Accommodative esotropia is a condition where the eyes are unable to align simultaneously under normal viewing conditions, causing one eye to turn inward. It is caused by an overactive focusing system due to uncorrected farsightedness or an exaggerated focusing response. Symptoms include double vision, eyestrain, and difficulty reading. Treatment begins with prescription glasses and may include vision therapy exercises or rarely surgery to improve eye alignment and coordination.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
In the request of my viewers, I have compiled my works here in a website. Visit this website (healthkura.com) to freely download this presentation along with other tons of presentations. Some useful links are given here.____Remember___healthkura.com
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
- Pleoptics
- Near activities
- Active stimulation therapy using CAM vision stimulator
- Syntonic phototherapy
- Role of perceptual learning
- Binocular stimulation
- Software-based active treatments
- Exposure to dark
- Pharmacological Therapy
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
In the request of my viewers, I have compiled my works here in a website. Visit this website (healthkura.com) to freely download this presentation along with other tons of presentations. Some useful links are given here.____Remember___healthkura.com
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
- Pleoptics
- Near activities
- Active stimulation therapy using CAM vision stimulator
- Syntonic phototherapy
- Role of perceptual learning
- Binocular stimulation
- Software-based active treatments
- Exposure to dark
- Pharmacological Therapy
Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/presbyopia-near-addition/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Presbyopia and techniques of measurement
A fantastic presentation in the topic "Presbyopia and techniques of measurement"
A detailed information about presbyopia, techniques of presbyopic add determination and different correction methods.
Informative slide presentation on presbyopia for ophthalmology residents, ophthalmologists, optometrists, ophthalmic assistants, ophthalmic technicians, ophthalmic nurses, medical students, medical professors, teaching guides.
Presentation Contents:
--Introduction to presbyopia
-Types of presbyopia
-Risk factors
-Symptoms and signs
-Refractive error and presbyopia
-Methods of determining near add.
-Management of presbyopia
In a nutshell..
- The evaluation and management of presbyopia are important because significant functional deficits can occur when the condition is left untreated
- Undercorrected or uncorrected presbyopia can cause significant visual disability and have a negative impact on the pt.'s quality of life
- Finally, every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient
For Further Reading:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...Bikash Sapkota
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD FULL PPT ❤❤ https://healthkura.com/measurement-of-accommodation-of-eye/ ❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
Amplitude, Facility,
Relative Accommodation, Fatigue, Lag,
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
-dioptric adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye
- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
-process by which the refractive power of eye is altered
- to ensure a clear retinal image
For further reading
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
Ever wonder what lazy eye means? What is amblyopia? How do you get it? How do you treat it? This presentation will walk you through this functional vision problem so you can understand what lazy eye is and how you can be successfully treated by your developmental optometrist no matter your age.
Convergence insufficiency is one of the most frequently encountered binocular vision problem in children and adults. It is often associated with a variety of symptoms, including eyestrain, headaches, blurred vision, diplopia [double vision], sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, movement of print while reading, and loss of comprehension after short periods of reading or performing close activities. Have your doctor diagnose and treat this significant visual problem.
Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/presbyopia-near-addition/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Presbyopia and techniques of measurement
A fantastic presentation in the topic "Presbyopia and techniques of measurement"
A detailed information about presbyopia, techniques of presbyopic add determination and different correction methods.
Informative slide presentation on presbyopia for ophthalmology residents, ophthalmologists, optometrists, ophthalmic assistants, ophthalmic technicians, ophthalmic nurses, medical students, medical professors, teaching guides.
Presentation Contents:
--Introduction to presbyopia
-Types of presbyopia
-Risk factors
-Symptoms and signs
-Refractive error and presbyopia
-Methods of determining near add.
-Management of presbyopia
In a nutshell..
- The evaluation and management of presbyopia are important because significant functional deficits can occur when the condition is left untreated
- Undercorrected or uncorrected presbyopia can cause significant visual disability and have a negative impact on the pt.'s quality of life
- Finally, every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient
For Further Reading:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...Bikash Sapkota
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD FULL PPT ❤❤ https://healthkura.com/measurement-of-accommodation-of-eye/ ❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
Amplitude, Facility,
Relative Accommodation, Fatigue, Lag,
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
-dioptric adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye
- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
-process by which the refractive power of eye is altered
- to ensure a clear retinal image
For further reading
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
Ever wonder what lazy eye means? What is amblyopia? How do you get it? How do you treat it? This presentation will walk you through this functional vision problem so you can understand what lazy eye is and how you can be successfully treated by your developmental optometrist no matter your age.
Convergence insufficiency is one of the most frequently encountered binocular vision problem in children and adults. It is often associated with a variety of symptoms, including eyestrain, headaches, blurred vision, diplopia [double vision], sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, movement of print while reading, and loss of comprehension after short periods of reading or performing close activities. Have your doctor diagnose and treat this significant visual problem.
Lazy Eye, Eye Turns and Other Functional Vision DisordersDominick Maino
This is a presentation that will be given to the GreenParent Network conference attendees of Chicago's Green Family Festival, April 17 & 18, at the Irish American Heritage Center.
Descriptive power point lecture for geriatic carers highlighting basic anatomy and basic facts about the eye and eye problems ;Aging and the eye, common eye disorders, symptoms and signs,
care of the eyes and prevention of blindness and injury for the elderly,
care of the eyes for the blind or visually impaired elderly and mobility concerns for the blind and visually impaired.
This PowerPoint presentation serves as a comprehensive resource on strabismus, an ocular condition characterized by the misalignment of the eyes. By addressing various aspects of strabismus, including its causes, types, diagnosis, treatment, and patient care, this presentation offers valuable insights for healthcare professionals, researchers, and individuals seeking a deeper understanding of the condition.
The presentation begins with an introduction, providing a clear definition of strabismus and a brief historical background to set the context. It then delves into the anatomy and physiology of the ocular system, explaining the intricate mechanisms of eye movements, the role of extraocular muscles, and the pathways involved in visual perception.
To facilitate a comprehensive understanding, the etiology and classification of strabismus are thoroughly explored. The presentation differentiates between congenital and acquired strabismus, comitant and incomitant forms, and primary and secondary manifestations. Specific etiological factors that contribute to strabismus development are also discussed, shedding light on the diverse causes behind this condition.
Clinical features and symptoms associated with strabismus are highlighted to familiarize the audience with the manifestations of misalignment. These include binocular vision impairments, amblyopia (commonly known as lazy eye), diplopia (double vision), and the overall impact of strabismus on patients' quality of life. Understanding these aspects is crucial in recognizing the functional and psychosocial consequences of strabismus and emphasizes the importance of timely intervention.
The diagnostic evaluation section provides insights into the tools and techniques used to diagnose strabismus accurately. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination is explained, along with specific tests such as the cover-uncover test, alternate cover test, prism cover test, and various imaging techniques that aid in the assessment and quantification of eye misalignment.
Treatment modalities for strabismus are discussed, encompassing both non-surgical and surgical interventions. Non-surgical approaches include spectacle correction, patching therapy to treat amblyopia, pharmacological agents for specific cases, and vision therapy aimed at enhancing binocular vision and eye coordination. Surgical interventions are explored in detail, including indications, considerations, and an overview of different surgical techniques employed to correct eye misalignment.
The presentation highlights the importance of management strategies in strabismus care. Early intervention, particularly in cases involving amblyopia, is emphasized as a means to optimize treatment outcomes. The multidisciplinary approach involving collaboration between ophthalmologists, optometrists, orthoptists, and other healthcare professionals is underscored for comprehensive patient care. The long-term follow-up and monitoring required to address patients....
When you or your child has an eye turn all too often the first recommendation for intervention is surgery. You should know the outcomes, risks and complications associated with this surgical procedure and alternative ways to manage these problems.
A congenital opacity of the crystalline lens. Cloudiness in the lens of the eye that is present at, or develops shortly after birth. Congenital cataracts are also the most frequent cause of leukocoria (white pupil) in children.
Strabismus basic for ophthalmic assistant student Vinitkumar MJ
what esotropia ?
what is exotropia ?
what is hypertropia ?
what is hypotropia ?
what is the difference between phoria & tropia ?
what latent squint ?
what is phoria ?
what is manifest squint ?
My students and I wrote several translations of how to conduct an eye examination (mostly my students since my language skills are not very good!). I know there are many ways, and perhaps better ways to ask these questions, but this could be a starting point. Feel free to adapt this to your needs and to make this even better. Please share when you do.
My students and I wrote several translations of how to conduct an eye examination (mostly my students since my language skills are not very good!). I know there are many ways, and perhaps better ways to ask these questions, but this could be a starting point. Feel free to adapt this to your needs and to make this even better. Please share when you do.
Let me know what you think. (dmaino@ico.edu).
Neuroplasticity and Vision Therapy for Adults; A Case SeriesDominick Maino
This poster was presented at the American Optometric Association's Annual meeting in Boston, MA 06/2016
The bottom line:
The visual cortex has the capacity for experience dependent change (neuroplasticity) throughout life. Unfortunately, when it comes to the adult with binocular vision problems, this is not always recognized as being true even though there is strong clinical evidence to suggest a high level of adult neuroplasticity. Current research shows that adults tend to have numerous anomalies associated with the binocular vision system especially within certain populations. This case series demonstrates how those even approaching 70 years of age can benefit from optometric vision therapy.
Current Clinical Case Reorts & Research You Should Incorporate into Your Mode...Dominick Maino
Dominick Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD-A
Moderator
Featuring the Best of AOA's 2016 Poster Presentations
Saturday, July 2nd 8-10AM
Five of the very best, clinically relevant posters were chosen to be given during the American Optometric Association meeting in Boston in 2016. These posters were chosen by the AOA Poster Committee (Dr. Dominick M. Maino, Chair).
PDF Handout: D Maino: Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special N...Dominick Maino
This is a copy of my handout of the lecture given in class today. (Copyright 2016). You may download and use this for any non-commercial educational purpose.
Writing the Perfect Poster Abstract in 20 Minutes or LessDominick Maino
One of the easiest ways to begin your publishing career is to present a poster during one of the many annual meetings held by professional optometry. These meetings include but are not limited to the College of Optometrists in Vision Development, American Academy of Optometry and the American Optometric Association. This presentation reviews the step by step process involved in writing an abstract that will be accepted for presentation by these and other organizations most of the time. Once the abstract is written, you are one third of the way to making a significant contribution to the optometric literature. The other two thirds include, creating the poster and writing the final paper to be submitted to an appropriate journal for publication (the last two topics will be addressed at other meetings and/or within future VDR articles). You are encouraged to bring information for a case report and/or case series that you wish to use for a poster in the future.
This course presents the latest information concerning cortical visual impairment, its etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Various topics reviewed include cortical vs cerebral visual impairment, ventral/dorsal visual streams, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity. Also discussed are various retinoscopy techniques, overlapping functional vision disorders, and visual stimulation/therapy for these disorders.
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, the participant will:
Be able to identify cortical vs cerebral visual impairment
Be able to access various vision functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, oculomotor and accommodative disorders
Be able to treat the diagnosed vision problems with all the tools available to the optometrist (spectacles, low vision devices, vision rehabilitative techniques)
Be aware of and use outside resources to supplement and add to any therapeutic interventions recommended
AOA "There's More to 3D than Meets the Eye"Dominick Maino
The American Optometric Association did an awesome job in making a potentially hard to understand topic...easier to understand. If you have problems with viewing 3D, please review this PowerPoint presentation.
A,B,V's of School Performance: Academics, Behavior and VisionDominick Maino
This presentation is geared towards teachers and professional teaching staff, but can also be adapted for parents and others. It reviews the three O's of eye care (Optometry, Ophthalmology, Optician), the optometric examination, learning related vision problems and more.
060915 current research that you should incorporate into yourDominick Maino
Current Research that You Should Incorporate into Your Mode of Practice Now!
Dominick Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD‐A
Moderator
Featuring the Best of AOA's 2015 Poster Presentations
Jun‐27‐2015 8:00AM ‐ 10:00AM
Optic Nerve Head Drusen: A Myriad of Presentations
Jennifer L. Jones, Sylvia E. Sparrow, Christina Grosshans
Validation Study of New LCD‐Based Contrast Sensitivity Testing Method
Sarah Henderson, Jeung H Kim, Paul Harris
Bilateral Cystoid Macular Edema in Retinitis Pigmentosa and its Management
Lindsay T. Gibney
An ODE to Optic Disc Edema
Kelli Theisen
Is Binocular Balancing with Subjective Refraction a thing of the Past?
David Geffen
Optometry's Meeting 2015
Seattle, Washington
Maino D. Agenda Driven Research. Vis Dev Rehab 2015; 1(1):7-11.
Read the editorial.....
Conclusion
It is time for all to put aside our agendas,
our biases, our preconceived notions. It is time
to work together to determine best practices
even if it is contrary to prevailing opinion. The
world is not flat. Amblyopia can be treated at
any age. And optometric vision therapy is an
appropriate treatment modality for disorders of
he binocular vision system.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Accommodative Esotropia
Dominick M. Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD-A
Professor of Pediatrics/Binocular Vision
Illinois Eye Institute/Illinois College of Optometry
Optometrist, Lyons Family Eye Care
2. What is Accommodative Esotropia?
…Accommodative Esotropia is a condition (strabismus) in
which a person is unable to align both eyes simultaneously
under normal viewing conditions. When both eyes do not
point at an object at the same time, it results in the
appearance of one eye "turning" inwards in relation to the
other. This eye turning may be constant, in which an eye
turns all the time, or it may be intermittent. It may also
alternate so that either eye turns at any given time
3. What causes an
Accommodative Esotropia?
…Accommodative Esotropia is caused by an overactive
focusing (accommodation) system. This may occur because
of a moderate to high amount of hyperopia (farsightedness).
When you try to compensate for the uncorrected
farsightedness by using your focusing system an eye turn
inwards results. Neurologically when you focus, your eyes
also turn in and conversely, when your eyes turns in, your
focusing system is activated as well.
4. What causes an
Accommodative Esotropia?
…Accommodative Esotropia is also caused by a focusing
(accommodation) system that over-reacts to a stimulus even
when minimal refractive error is present (only small amounts
of farsightedness). Let’s say that for a near task, “X” amount
of focusing is needed, but with accommodative esotropia
much more focusing results, which in turn causes an eye
turn inward.
5. What causes an
Accommodative Esotropia?
…So Accommodative Esotropia can be caused by…
1.) Uncorrected Farsightedness (hyperopia)
2.) Over-reaction of the focusing system even when only
small amounts of refractive error is present.
(High accommodation-convergence accommodation ratio AC/A)
6. When does Accommodative
Esotropia Occur?
…Accommodative Esotropia usually starts between the
ages of 2 and 4 years. It can appear intermittently
(occasionally) and then more and more frequently until
it becomes a constant inward eye turn.
7. What is a Pseudostrabismus?
…A Pseudostrabismus (false eye turn) can fool parents
and doctors so that they believe an eye turn is present
when there is no eye turn. This is usually noted in
infants where the bridge of the nose and other
anatomical features around the eyes give the impression
an eye turn is present. If, as a parent, you think an eye
turn is present, always bring your child in for a
comprehensive vision examination.
Evident epicanthal
folds
Pseudostrabismu
s
Light reflex central
Flat nose bridge
8. What Symptoms are Associated
with Accommodative Esotropia?
…Accommodative Esotropia… is often associated with a
variety of symptoms, including seeing double (diplopia),
difficulty judging distances, eyestrain, headaches,
blurred vision, sleepiness, difficulty concentrating,
movement of print while reading, and loss of
comprehension after short periods of reading or
performing close activities. … A person with a constant
eye turn may only notice a few of these symptoms or
none at all…. Children do not always tell you if
symptoms are present.
9. What is the Prevalence of
Accommodative Esotropia?
…The estimated prevalence of strabismus in the general
population is from 2 to 5%
…5 to 15 million individuals in the United States may
have this condition
…..About 2% of the population has an accommodative
esotropia
10. At What Age Can You Treat
Strabismus?
Despite what you may hear from those who
have not kept up with the latest research,
strabismus can be treated AT ANY AGE!
Children, Adults and Seniors
may all benefit from treatment.
11. How Do You Treat Strabismus?
Treatment always starts with the best prescription
glasses possible. These glasses may include
bifocals and prism. Both can help the eye stay
straighter. This prescription may change over time
as the functional vision problems improve.
12. How Do You Treat Strabismus?
Optometric vision therapy
Vision therapy is a doctor-supervised, non-surgical, customized program
of therapeutic procedures designed to prevent, remediate, and/or enhance
vision problems and/or improve visual skills.
Vision therapy can include the use of lenses, prisms, filters, computerized
procedures and non-computerized instrumentation. The goal of vision
therapy is to treat vision problems that cannot usually be treated
successfully with eyeglasses, contact lenses and/or surgery alone, and help
individuals of all ages achieve single, clear, comfortable binocular (two-eyed)
vision using the scientific principles of neuroplasticity.
13. How Do You Treat Strabismus?
Surgery
Unfortunately, many doctors recommend surgical
intervention before trying other forms of treatment such
as glasses and vision therapy. Surgery is always an
option, but should usually be the last thing suggested
and not the first.
14. How Do You Treat Strabismus?
If surgery is recommended by your doctor, probably the best
approach is what is used by other specialties. If your doctor
was recommending a knee replacement, he would usually
have you do physical therapy and other pre-surgical
activities first, then the surgery and finally more physical
therapy. Unfortunately, this seldom happens when you have
strabismus surgery. Strabismus surgery, especially for
accommodative esotropia, should probably be the last
treatment option considered and not the first. The treatment
sequence should then be vision therapy, surgery (if needed),
and then post-op vision therapy.
15. Strabismus Therapy FAQs
If needed, surgical intervention may be recommended between monocular
and biocular or biocular and binocular phases.
Glasses
Monocular
Often
includes
bifocals
and prism
• Hand-eye
• Focusing
• Eye
movement
Biocular
• Same as
noted in
monocular
phase and
antisuppression
Binocular
• Same as
noted
previously
plus
convergence
and
divergence
therapy
Integration
&
Stabilization
• Hand-eye, eye
movement,
focusing,
convergence
and divergence
therapy done
simultaneously
16. Vision Therapy FAQs
Tell me about home vision therapy
Home vision therapy can vary from doctor to
doctor. I recommend a minimum of 20 to 30
minutes per day, 5 days per week. Some doctors
do not prescribe home vision therapy, but I find
that the in office therapy program progresses at a
faster rate of speed if home therapy is conducted.
17. Vision Therapy FAQs
Tell me about in-office vision therapy
In-office vision therapy can also vary from
doctor to doctor. I recommend one
therapy session per week for 45 minutes.
National Institutes of Health, National Eye Institute
supported clinical trials have shown in-office vision
therapy to be the most successful therapy for binocular
vision problems.
18. Vision Therapy FAQs
What does vision therapy cost?
This will vary from office to office but is
comparable in cost to occupational, physical,
and/or speech/language therapy. Some offices
charge for each individual visit while others have
a “program” similar to that of having braces
applied by your dentist.
19. Vision Therapy FAQs
Does insurance cover the cost of vision therapy?
Yes. No. Maybe. Some time ago most insurance
would have picked up about 80% of the cost. Then
my impression was that the insurance companies
just seemed to stop reimbursement for therapy. Now
they are once again picking up some of the cost.
Know your insurance policy. Do not take “NO” for an
answer. Your doctor’s office will usually assist you
when it comes to insurance, but it is ultimately your
responsibility.
20. Strabismus FAQs
Where do I learn more about strabismus?
Go to:
American Optometric Association:
Care of the Patient with Strabismus: Esotropia and Exotropia
College of Optometrists in Vision Development:
STRABISMUS AND AMBLYOPIA; Esotropia
21. Vision Therapy FAQs
Where do I learn more about treatment, especially
from a parent’s or patient’s point of view?
Go to:
Parents Active in Vision Education
Vision Therapy Parents Unite!
Vision Therapy Changed My Life
Convergence Deficiency/Insufficiency
Living with Diplopia
22. Vision Therapy FAQs
Where can I get additional information on pediatrics,
binocular vision, vision therapy, children wearing
glasses and more?
MainosMemos
Vision Therapy at Lyons Family Eye Care
VisionHelp blog
COVD blog
Discovering Vision Therapy blog
Wow Vision Therapy blog
SOVOTO
Little Four Eyes
24. FAQs
Where can I get additional help?
Call or email us at Lyons Family Eye Care.
Lyons Family Eye Care
3250 N. Lincoln Ave.
Chicago, IL 60657
Click here to view a map of our location
Phone Number: 773-935-2020
Email: info@lyonsfamilyeyecare.com
“LIKE” us at Vision Therapy at Lyons Family Eye Care
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25. LFEC FAQs
Where can I get additional help?
More information about Lyons Family Eye Care
Wild Chicago
Harlem Shake
Artists LFEC Jingle
“LIKE” us at Vision Therapy at Lyons Family Eye Care
“LIKE” us at Lyons Family Eye Care
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