the experimental
study and Regression model to evaluate the possibility of utilizing the hylam powder as a partial
replacement in cement mortar. The remarkable increase in the production of hylam and its disposal in an
ecofriendly manner is increasingly becoming a matter of global concern. Hylam powder is a waste
produced from hylam sheets at the time of fabrication (Cutting, Making holes and polishing process) is
used as a partial replacement in cement. A total 63cement cube were casted and tested for 3,7& 28days of
seven mortar mix (i.e. 0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 13% & 15% of Hylam powder was replaced by weight of
cement). The results show that incorporation of the hylam powder yields to the increase of strength at the
age (28 days) in comparison with that of a control mortar.
CORRELATION BETWEEN AGGREGATE-TOAGGREGATE CONTACT AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O...civej
The mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture are directly related to the internal structure. Earlier studies have suggested that aggregate-to-aggregate contact maybe a significant contributor to the mechanical properties of HMA mixes. In this study, the mechanical properties of HMA mixture, quantified by Marshall Stability, Flow and Marshall Quotient, were related to the internal structure in terms of aggregate-to-aggregate contact. For development of a model, field core samples were taken from Binder and Topeka layers at different sites. A total of 21 different HMA mixes were obtained.
An advanced 2-dimensional Image Processing and Analysis System (i.e., iPas) was used to characterize the
internal structure of the cores. The test results indicated that there is a strong correlation between aggregate-to-aggregate contact and mechanical properties of HMA mixture. This is an indication that aggregate-to-aggregate contactis a significant contributor to the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete.
Let your website do the work: create a viewbook from your online contentMarc-Olivier Ouellet
Does your team spend an awful lot of time creating the school viewbook every year? Do you still print thousands of copies of it? If yes, then watch this presentation and discover another way to do it! Learn why the Universite of Montreal decided to move away from an offline publication to an online, dynamic and personalized viewbook. We will show you the necessary steps to create such powerful tool in your organization. From identifying, collecting and storing your content, to building your database and website, you will discover how UdeM did it. Change the way you distribute your viewbook and start a real dialogue with those interested in reading it.
Take control of your recruitment efforts by adding powerful tools to your web...Marc-Olivier Ouellet
Do you have a lot of visitors on your website, but wish that you could identify those with the most potential, interact with them in a personalized manner and convince them to submit an application? Do you dream to have a way to know if your presence in school fairs really worth it? If yes, then watch this presentation! Learn how the Université de Montréal improved its website to better accompany prospective students and to measure its recruitment efforts. You will learn how to add powerful features, such as Login with Facebook, to gather information about your visitors beyond what you know from Google Analytics. Discover what strategies can be implemented to put this new information to work, and how you can master every step of your recruiting funnel, with good old Excel and without the use of proprietary systems and expensive CRM.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WALKABILITY OF INDIAN STREET: A CASE...civej
Walkability became one of the important aspects of new urbanism. Increase in the numbers of the vehicle
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The construction material mainly concrete is being used extensively for various types of construction
projects. However, the deterioration of Reinforced Concrete structures is recognized as a major problem
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Repair/Rehabilitation/Retrofitting. Over a period of time, as these structures become older, we find in them
certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking, splitting,
delaminating, corrosion etc. Such deteriorated structures can be rehabilitated and retrofitted by using
various types of admixtures & modern repair materials. The paper brings out the present state of concrete
structures & the major areas where improvement is needed during its service life stage for sustainable
development & also the method of carrying out Repair/Rehabilitation/Retrofitting.This has been brought in
details in the paper along with Case study, where the Author of the paper was directly involved in planning
and execution of job.
The Hotel Marketing Benchmark is back. This is our 7th edition, now published under a new name and totally independent. Due to the success of our prior benchmarks we've decided to relaunch them under a new brand and look.
The purpose of these benchmarks is to provide a short recap of the new technologies and inspiring (and helpful) hotel and travel marketing campaigns that we've noticed from around the world. A short summary for busy hotel marketing people to get inspired in a few minutes. We hope they help you and that you find them as interesting as we find making them.
Hotel Marketing Benchmark #10 - Virtual reality, Chatbots, AI, hotel industry...HotelMarketingNews
The 10th edition of the Hotel Marketing Benchmark covers recent updates, new marketing technologies, some opinions about the shifts happening in the hotel marketing industry. We've gathered some great and fun marketing initiatives of the last few month and highlight some of the future technology trends we expect will soon come to be game changers in the industry.
There is a lot happening now, the industry seems to be on a threshold shifting from the big disruption of the last decade into a new disruptive trend in the coming decade.
Will hotels be at the forefront of that shift? These are questions we always ask ourselves. After so many changes in the last few years it is time to get ahead of change rather than just following what has happened in the past.
We hope you enjoy the read.
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Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Microbial Population and Settling of Dairy Acti...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to identify and study the settling characteristics of the dairy activated sludge. The causes and the control measure for the sludge bulking were studied. The activated sludge was generated by running a batch reactor of capacity of 10 liters for a θC of 10 days. It was operated until steady state conditions were reached. pH, DO, MLSS and COD were taken as the parameters. The settling studies were carried out for different MLSS concentrations ranging from 2g/L to 20g/L. The addition of Chlorine was selected as the control measure and was added for various doses such as 1 ml, 2 ml and 3 ml of Bleaching powder solution (1 ml of Bleaching powder solution contains 0.515 mg of Chlorine). Settling curves between interface height and time were observed before and after the addition of the Chlorine. From the settling curve the limiting solids flux were obtained. After the addition of Chlorine, there was a considerable increase in the settling velocity that improves the settling nature of the sludge. Area of Secondary settling tank was calculated from the modified solids flux method.
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Oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation on combined acid and alkali-pretreated ...zhenhua82
A combined hydrolysis process, which first mixed dilute acid- and alkali-pretreated corn stover at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without pH adjustment, has been developed in this study in order to minimize the need of neutralization, detoxification, and washing during the process of lignocellulosic biofuel production. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the combined hydrolysate as well as a synthetic medium to compare fungal lipid accumulation and biodiesel production in both shake flask and 7.5 L fermentor. Fungal cultivation on combined hydrolysate exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid yield with those from synthetic medium, indicating that the integration of combined hydrolysis with oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation has great potential to improve performance of advanced lignocellulosic biofuel production
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
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Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREACTORS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
DOI:10.5121/civej.2016.3207 87
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY
WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO
BIOREACTORS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Jitha.G1
and Madhu G2
1Research associate 2 Professor
Division of Safety and fire Engineering, School Of Engineering
Cochin University Of Science And Technology
Kochi-682022
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1
from
1500 mg L-1
after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1
from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1
from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
KEY WORDS
Photobioreactor, Dairy effluent treatment, Blue green algae, Biomass production
1. Introduction
Dairy wastewaters can be remediated through assimilation of nutrients into algal biomass, which
can be used as a resource material for various kinds of valuable products including pigments ,
biohydrogen, biofuels etc. There are a large number of studies on the treatment of industrial,
municipal and agricultural waste waters by micro algal culture systems [1], [2]. Currently, there
is a great deal of research looking to integrate microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment
(including municipal sewage, brewery wastewater, and dairy industry wastewater, etc.[3],[4],
[5]. Cultivation of microalgae in dairy wastewater has received increased attention. The dairy
effluent is predominantly organic in nature due to its biodegradable constituents. It is
characterized by high BOD , high COD , and nutrients like N and P required for biological
growth. Micro algae can grow well in these effluents because of its high nutrition content.
Significant reduction in Total nitrogen, Total phosphorus and COD was obtained in Dairy waste
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
88
water in both indoor and outdoor conditions [6]. Biological processes, such as activated sludge
systems, involve an oxygen supply with an energy demand and extra sludge generation. While
cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactor is advantageous in that it requires only sunlight,
nutrients and CO2 for growth. Filamentous cyanobacteria form flocs which can be easily
harvested from the reactor.Harvested biomass can be used for producing various products
including biofuels. Microalgae based biodiesel is one of the promising alternatives to fossil
fuels [7]. microalgae Nannochloropsis salina were cultivated in evaluated in anaerobically
digested waste waters for biofuel production [8]. Present study was conducted to cultivate
microalgae in photobioreactors and to evaluate the removal efficiency of phosphates , ammonia
cal nitrogen, hardness in batch and continuous operation modes. Removal of organic pollution
load was monitored as reduction in BOD and COD of effluent. The suitability of the harvested
biomass for biofuel production was assessed by measuring type and relative proportions of fatty
acids by GC analysis.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Organism and Growth Condition
Microalgal flocs were collected from the aeration tank of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP),
Milma Dairy, Kochi , Kerala were brought to the laboratory and inoculated in to BG 11 growth
medium [9] and incubated under illumination from cool white fluorescent tubes at an intensity
of 2000 lux and a temperature 30 ± 30
C by using light/dark cycle of 12 h. The blue green algal
strains were identified using monograph of Desikachari [10]. Mass cultures of the of the
organism were developed in 1L Erlenmeyer flasks using the BG 11 medium.
2.2 Cultivation of Oscillatoria Sp. in Dairy Waste Water
Synthetic dairy waste water was prepared as per the data collected from the Milma dairy ,
Kochi by adding K2HPO4, NH4Cl, MgSO4, Na2CO3, glucose, Milk powder, yeast extract and
starch . The cultures were gradually acclimatized to different effluent concentration in the
medium (0.2% (v/v), 0.4% (v/v), 0.6% (v/v), 0.8 % (v/v). Acclimatized strains were mass
cultured and used for further study.
2.3. Biomass Concentration and Specific Growth Rate
The biomass produced in both BGII and synthetic waste water was filtered, and the dry weight
was estimated at intervals of 2 days. The process was repeated up to 12 days. Specific growth
rate during the culture period was obtained by equations below:
Specific growth rate (day_1) = Ln (Xt/X0)/(t _ t0),where Xt and X0 are biomass density at time t
and t0 (at the beginn
2.4.Experimental Set Up and Working
Laboratory scale rectangular photo bioreactors having working volume 10 L and 30 L were
fabricated using perspex glass sheet of thickness 6mm. A two stage model was set up for the
treatment of the dairy waste water and biomass production. Inlet and outlet of both the
reactors were fitted with PVC pipe having valve to control the flow rates. Primary
reactor was layered with burned coconut shells at the bottom (2 inches) and woven
coconut threads above( 2 inches) as filter bed. The inner space of the secondary reactor
was divided into 5 compartments by providing baffles at regular intervals allowing zig –
zag flow of waste water( Fig 1).
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
89
Fig. 1 The schematic of experimental setup of two stage photobioreactor .
A Poly urethane foam having thickness of 1 mm were fixed on the base of the continuous
reactor to immobilize the cyanobacterial filaments. Out let of the primary reactor was connected
to the inlet of the secondary reactor. The secondary reactor was mounted inclined (10-150
) in
position in order to achieve a gravity flow inside the reactor . Both the reactors were inoculated
with the acclimatied stains of microalagae for the developmentof the biofilm. Three different
concentrations of dairy waste water were used for the present study. 0ut let valve of the primary
reactor was closed and low strength effluent (LSE) was added to the primary reactor. Out let of
the primary reacor was opened after 24 h of treatment in the primary reactor. The waste water
was then allowed to flow into secondary reactor at a flow rate of 10 ml min-1
. Waste water
samples were collected fom the outlet of the reactor for analysis. Medium strength Effluent
(MSE) and High Strength Effluent(HSE) were also treated as per the above procedure. The
biomass developed was harvested by filtering the water samples through nylon mesh.
2.5. Water Quality Analysis
Approximately 100 mL microalgae suspension was taken out from each photobioreactor at every
6 h intervals and filtered through absorbant cotton and analyzed for phosphate, total hardness
ammoniacal nitrogen , total, BOD and COD [11]. The removal percentage (RP) and removal
rate (RR) were calculated by the following formulas: RP (%) = (C0 _ Ct)/C0, RR (mg L_1
day_1) = (C0 _ Ct)/(t _ t0), where Ct and C0 are the nutrients concentration at time t and the
beginning, respectively.
2.6. Estimation of Lipids and Fatty Acid
Biomass developed within the reactor was efficiently harvested for the analysis of lipids and
fatty acids. 50 mg of wet biomass was taken from the harvested biofilm and ground well with
chloroform methanol. The lipid content was estimated by the sulpho- phospho vanillin method
[12] A known volume of extract was saponified and fatty acid methyl ester were produced
followed by extraction of fatty acids in1:1 mixture of hexane and anhydrous diethyl ether [13]. The
organic extract was analyzed using Gas Chromatography. The individual fatty acids were
identified and quantified by using the FAME standards under similar conditions. The results
were expressed in mg %of lipid.
Primary
reactor
Secondary reactor
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
90
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Biomass Production and Specific Growth Rate
The micro algae brought from the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of Milma Dairy, Kochi were
dominated by Oscillatoria sp .of blue green algae. It strongly reveals its high tolerance to the
effluent. Blue green algae have high nutrient removal capacity and they are likely to tolerate the
highly variable conditions that characterize polluted effluents [14]. The specific growth rate of
the species in BG 11 medium showed 0.05 d -1
whereas the organism showed 0.49, 0.52 and
0.47 d –1
in LSE, MSE and HSE respectively. Spirulina platensis has specific growth rate
between 0.46 and 0.58 d-1
whereas that of Spirulina maxima is between 0.26 and 0.45 d-1
at 30-
350
C [15]
3.2. Biofilm Development and Acclimatization
The blue green algal filaments could grow well inside the primary reactor and biofilm was
developed over the woven coir mat. The filaments get acclimatized with the polyurethane foam
fixed inside the secondary reactor
3.3. Chemical Characteristics of Synthetic Dairy Effluent
Chemical characteristics of the three different concentrations of synthetic effluent are given in
the table 1.
Table 1 Chemical characteristics of synthetic Dairy effluent
Parameters low strength medium strength high strength
(LSE) (MSE) (HSE)
pH 7.2 7.9 8.5
Phosphate (mg L-1
) 7. 4 12 18
Ammo.Nitrogen (mg L-1
) 21.5 64 83
Hardness (mg L-1
) 40 60 82
BOD (mg L-1
) 300 950 1500
COD (mg L-1
) 950 1500 2500
3.4. Nutrient Removal in the Primary and Secondary Photobioreactor
3.4. 1 Reduction of Phosphate , Total Hardness and Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Nutrient concentrations in all of the three different waste waters decreased during the culturing
time. Phosphate content of the LSE was reduced to 4.5 from an initial amount of 7.4 mgL-1
(fig
2).
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
91
Fig 2. Removal of phosphate, hardness, ammoniacal nitrogen from LSE
Fig 3. Removal of phosphate, hardness, ammoniacal nitrogen from MSE
Fig 4: Removal of phosphate, hardness, ammoniacal nitrogen from HSE
Phosphorous removal is important as it is a limiting nutrient for algae growth in many fresh
water systems[16]. By the growth of blue green algal filaments in the primary reactor, 45% of
the hardness was removed from LSE. BOD of the LSE was reduced to 120 from an initial
amount 300 mgL-1
after treatment in the primary photobioreactor. Ammoniacal nitrogen was
found to be a dangerous problem faced by almost all food processing industries like dairy
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
mg/L
Time (hrs)
Phosphate
hardness
Ammo.Nitrogen
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
mg/L
Time (hrs)
Phosphate
hardness
Ammo.Nitrogen
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
mg/L
Time (hrs)
Phosphate
hardness
Ammo.Nitrogen
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
92
industries[17]. The organism could tolerate well in the MSE by reducing the phosphate content
to 7.5 from an initial amount of 12 mgL-1
. The total hardness of the MSE was also reduced after
24 h of treatment (fig 3). Removal percentage of ammoniacal nitrogen was found to be
increased to 34.4 mgL-1
in MSE compared to LSE. This may be due the growth of Oscillatoria
sp. in the photobioreactor. Removal rate of phosphate was decreased with the increase in the
concentration of waste water, but hardness of HSE was reduced to 55 from 82 mgL-1
after 24 h
of treatment (fig 4). Secondary phtobioreactor performed well in the removal of phosphate
from LSE. Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment from the
three different concentrations of synthetic waste water. Growth of blue green algae in waste
water containing phosphate bring about solubilization of insoluble phosphate . Total hardness
of MSE was reduced to 4from 39 mgL-1
at the outlet of the secondary photobioreactor.
cultivation of Cyanobacterium in the dairy effluent lead to utilization of free CO2 and also it
absorbed significant amounts of both Ca++_as well as Mg ++ [ 18]. Removal of 81 % of the
ammoniacal nitrogen was observed from the MSE , but removal rate was decreased with the
increase in the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen.However , it was reduced to 27 mgL-1
from 59 mgL-1
after 48 h of treatment in the continuous photobioreactor. The physical and
chemical parameters of wastewater quality such as nitrate, phosphate, hardness, etc., were
greatly reduced by the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa on dairy waste water [19].
3.4.2 Reduction of BOD and COD
It is evident to see that there is a continuous reduction of BOD in this experimental set up. BOD
of HSE was reduced to 50 mg L-1
from an initial amount of 1500 mg L-1
after 72 h of treatment
in both the reactors (fig 5)..
Fig 5. Removal of BOD from low, medium, and high strength effluent
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
mg/L
Time (hrs)
LSE MSE HSE
7. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
93
Fig 6. Removal of COD from low,medium, and high strength effluent
COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1
from an initial value of 1500 mg L -1
from MSE . Removal of
94 % COD was achieved after treatment in the two stage photobioreactors (fig 6). Percentage
of reduction BOD and COD obtained in case of low, medium and high strength effluent were
91%, 96% and 97% and 95%, 94% and 94% respectively. It may be due to the uptake of
nutrients from the waste water. More over that algae play a major role in supplying oxygen to
the bacterial population for the breakdown of complex organic matter and few species of
microalgae can use dissolved organic carbon as carbon sources [20]. The system could perform
well for the removal of phosphate, BOD and COD even in the high strength effluent
concentrations. The discharge of ammonia from dairy shed effluent can cause significant
adverse effects. The system could not perform well for the removal of ammonia cal nitrogen
from the high strength waste water , but incorporation of other algal strains may reduce the
problem. Oscillatoria sp.could grow well in the system especially in the secondary photobio
reactor. Raw wastewater as well as treated effluent most contains significant amounts of bio-
available inorganic substances such as NH4+, NO3-.. There are a large number of studies on the
treatment of industrial, municipal andagricultural waste waters by micro algal culture systems
[21],. Micro algae can grow in effluents and produce valuable biomass while they remove
organic contentand minerals for building the biomass
3.5. Lipid and Fattyacid Profile
The organism showed 40-45 mg % lipid in the stationary phase.Composition of lipid varies
with the environmental conditions Fatty acid composition of the harvested biomass from the reactor
after treatment is given in the Table 2.
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters are the principle components of biodiesel. Biodiesel which can be produced
from these crude lipids will have a high cetane number and a high oxidative stability. Algal oil is
considered as one of the most potent resources for biofuels and is limited mainly by the yield
under phototrophic cultivation. Recently Chlorococcum sp were cultivated in Dairy effluent
for biofuel production [22]. Lipid content and fatty acid profile are key factors to consider when
selecting algae for fuel production. GC analysis of FAMEs from the algal oil showed that
saturated fatty acid content was high in the oil. Major fatty acid from Oscillatoria sp.include
palmitic acid (23.12 %) followed by oleic acid (10.16%) stearic acid (8.58%). Linoleic acid (4.6
%) and myristo oleic acid (15.47%).
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
mg/L
Time(hrs)
LSE MSE HSE
8. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
94
Table 2. Fatty acid profile of Oscillatoria sp. grown in Dairy effluent
Fatty acids mg(%) of lipid
CAPRYLIC ACID(C 10:0) 3.24
LAURIC ACID( C 12: 0) 2.05
TRIDECANOIC ACID(C13:0) 2.5
MYRISTOLEIC ACID(C 14:0) 15.47
PENTADECANOIC ACID(C15:0) 4.03
PALMITIC ACID (C 16:0) 23.12
PALMITOLEIC ACID(C 16 : 1) 21.05
HEPTADECENOIC ACID(C17:0) 2.16
STEARIC ACID(C 18:0) 8.58
OLEIC ACID(C 18:1N9c) 10.16
LINOLEIC ACID(C 18:2) 4.6
Fatty acids indicated for good biodiesel properties include C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1
and C18:2 etc. [23]These results strongly reveals that the harvested biomass from the secondary
reactor can be used for the biofuel production. The production of alternative sources of fuel such as
the oil from microalgae has been shown to be effective at the laboratory and pilot scale [24].
4. CONCLUSION
Photo bioreactors can play a dual role while using industrial waste water as nutrient source for
producing biomass. The present investigation supported that Oscillatoria sp can be cultured in
dairy effluent as a nutrient source for biodiesel production. The organism showed relatively high
growth rates in waste water compared to the standard growth medium. Initially the heavy
nutrient load of the waste water was reduced by the treatment in the primary reactor where the
acclimatized blue green algal filaments as well as the filer bed performed in a better way. The
level of phosphate , hardness and ammoniacal nitrogen in the medium strength effluent (MSE)
were reduced by 97%,93%, 81% respectively. BOD and COD of the three different
concentrations of waste water could be effectively removed by the treatment system. Continuous
PBR with Oscillatoria sp. is no doubt, a novel efficient appliance which can be adopted for
treatment of waste water containing high BOD and COD. Presence of palmitic (16:0), oleic
(18:1), stearic (18:0), linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids strongly supports that the
cultivated algae from the reactor can be used for the biofuel production. A careful considerations
of various design parameters of PBR with immobilized strains promises greater efficiency in
the cultivation of micro algae for biodiesel production. Outdoor studies with pilot scale photo
bioreactors should be carried out in further study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge financial help from University Grants Commission, Govt. of
India in the form of Post Doctoral Fellowship for this work. We thank Milma Dairy,
Tripunithura, Kochi for providing us biofilm from Effluent Treatment Plant.
9. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
95
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