World optometry day
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The document discusses World Optometry Day which is celebrated on March 23rd. It provides information on optometry as a healthcare profession, how one becomes an optometrist, their duties which include vision tests and diagnosing/treating eye diseases. It discusses the history of optometry including its invention in Italy and establishment of the first optometry colleges in the US and India. It also outlines the differences between optometrists, ophthalmologists and opticians as well as career options after becoming an optometrist.
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- The first schematic eyes were developed in the 17th-19th centuries by scientists like Huygens, Smith, Le Grand, and Listing. Gullstrand further improved the model with four lens surfaces and refractive index gradients.
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AC/A
This document discusses measuring and classifying accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios. It defines the AC/A ratio as the change in accommodative convergence per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. There are several methods described for measuring the AC/A ratio clinically, including the heterophoria, gradient, and graphical methods. The document outlines treatments for different AC/A ratio abnormalities like convergence excess, convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and divergence insufficiency.
Aniseikonia
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There are three angles & three axis in human eyeball.
The reference are given in the last slide.
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Ac/a ratio
This document discusses the AC/A ratio, which is the ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. It defines the AC/A ratio and notes the normal range is 3-5 prism diopters per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. The document outlines methods to measure the AC/A ratio clinically and discusses its uses in diagnosing different types of strabismus and their management approaches.
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Amsler's grid test
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Decentration and prismatic effect in lens (1)
Decentration of lenses can induce unwanted prism. The amount of induced prism depends on the distance of decentration from the optical center and the power of the lens. For plus lenses, the base of the induced prism is in the direction of decentration, while for minus lenses it is in the opposite direction. Prism power can be calculated using Prentice's rule. The induced prism from decentration can have effects on binocular vision and eye alignment. Careful centration of lenses is important for optimal vision and comfort.
Near point of convergence
The near point of convergence is defined as the point of intersection of the lines of sight of the eyes when maximum convergence is used. It is measured as the distance from this point of intersection to the midpoint between the eyes. Measuring the near point of convergence involves having a patient fixate on a target that is slowly moved toward them while maintaining fusion until their eyes can no longer converge or they see double. This distance is used to assess a patient's ability to converge their eyes for near vision tasks. A near point further than 10cm may indicate convergence insufficiency while one closer than 5cm suggests convergence excess.
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World optometry day
Optometry is a healthcare profession focused on eye and vision care. Optometrists are primary healthcare practitioners of the eye who provide comprehensive eye exams, detect diseases, manage vision conditions, and prescribe corrective lenses or vision therapy. The profession began over 100 years ago with the development of vision science, optics, and optical instruments. Today, optometrists utilize their knowledge of ocular science, disease diagnosis, visual rehabilitation and more to care for patients' eye health and vision needs.
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optics of Angles & Axis of eyeball.
There are three angles & three axis in human eyeball.
The reference are given in the last slide.
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Dynamic retinoscopy is used to objectively determine a patient's refractive error when their accommodation is active. It involves having the patient fixate on a near target while the examiner performs retinoscopy. The direction of the retinoscopic reflex indicates whether the eye is focused in front of, behind, or aligned with the retinoscope. Various methods of dynamic retinoscopy have been developed, including Monocular Estimation Method, Bell retinoscopy, and Nott retinoscopy. Dynamic retinoscopy can reveal a patient's lag of accommodation, or the difference between their accommodative response and the stimulus provided by the near target. A normal lag is between +0.50D to +0.75D.
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- Important temporary and permanent markings on progressive lenses used in fitting, including the fitting cross, distance reference circle, and lateral locator lines.
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The PAM (Preoperative Acuity Measurement) device is a small instrument that mounts on a slit lamp and projects an image of a Snellen visual acuity chart through clear areas of the lens onto the retina. It allows for rapid focusing using a scale from +13D to +10D. The test uses black optotypes on a white background like a standard Snellen chart. It provides a preoperative measurement of visual acuity in patients with moderate cataracts that generally agrees with postoperative acuity. Both PAM and LI (Laser Interferometry) are subjective methods but PAM uses the familiar Snellen chart while LI uses unfamiliar sine wave patterns. The accuracy of PAM and LI can be affected by factors like
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Ac/a ratio
This document discusses the AC/A ratio, which is the ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. It defines the AC/A ratio and notes the normal range is 3-5 prism diopters per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. The document outlines methods to measure the AC/A ratio clinically and discusses its uses in diagnosing different types of strabismus and their management approaches.
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Amsler's grid test
The Amsler grid is a test to qualitatively assess the central 10 degrees of vision. It consists of a grid of white lines on a black background. Patients are asked to report any missing or distorted lines when fixating on a central dot. Abnormal findings may indicate macular diseases like age-related macular degeneration. The test is performed monocularly at 30 cm with an appropriate near correction to check for relative scotomas, absolute scotomas, metamorphopsia, and other visual disturbances in the macula. Various chart types and recording methods exist to accurately document any defects found during testing.
Special purpose frames
This document discusses different types of special purpose frames. It describes frames that hold supplementary lenses outside the main frame, frames that contain cells to hold additional lenses behind the prescription, and folding frames with hinges at the bridge and temples to reduce the frame size. It also covers frames with extensions to support the lower eyelid, trial frames without temples, monocular frames that allow viewing through one lens at a time, and frames with flip-down lenses for reading or sunglasses.
Automated phoropter
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The document discusses the process of optical dispensing, including defining optical dispensing, measuring frames and lenses, selecting frames based on facial shapes, lens materials and coatings, and the process of laying off, cutting, and edging lenses to fit into frames. Key steps include determining facial measurements, selecting appropriate frames, measuring pupillary distance, marking lenses, cutting lenses to shape using hand or automatic edgers, and fitting the finished lenses into frames.
Decentration and prismatic effect in lens (1)
Decentration of lenses can induce unwanted prism. The amount of induced prism depends on the distance of decentration from the optical center and the power of the lens. For plus lenses, the base of the induced prism is in the direction of decentration, while for minus lenses it is in the opposite direction. Prism power can be calculated using Prentice's rule. The induced prism from decentration can have effects on binocular vision and eye alignment. Careful centration of lenses is important for optimal vision and comfort.
Near point of convergence
The near point of convergence is defined as the point of intersection of the lines of sight of the eyes when maximum convergence is used. It is measured as the distance from this point of intersection to the midpoint between the eyes. Measuring the near point of convergence involves having a patient fixate on a target that is slowly moved toward them while maintaining fusion until their eyes can no longer converge or they see double. This distance is used to assess a patient's ability to converge their eyes for near vision tasks. A near point further than 10cm may indicate convergence insufficiency while one closer than 5cm suggests convergence excess.
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Optometry as a career
Optometry is a career that involves examining eyes to detect vision defects, injuries, diseases or other abnormalities. Optometrists are trained to perform health assessments, offer clinical advice, prescribe corrective lenses and refer patients to specialists when needed. Optometry school encompasses four years of rigorous study including optics, physiology, anatomy, pharmacology, eye disease, refraction techniques and clinical examination skills. After becoming an optometrist, there are opportunities to work for multinational companies, own an optometry practice, teach, or start an optical shop.
World optometry day
Optometry is a healthcare profession focused on eye and vision care. Optometrists are primary healthcare practitioners of the eye who provide comprehensive eye exams, detect diseases, manage vision conditions, and prescribe corrective lenses or vision therapy. The profession began over 100 years ago with the development of vision science, optics, and optical instruments. Today, optometrists utilize their knowledge of ocular science, disease diagnosis, visual rehabilitation and more to care for patients' eye health and vision needs.
Optometry and Orthoptics (Laws and Acts)
Optometry is a health care profession that involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the correction of refractive error with glasses or contact lenses and treatment of eye diseases.
Definition of optometry and optometrist
The World Council of Optometry, World Health Organization and about 75 optometry organisations from over 40 countries have all over the world adopted the following definition, to be used to describe optometry and optometrist.
Optometry is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered).
Optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system.
Competencies
• refractive error,
• ocular disease management,
• medical therapeutics,
• binocular vision,
• sports vision,
• vision therapy,
• contact lenses
Laws of optometry
Currently, optometrists can…
1. Prescribe Schedule II (hydrocodone products only), III, IV, and V narcotics (including oral antivirals, oral steroids, etc)
2. Order imaging, such as MRIs, CT scans, and x-rays
3. Remove foreign bodies
4. Perform post-operative care after 90 days with referral from a physician
5. Treat glaucoma with topicals and orals
6. Treat anterior uveitis
7. Perform dilation and irrigation
8. Perform scraping, debridement, or removal of corneal epithelium
9. Deliver injections limited to anaphylaxis
Optometrists cannot…
1. Perform surgical procedures (Any procedure that involves mechanical or laser means to cut, alter, or infiltrate human tissue is included here. This restriction includes refractive surgery, any laser procedure, or chalazia removal/eyelid or conjunctival cyst lancing procedures, to name a few) (Colorado is one of a few states with verbage to explicitly exclude surgery-most statutes maintain that the license to practice optometry does not include the right to practice medicine)
2. Deliver injectables, except for in the case of anaphylaxis
3. Treat posterior uveitis
4. Prescribe Schedule I or II narcotics
Acts of optometry
1. Health Professions Procedural Code
The Health Professions Procedural Code shall be deemed to be part of this Act.
Definitions
“College” means the College of Optometrists of Ontario; (“Ordre”)
“Health Professions Procedural Code” means the Health Professions Procedural Code set out in Schedule 2 to the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991; (“Code des professions de la santé”)
“member” means a member of the College; (“membre”)
“profession” means the profession of optometry; (“profession”).
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Ophthalmoscopy is a test performed by optometrists and ophthalmologists to examine the inside of the eye. It allows visualization of the retina, optic disc, and blood vessels. The pupil may be dilated prior using medicated eye drops to improve viewing. There are three main types of ophthalmoscopy - direct, indirect, and slit lamp. Ophthalmoscopy is done as part of routine eye exams and can detect early signs of diseases like diabetes, glaucoma, and hypertension by observing the retina, optic disc and blood vessels. Potential risks are minor discomfort from bright light or dilating eye drops.
Section 5, optometry in asia by thai and yap
This document provides an overview of optometry in several Asian countries including the Philippines, Hong Kong, and Indonesia. It discusses the history and development of optometry education and regulation in these countries. In the Philippines, optometry began as a craft but is now a licensed profession with six optometry schools offering six-year doctor of optometry programs. Hong Kong's first optometry program was established in 1978 and the profession is now regulated by the Optometrists Board of Hong Kong. Optometry education began in Indonesia in 1978 with ten schools offering three-year diploma programs.
Optometry
This presentation will help students to decide if optometry is good for them as a career or not. it throws light on the career path options we have after completing Optometry.
General Optometry
An optometrist examines patients' eyes, diagnoses eye diseases and conditions, and helps manage eye health issues. They check vision, eye alignment and coordination, eye health, and may provide treatments like eyeglasses, contact lenses, or referrals to specialists. Regular eye exams are important throughout life to detect issues early and maintain healthy vision and eye health.
Assessing-the-Eye-Structures-and-Visual-Acuity.pptx
The document discusses key aspects of eye examinations including:
1. Regular eye exams are important to monitor eye health and detect issues early
2. Exams include assessing external structures, visual acuity, eye movements, visual fields, and developmental changes
3. Common refractive errors like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism can be corrected with glasses or contacts
4. Inflammatory issues like conjunctivitis and iritis are also discussed
Optical http://nearlexingtonky.com
Optometry is a healthcare profession concerned with the eyes and vision. Optometrists provide primary eye care including vision testing, diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases, and prescription of corrective lenses. Optometrists are regulated through education, certification, and practice standards set by governmental agencies and optometry organizations. During an eye exam, an optometrist checks vision by having a patient read letters or identify pictures. They examine the front and back of the eyes using lights and an ophthalmoscope. Eye muscle function and need for glasses or contacts are also assessed. Symptoms that warrant an eye exam include blurry vision at distances, eyestrain, headaches and difficulty seeing clearly.
Eye Disorders.pptx
This document provides information on eye disorders, specifically cataracts and glaucoma. It defines cataracts as a lens opacity and discusses causes, types, symptoms, and treatment including medication and surgery. For glaucoma, it describes the condition as optic nerve damage related to intraocular pressure, lists types, discusses evaluation and treatment with medication, laser procedures, and nursing care post-surgery. The document aims to educate on these common age-related eye conditions.
Primery eye care 1,2
Primary Eye Care, Educating patients about maintaining and promoting healthy vision.
Performing a comprehensive examination of the visual system.
Screening for eye diseases and conditions affecting vision that may be asymptomatic.
Recognizing ocular manifestations of systemic diseases and systemic effects of ocular medications.
Making a differential diagnosis and definitive diagnosis for any detected abnormalities.
Performing refractions.
Fitting and prescribing optical aids, such as glasses and contact lenses.
Deciding on a treatment plan and treating patients' eye care needs with appropriate therapies.
Counseling and educating patients about their eye disease conditions.
Recognizing and managing local and systemic effects of drug therapy.
Determining when to triage patients for more specialized care and referring to specialists as needed and appropriate.
Coordinating care with other physicians involved in the patient's overall medical management.
Performing surgery when necessary.
A. Anatomy of the eye:
Accessory structures
Eye ball structures
Fibrous Tunic
Vascular Tunic
Nervous Tunic
Interior of the ball
Anterior Cavity
Vitreous Chamber
Lens
B. Physiology of the eye
Image Formation
Physiology of vision
What is lazy eye?
Ever wonder what lazy eye means? What is amblyopia? How do you get it? How do you treat it? This presentation will walk you through this functional vision problem so you can understand what lazy eye is and how you can be successfully treated by your developmental optometrist no matter your age.
Forge OrthoKeratology
This document provides information about orthokeratology (ortho-k), a non-surgical procedure to reshape the cornea using custom contact lenses worn overnight. It corrects refractive errors like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. Ortho-k lenses gently reshape the cornea while worn at night to improve unaided vision during the day. The document describes the ortho-k procedure, lens design and fitting process, potential candidates who may benefit, and follow-up appointment schedule.
Optometry profession
This document discusses optometry as a profession in Nepal. It provides information on:
1) Optometrists in Nepal, who are graduates with a Bachelor of Optometry degree and provide eye care services including refraction, low vision rehabilitation, and eye disease management and referral.
2) The scope of optometry in Nepal, which involves primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care services across settings like community vision centers and hospitals.
3) The development of optometry education in Nepal, which began in 1998 and now has 66 graduated optometrists, many of whom work in eye care facilities or have private practices.
Biology Investigatory project
Here are the key points about amblyopia or "lazy eye":
- It is a disorder of sight caused when the eye and brain do not work together properly during early childhood development.
- It results in decreased vision in one eye that otherwise appears normal.
- Common causes include strabismus (eye misalignment), high refractive error differences between the eyes, or clouding of the eye lens.
- These conditions interfere with proper focusing during a critical period of visual development in childhood.
- Even after the underlying medical cause is corrected, full vision may not be restored because the brain has learned to ignore images from that eye.
- It is the most common cause of monocular (single eye
What is Accommodative Esotropia?
Accommodative esotropia is a condition where the eyes are unable to align simultaneously under normal viewing conditions, causing one eye to turn inward. It is caused by an overactive focusing system due to uncorrected farsightedness or an exaggerated focusing response. Symptoms include double vision, eyestrain, and difficulty reading. Treatment begins with prescription glasses and may include vision therapy exercises or rarely surgery to improve eye alignment and coordination.
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CLARE.pptx
The document discusses contact lens acute red eye (CLARE), an inflammatory reaction that can occur in contact lens wearers. It presents the etiology as being due to hypoxia, contamination, or an ill-fitting lens. The symptoms include a painful, red eye with watering, irritation, and photophobia. Signs involve acute redness around the limbus and infiltrates on the epithelium. Risk factors include extended wear and poor hygiene. Management involves discontinuing lens wear, antimicrobial therapy if infected, and prescribing new lenses with a higher DK/t value after inflammation subsides. Prevention methods consist of avoiding extended wear, steep fittings, practicing good hygiene, and frequent lens replacement.
WORTH FOUR DOT TEST.pptx
The Worth Four Dot Test is used to determine the presence of suppression or diplopia. It involves having the patient view four lights (one red, two green, one white) through red-green lenses. The number and configuration of lights seen indicates the type of strabismus or binocular vision status. It is an inexpensive and easy to administer test, but relies on subjective patient responses. Some studies have found it can provide reliable results even in patients with red-green color vision defects.
AMBLYOPIA & Modern Treatment Options.pptx
This document provides an overview of amblyopia, including its classification, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, evaluation, and treatment. It discusses the three main types of amblyopia - strabismic, stimulus deprivation, and refractive - and their subtypes and characteristics. The pathogenesis involves form vision and light deprivation, abnormal binocular interaction, and active cortical inhibition. Clinical findings may include reduced visual acuity, the crowding phenomenon, abnormal fixation patterns, and occasionally color vision changes or a central scotoma. Evaluation involves assessing visual acuity, performing neutral density filter testing, and testing for crowding.
Corneal Physiology
A brief presentation on corneal physiology (Functions ,cell shapes, histology ,biochemical compositions, transparency, drug permeability and cell turnover and wound healing )
Base curve
The document discusses the base curve of lenses, which is the surface curve that forms the starting point for the remaining lens curve. It describes the importance of selecting the proper base curve, as it determines lens thickness, aberrations, and cosmetics. The document outlines different lens forms including Wollaston, Oswalt, and meniscus, discussing their optical properties. It notes that the best lens form follows mechanical and optical criteria, providing a thinner lens that is lighter in weight with reduced magnification and aberrations.
Corneal curvature and thickness
This document discusses the cornea, including its curvature, thickness, dimensions, and refractive power. It describes that the cornea has an average anterior radius of curvature of 7.8mm and posterior radius of 6.5mm, providing about 43D of the eye's total refractive power. The thickness of the central cornea is about 0.52mm on average. Conditions like keratoconus can cause thinning and steepening of the cornea. The anatomy of the cornea is also outlined, describing its epithelial, stromal, Descemet's membrane, and endothelial layers. Measurement techniques for corneal curvature and thickness are also mentioned.
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World optometry day
- 1. WORLD OPTOMETRY DAY 23rd MARCH,2019
- 2. ‘THE EYES ARE THE WINDOW TO SOUL’ -William Shakespeare
- 3. INTRODUCTION Optometry is a health care profession that is autonomous,educated and regulated (licensed/registered) Optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care that includes refraction and dispensing and management of eye diseases and rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system.
- 4. HOW TO BECOME AN OPTOMETRIST They are graduates from 10+2 science and has completed the Bachelor of Optometry and vision science degree.
- 5. DUTIES OF OPTOMETRISTS Perform vision tests and analyze results. Diagnose sight problems, such as MYOPIA(nearsightedness),HYPEROPIA(farsighted ness) and eye diseases like GLAUCOMA Advise patients about proper eye hygiene and care. Provides treatments such as vision therapy or low- vision rehabilitation
- 6. WHO INVENTED OPTOMETRY Others claim they were first invented in Italy. Johannes Kepler, the German scientist, disco vered how the retina in the eye creates vision in 1604. But the effectiveness of glasses in the 17th century was often dismissed by oculists.
- 7. FATHER OF OPTOMETRY The Founding Father of Optometry. Charles F. Prentice is the founding father of optometry. Originally from England but later having moved to the United States, Prentice originally caused a scandal for charging for an eye exam.
- 8. IN THE UNITED STATES, THE FIRST COLLEGE OF OPTOMETRY IN THE WORLD WAS ESTABLISHED IN ILLINOIS IN 1872 FOLLOWED BY THE NEW ENGLAND COLLEGE OF OPTOMETRY IN 1894.
- 9. OPTOMETRY IN INDIA WAS STARTED IN THE YEAR 1958 WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST SCHOOLS AT- GANDHI EYE HOSPITAL,Aligarh SAROJINI DEVI EYE HOSPITAL,Hyderabad
- 10. Realizing the necessity of an OPTOMETRY college in jorhat DR.NARAYAN BORDOLOI started a college with 'CHANDRAPRABHA EYE HOSPITAL’ (the first NABH EYE hospital in NORTH-EAST)
- 11. Sir Ridley invented intraocular LENS AND PIONEERED INTRAOCULAR LENS SURGERY FOR CATARACT PATIENTS. Sir Nicholas Harold Lloyd Ridley
- 12. CARRER OPTIONS AFTER B.OPTOMETRY HIGHER STUDIES • MASTER DEGREE • PhD MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES • OPTICAL INDUSTRY • CONTACT LENS INDUSTRY • OPTHALMIC EQUIPMENTS INDUSTRY HOSPITALS/CLINICS • PRIVATE HOSPITALS • PRIVATE CLINICS • GOVT.HOSPITALS
- 13. OWN PRACTICE • OPTOMETRY CLINIC • OPTICAL SHOP TEACHING • OPTOMETRY SCHOOLS/COLLEGES RESEACH • EYE CARE • PUBLIC HEALTH
- 15. OPTOMETRISTS VS. OPTHALMOLOGIST VS. OPTICIAN • Eye exams,dispense contact lenses & glasses and orthoptic regiment.Optometrist • Perform major eye surgery and prescribe medicines.Opthalmologist • Fit eye glasses and contact lenses • Follow prescriptions by optometrits and opthalmologists. Optician (dispensing)
- 18. The Optometry Council of India (OCI) is a self – regulatory body that was established in September 2012 under the Company Act and registered under the company act 25A( Not- for- profit company). This organization was formed with the help of Indian Optometry Federation (IOF) and Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry (ASCO)
- 19. It has nine member board consisting of- Three members from Indian Optometry Federation ( IOF). Three members from Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry (ASCO). A representative from Non – Government Organization who is active in eye care sector. A member involved with experience in community health programs. An active member from the health care sector of good standing
- 20. THE CURRENT PROJECTS ARE Accreditation of optometry schools/colleges. Accrediting Continuing Education (CE) programs. Advocacy of the profession. Improving public awareness about eyecare. Public Awareness about standards in optometry.
- 21. Benefit of OCI in OPTOMETRY - Setting uniform standards . Regulating the profession. Enhancing placement opportunities for registered optometrists. Providing skill development and continuing education. Registering students qualifying from institutes accredited by OCI.
- 22. PERKS OF BEING AN OPTOMETRISTS Can do own practice Noble profession This profession gives immense satisfaction by curing patients suffering from one of their most vital body parts- ‘THE EYE’ Good pay High in demand