phones, phonemes, and allophones

1. Topic 3:
Phones,
Phonemes,
and
Allophones
 Place of Articulation
 Manner of Articulation
 Definitions of phones and
phonemes
 Vowel Nasalization in English as
an Illustration of Allophones
 Allophones of /t/
Discussant: Irish Claire Espiña

2. What is required for
sound
production?

3. Sound production requires
two things:
Power/energy source
Vibrating element

4. WHAT IS
ARTICULATION?

5. ARTICULATION
– It is the act of expressing something
in a coherent verbal form, or an
aspect of pronunciation involving
the articulatory organs

6.  Articulatory Organs:
o Tongue
o Lips
o Teeth
o Alveolar ridge (gums behind upper teeth)
o Soft Palate
o Hard Palate
o Velum/uvula

7. Place
of Articulation
• Classification of Consonant
Sounds by Place of Articulation

8. BILABIAL
–Both lips come together.
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
[b] [p] [m] [w]
boy people man wet

9. LABIODENTAL:
–Lower lip and upper teeth make
contact.
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
[v] [f]
velvet fence

10. ALVEOLAR:
– The tongue makes contact with the
alveolar ridge.
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l]
top deer soap
zip nap lap

11. DENTALS/
INTERDENTALS
–Made by placing the tongue
against or between the teeth.
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
[th] [ð] eth
[θ] theta
that this loathe bathe

12. PALATAL:
–Made when the center of the
tongue approaches the palate.

13.  Voiceless Sounds:
[tʃ]= /ch/ [ʃ] = /sh/
cherry chalk ship shoe
 Voiced Sound:
[g]
rouge judge George
 Palatal Glide:
[j] = yod
you cube onion yet

14. VELAR
–Made when the back of the
tongue touches the velum.
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
[k] [g] [ŋ]=engma
kid go rolling sung

15. GLOTTAL
–Primary constriction is at the
glottis.
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
[h]
hat harp hunt

16. MANNER
OF
ARTICULATION
• Classification of Consonants
by Manner of Articulation

17. STOPS
–Also called the “Plosives”
– produced by complete closure
of the lips and subsequent
release
[p] [b]
pen bed

18. FRICATIVES
–Produced by almost blocking
the airstream
[f] [v] [ð] [s] [θ] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]
fish those shoe casual

19. AFFRICATES
–Can be describe as “STOPS” +
“FRICATIVES”
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
ch=[tʃ] j=[dʒ]
church chapter lunch
germ edge journal

20. NASALS
– Produced when the vellum is lowered
and the airstream is allowed to flow out
through the nose
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
[m] [n] [ŋ]
morning knitting name

21. LIQUIDS & GLIDES
–Both terms describe articulations
that are mid-way between true
consonants and vowels
[l] [r]
life like red rest

22. What’s the difference
between phones and
phonemes?

23. PHONES vs. PHONEMES
o PHONES
– Any distinct speech sound
or gesture, regardless of
whether the exact sound
is critical to the meanings
of words.
– Transcribed within
brackets [m] [n]
oPHONEMES
– A minimal unit that
serves to distinguish
between word
meanings
– Transcribed within
slashes /m/ /n/

24. PHONES
Example:
A. pin
B. spin
The change never affects the meaning of a word in
English so they are classified as phones and not
phonemes.
ASPIRATED
[pʰ]
UN-ASPIRATED
[pʰIn]
remains as [spIn]

25. PHONEMES
Consider the following sentence:
(1) /ðə kæt ɪz ɒn ðə mæt/
the cat is on the mat
If we change the first consonant of the noun cat and insert /h/ instead
we get the sentence:
(2) /ðə hæt ɪz ɒn ðə mæt/
the hat is on the mat.
which does not have the same meaning.
The two strings of sound [kæt], and [hæt] differ only because of their
initial sound and thus are potentially two different words.
The substitution of one sound for another changes the meaning
completely.

26. PHONEMES
Now if we say:
(3) a. the cat is on the mat
b. the mat is on the cat
 Is there a difference in sound?
 Is there a difference in meaning?
Obviously the set of sounds uttered in (3a) and (3b) is identical. So the
difference lies in the order in which these sounds appear: /k/ and /m/
permute in (3b). We see that the order of appearance can alter meaning.
In (3a) and (3b) the relationship between the cat and the mat is inverted.
In our examples we produce
in a string of sounds. These segments are called phonemes.

27. Vowel Nasalization in
English as
an Illustration of
Allophones
English Vowels

28. Vowel Nasalization in English as
an Illustration of Allophones
 Vowels become nasalized when
followed by nasals.
WHAT ARE THESE NASALS?
[m] [n] [ŋ]

29. WORDS
be [bi] bead [bid] bean [bĩn]
lay [le] lace [les] lame [lẽm]
baa [bæ] bad [bæd] bang [bæ ̃ŋ]
Vowel Nasalization in English as
an Illustration of Allophones
Oral vowels
Non nasal consonants
Nasalized vowels
Nasal consonants
 Oral vowels occur before non nasal consonants.
 Nasalized vowels occur before nasal consonants.

30.  Whether you speak or hear the vowel in bean with or without
nasalization does not matter. bean pronounced [bĩn] and bean
pronounced [bin] would convey the same word, because
nasalization is an inessential difference insofar as what the word
actually is, we tend to be unaware of it.
 Contrast this situation with a change in vowel height. For
example, the words bead and bad. The [i] in bead and the [æ] in
bad are sounds from different phonemes. Substitute one for
another and you get a different word (or no word).
Vowel Nasalization in English as
an Illustration of Allophones

31. ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS

32. ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS

33. NOTE:

35. ALLOPHONES OF /T/
 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme.
Aspirated [tʰ]
Phonemes /t/ Un-aspirated [t] Allophones
Flap[ɾ]
 The aspirated [tʰ] occurs at the beginning of a word or a stressed
syllable tick [tʰɪk]
 The un-aspirated [t] occurs directly before or after /s/
stick [stɪk]
 The flap [ɾ] occurs between a stressed vowel and an unstressed vowel.
bitter [bɪɾər]

36. Examples:
 letter = [let̬ər]
 get in = [ɡet̬ ɪn]
 thirty = [θɜrt̬i]
 flutter = [flʌt̬ər]
 stop = [stap]
 stew = [stu]
 step = [step]
 steer = [stɪr]
 top = [tʰap]
 tan = [tʰæn]
 tip = [tʰɪp]
 ten = [tʰen]

38. https://allthingslinguistic.Com/post/143133795554/how-to-remember-the-
ipa-consonant-chart
https://pronuncian.Com/when-t-doesnt-sound-like-t/
https://www.Slideshare.Net/internationalcatlady/phonetics-the-sounds-of-
language-26216641
https://calleteach.Wordpress.Com/2010/01/10/sounds-of-english-nasals-
liquids-glides/
https://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=69dwhug2f7s
http://www.Antimoon.Com/how/flap-t.Htm
https://www.Wordnik.Com/words/aspirate
https://myefe.Com/transcription-pronunciation
https://www.Bing.Com/search?Q=phone+phonetics&form=qsre6
REFERENCES

39. Let’s PLAY
This zebra has been bought by the zoo.

40. Let’s PLAY
She is very interested in environmental
issues.

41. Let’s PLAY
Can I leave my backpack at reception?

42. Let’s PLAY
Red is my favorite color.

43. Let’s PLAY
The runner crossed the finishing line.