A report by Miss Nilea Louise Morales and Miss Shahida Karim Mastura. Stucture of the English Language - Phonetics

1. ...Is concerned with
describing the speech
sounds that occur in the
languages of the world .

2. … looks at the physical processes
Articulatory involved in the production Auditory
Acoustic of speech
Phonetics sounds by speakers.
Phonetics Phonetics
A. Production of SPEECH
1. Airstream Mechanisms
SOUNDS
2. Vocal Tract
B. Phonetic
1. International
Alphabet
2. English

3. a) Pulmonic Egressive
b) Pulmonic Ingressive
A. Production of SPEECH
c) Velaric Egressive
1. Airstream Mechanisms
SOUNDS
d) Velaric Ingressive
e) Glottalic Egressive
f) Glottalic Ingressive

4. A. Production of SPEECH
2. Vocal Tract SOUNDS
Hard Soft
Palate Center
Palate
Alveolar Front Back
Ridge Root
Tip
TONGUE Uvula
Upper Lip
Lower Lip
Larynx
Upper Teeth
Lower Teeth
Lower Surface
Upper

5. Bilabial Labio- Dental LabiodentalPostal- Retroflex Alveolar Velar
Bilabial Alveolar Dental Palatal Palatal
Uvular Velar
Pharyn- Glottal
Glottal
dental veolar
B. Phonetic geal
Nasal
Plosive
1. International Alphabet
Nasal
Stop
Trill
Fricative
Tap or
Flap
Fricative
Glide
Lateral
Fricative
Liquid
Approxi-
Mant
Lateral
Approxi-
Affricate
2. English
mant tʃ dʒ

6. onan
Bilabi
Articulati
cin
Articulati
Voicing
Obstructing the airstream completely in the oral
Stops …is cavity; [p] [b]together; [p] [b] [m] the
Bringing two lips [t] [d]vibration of
controlling the [k] [g] [ʔ]
al
Labiod vocal cords as air of Articulation
Place passes through to
Lowering the bottom lip to the upper teeth; [f] [v]
Touching speech sounds.the airstream pass
make velum and letting
Nasal
g on
on
ental primarily through the nasal cavity; [m]is [ŋ]
the particular Articulation
Manner of way it [n]
…is where the airstream is
ts
Dent of the TongueInsertingmost obstructed.the upper and lower
Attitude the tongue between
obstructed. from flowing freely while
alFricati Voiced Obstructing airstream [] [ð]
Voiceless
teeth;
ALveo not it is not completely stopped;
Vowe
Lip Rounding
ve Raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar
…are produced with[f][d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] closure
[s] [z] some[θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ]or
[v] restriction
lar & Triphthongs Stoppingridge; [t]
Affricat in the vocal tract . airstream completely and then
Palat
Diphthongs the
releasing the articulatorsthe tonguethat friction is
Raising the front part of slightly so to a point on
al e
Tenseness theproduced; [tʃ] [dʒ] [č]
hard palate; [š] [ž]
VelaGlide Raising closure of the articulators;the [w] [ʍ] [h]
Slight the back of the tongue to [j] soft palate;
ls
Lengthening
r [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glott Liqui The tongue and the articulators in the not narrow
Obstruction by lips are usually but is position for
Nasalization
al d the production of the airflow; [l] [r]
enough to stop following vowel

7. Attitude of
Nasali
henin
enes
hong
Roun vowel + glide
zation
the Tongue
aj
ding
sg aI Higha aw j I
Triph
Vowel
Nasal
Rounded
tense
long
vowels
Height
[e]
…occur BEFORE nasal consonants in any
syllable.
[i] Mid [u] [o]
thong
Low
…are articulated without complete closure in the
diphthong + schwa
oral cavity and without sufficient narrowing to
create friction.
Front
aIə
s
Vowel
ORAL= player
unRounded
SHORT
lax
Frontness
VOWELS
central
…occur = poweroral consonants.
[I] [ɛ] [ʊ]
a ə BEFORE Iə = loyal
[ɔ]
back

8. …focuses on the physical properties
Articulatory of sound.
Acoustic Auditory
Phonetics Phonetics Phonetics
Soundwaves Machine
# Characteristics # Spectrographs
Analysis
1. Frequency 1. Spectrogram
2. Amplitude 2. Formants
# Types # Waveforms
1. Periodic
2. Aperiodic

9. Ordina
te Peak
C
Vibrations Propagation Medium Soundwave
Absciss
a Freque
Soundwaves ncy Amplit
#BCharacteristics …indicates how close the
ude
waves are together.
Frequency …measured in cycles per
One
second (cps), or Hertz (Hz).
Cycle
A …is the maximum distance the
Amplitude
Trough
waves move from the starting
point between the point of rest

10. Machine Analysis
Soundwaves
# Types
# # Waveform
Spectrograph …show the pulses
…allows measurement and analysis
corresponding to each
…have regular repeated vocal
vibration of the
of frequency, duration, transitions
patterns. cords.
Periodic Waves speech sounds.quality.
…have musical
between …is the output of a
Spectrogram …are associated most likely
spectrograph. sonorants.
with vowels and
…certain frequencies in the
Formants spectrogram that are indicated
…have less musical quality.
AperiodicFundamental Frequency marks. frequency at
Waves by dark …the
…help characterize obstruents.
which the vocal cords
are vibrating; (F0)
Formant Frequencies …resonances above

11. ... focuses on the perception of sounds
or the way in which sounds are heard
Articulatory Acoustic
and interpreted. Auditory
Phonetics Phonetics Phonetics
Parts of the Auditory
System

12. Parts of the Auditory
System
Semicircular
Canals
Auricle /
Parts
Pinna of the AuditoryAnvil Vestibule
System Mallet Auditory
Nerve
Cochlea
Meatus Stirrup Eustachian
Eardrum Tube