Assessment Of Spatial Distribution Of Petrol Filling Stations In Urban Area (Ilorin West LGA)

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Distribution and location of public facilities play a key role in supporting and
harmonizing other land uses in spatial urban setting. Obateru (2002), is of the opinion
that the functional and efficiency of urban centres considerably depends on the
provision of adequate and standard public facilities.
Location of incompatible land uses is of risk to the users and the environment at
large which calls for check and control, petrol filling station as the focus of study pose
risk to safety and healthy living of inhabitant of its adjacent land uses if set standard are
not observed. Enrique González (Dec, 2010) asserted that air around petrol filling
station is polluted with hydrocarbon gasses to the extent of 100m radius around, and
exposure to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dispense in petrol filling stations
can bring about a variety of adverse health effects, including asthma, headaches,
mucosal symptoms (Steinemann, 2008) and, in some cases e.g. benzene, an increased
risk of cancer (Ott et al., 1978; Lynge et al., 1997).
The increase in establishment of petrol filling station particularly in urban area
is hazardous to the environment and human due to the evaporation, emission, and
spillage of petroleum products in the filling station causing air, underground water
and land pollutions of the immediate environment. Afolabi et.al, (2011) foreseen a
disaster awaiting occurrence due to increasing in hazard level caused by increasing in
indiscriminate location of petrol filling stations which also have effect on traffic flow
and adjoining land uses.
Study of spatial location of petrol filling station has undergone different
dimensions over years, many researchers have studies different aspects of spatial

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distribution of petrol filling stations; Hamidn et al (2009), Site Potentiality of Petrol
Stations Based on Traffic Counts; Isabel M. M. Terrés, el at al (Aug, 2010), Assessing
the impact of petrol stations on their immediate surroundings; Dukiya J.J. (2011),
Spatial Analysis of Petrol Filling Stations in Minna Metropolis; Malte Schwoon
(2011), A Tool to Optimize the Initial Distribution of Hydrogen Filling Stations; etc
all these have help to associate spatial location of petrol filling stations to different
interest of attributes.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Currently, petroleum products are the most used energy for automobiles,
machines, industrial plant, and alternative generating plants which make petroleum
products indispensable and highly demanded economic goods for everyday
sustainability. The high demand of petroleum products and effort of Federal Government
of Nigeria to curb fuel scarcity in the country by deregulating petroleum industry has
leads to increasing in number of petrol filling stations owned by NNPC, Multinational
Oil Companies, and Independent Petroleum Marketers.
In the struggle to establish petrol filling station by investors in the fully
developed urban setting, has led to conversion of different land uses to petrol filling
station, which resulted in indiscriminate location such as; petrol filling station on a rotary
point, petrol filling stations under power line, and sitting of petrol filling station closed to
each other, closed to road junction and closed to public facilities.
The resultant effect of indiscriminate location includes; obstruction of traffic
flow, on-street packing of petroleum tankers for offloading, over stress of road design
capacity with increase in number of petroleum tankers plying urban roads. Due to
these problems there have been; increase in travel time in the urban area, pollution,
occurrence and risk of fire outbreak, increase in road accidents induced by petrol

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filling stations. All these pose threat to healthy living, orderliness, and aesthetic of
urban settings which demand for check and control.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study will be confined to spatial distribution and compatibility
of petrol filling stations with the surrounding land uses in the study area while the size,
architectural design and supporting facilities provided in the filling stations are not of
consideration.
1.4 AIM
The aim of this study is to examine the spatial distribution of petrol filling
stations in Ilorin West LGA with a view to determining compliance with relevant Town
Planning regulations.
1.5 OBJECTIVES
To achieve the aim of the study, the objectives set are to:
I. Examine the spatial distribution of petrol filling stations in Ilorin West LGA.
II. Determine whether the petrol filling stations in Ilorin West LGA are located in
accordance with planning laws and regulations.
III. Identify the problems associated with improper location of petrol filling
stations in Ilorin West LGA.
IV. Proffer recommendation for space standard to be guiding establishment of
petrol filling stations.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION
Petrol filling station has a commercial land use cannot be watched growing
and competing for space in urban area due to its hazardous nature which call for check
in its establishments. The increasing rate of petrol filling station establishment is at

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alarming and going into climax of dominating commercial land use decorating street
apron. According to Obateru (2002), 1 or 2 petrol filling station(s) are expected to
occupied 0.3-0.4 hectare in a neighbourhood of 10,000 populations, therefore a range
of petrol filling stations are expected in urban area and Leewis Keeble (1968) is of the
view that service stations like filling station should be sited where the risk of danger
and traffic congestion could be control to its minimal level, and where it can be easily
identified and access by strangers.
In order to maintain safe, healthy, and orderly urban area, this research work is
to show the ill-effect of indiscriminate location of petrol filling stations on the
environment and the urban settings has it constitutes big problem than the problem of
fuel scarcity it meant to solve. Also this study would show the need to check the
establishment of petrol filling station in the study area so as to minimize the release of
volatile organic compounds and averts future disaster occurrence.
1.7 THE STUDY AREA
1.7.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREA
Kwara State was one of the pioneers twelve States created in Nigeria, on 27th
May, 1967. The state then consisted of the massive block of the then Ilorin and Kabba
provinces under the old Northern Region of Nigeria. The State later lost the three
Igala divisions, namely Idah, Dekinna, and Ankpa of the old Kabba Province, to the
creation of Benue State on 13th February, 1976. Kwara was eventually reduced to its
present size on 27th August, 1991 when the remaining part of Kabba Province
comprises Kogi, Okehi, Okenne, Oyi, and Yagba Local Government Areas was
further excised and merged with the three Igala division earlier mentioned to form the
present Kogi State, while Borgu Local Government Area was also excised and
merged with Niger State. (Kwara State Tourist Guide, 2013).

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Ilorin west Local Government Area was created from defunct Ilorin local
government Area in october1991, its headquarters is situated at Oja-Oba and is
regarded today as premier local council in the state, (Kwara state website).
1.7.2 THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTINGS
1.7.2.1 LOCATION
Nigeria is located on the latitude N9o
56ꞌꞌ
49.9524 and longitude E7o
58ꞌꞌ
33.8658,
Kwara state is located on the latitude 8o
and 10o
north and longitude 3o
and 6o
East
while Ilorin is 8o
30N, 4o
35E. Ilorin west Local Government Area is located in Ilorin
city with coordinate 8o
33ꞌꞌ
01N, 4o
33ꞌꞌ
00E surrounded by Ilorin east, Ilorin south,
Moro, Ifelodun, and Asa local governments areas with an area of 105 km² .
Figure 1.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Kwara State As Case Study.
Source: office of Surveyor General, Ilorin (2013)

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Figure 1.2: Map of Kwara State Showing Ilorin West As Case Study.
Source: office of Surveyor General, Ilorin (2013)
1.7.2.2 WEATHER AND CLIMATIC
The annual rain fall range from 1000mm to 1500mm in the study areas and the
months of December and January coincide with the cold and dry harmatan period
with two seasonal of wet and dry seasons. Average maximum temperatures vary
between 3000C and 3500C.
1.7.2.3 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE
The land around Asa-River is of gentle slope towards the river with the
remaining part of relatively flat gradient. The two major rivers are Asa-River and
Agba-River with numerous streams and springs.

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1.7.2.4 PEOPLE AND POPULATION
The principal groups residing in Ilorin west are the Yoruba and Fulani. The
skilled craftsmanship of the people of this central region has been evident for
centuries. Proponents of the craft of traditional textile weaving are also very
prominent: the Aso-oke style of hand-loomed cloth-making is world renowned.
Population in this context refers to the total number of people living in a
geographical area at a particular time and Ilorin West has a population of 365,834
according to 2006 census. The projected population for year 2013 with population
growth rate of 2.54 for 7 years would be 436,052.
1.7.2.5 SOIL AND VEGETATION
Majority parts of Ilorin west are sandy-clay soil with sandy soil in some area
Asa-dam area and large amount of clay around Okelele area used for pottery. The area
is of guinea savannah as the state is a middle belt between savannah and forest region
of the nation.
1.7.2.6 SOCIO – ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
The visible social activity in the study area is religion commitment of the
people during and after their daily activities and Christianity and Islamic are the
prominent religions. Also the people are of joyful and grateful heart celebrating every
activities of man from child birth to death such celebration includes birth day,
anniversary, marriage, house warming etc.
The economic characteristics of the people of Ilorin can be classified, into two
categories; the formal and informal sectors. The formal sector comprises government
activities and semi – public institutions.
The informal sector involves people in private unregistered businesses,
craftsmen, farmers, traders, etc. little effort have been made to determine the

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percentage of people engaged in the various works. The city's economic development
is sprinting forward and the banking sector is responding to its breath-taking pace
with more banks opening shops in the city.
1.7.2.7 LAND USE PATTERN
Residential land use cover 50 percent of the total area with commercial
activities lining the majority of the road and surround the Ilorin central mosque. The
industrial zone of Ilorin city fall in the study area, also the area is well accessible with
adequate road network and rail line pass through it, with the present of Ilorin
International Airport. Public facilities available are Ilorin west local government head
quarter, kwara stadium, Ilorin mini sport complex, Ilorin recreation park, kwara state
art and culture centre, General hospital Ilorin, kwara State Polytechnic mini campus,
College of Education Ilorin, Electric power step down station, and many primary and
secondary schools. Ilorin west is a nucleated settlement with disperse around
industrial zone and airport areas due to development control.

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CHAPTER TWO
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Literature review is the studying and summarising of the works of recognised
authorities relevant to the present study (Morenikeji, 2006). According to Osuala
(1982) opined that literature review serves two purposes in research work, “to set the
theoretical bases for the research and to set the current research work into perspective
to show the state of art”. In other to set the theoretical base for this research work,
relevant literatures are review in this study.
Petrol filling station is a facility which sells fuel and usually lubricants for
motor vehicles (Wikipedia, May 2013). Friedman (1978) defined petrol filling station
as a retail outlet where motor vehicles refuel, lubricate and other repair services are
carried out and Leewis Keeble (1968) see petrol filling station as a concrete apron by
the side of the road on which there are number of pumps of petrol, oil and water. Fuel
filling station is given different names in different countries, Petrol garage or Petrol
station called in Commonwealth countries and gas station in the U.S.A and Canada.
Facility can be defined according to Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary as a
place, usually including buildings, used for particular purpose or activity. To spatial
planner, facility is defined as physical development or entity for enhancing economic
and social well-being or benefits of the dwellers, Bwala (1990). Estate Surveyor and
valuer considered facility as a property developed or constructed with the objective of
reaping economic and social well-being, benefit or both, Nigerian Institute of estate
Surveyor and valuer NIESV, (1998).

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Facilities are of different categories, Bwala (1990) classified facilities to four
(4) categories based on the function they render as listed below:
Educational – Schools, research centres, vocational centres etc.
Health – Hospitals, clinics etc.
Commercial – Markets, shopping complexes etc.
Transportation – Roads, vehicle parks, filling stations etc.
Petrol filling station falls under commercial facility nevertheless economic
point of viewing its location is detrimental to the immediate environment due to its
hazardous nature therefore it should not be allow competing for space in urban centre.
Facilities location are of paramount important to spatial planner for even distribution
and easy access to people and in doing so, compatibility of adjacent land uses to these
facilities is a necessity.
Location has a subject that control every land uses and is a normative term, is
defined has a tract of land designated for a purpose (Merriam-Webster dictionary).
Ratcliff (1976) defined location “as the sum total of all the topographical, transport
and other factors of land use that characterized a particular neighbourhood”. Location
represents different meaning to different people, groups, or professions and to Town
Planner location is very important in urban setting to attain orderliness, aesthetic and
compactable land use.
Spatial distribution analysis has been a subject of discussion in many fields has
an instrument for assessment of spatial data and their attributes. The study of spatial
distribution dated back to John Snow (1854) who study the spread of cholera in London
and presented the result spatially. Gilberto Câmara (2009) is of the opinion that spatial
analysis aids in measuring the properties and relationships, taking into account the
spatial localization of the phenomenon under study in a direct way, and sees John Snow

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as “A pioneer example, where the space category was intuitively incorporated to the
analyses performed” and .
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework is based on the theories related to course of study to
show the analysis of these concepts or theories as it relate to the study and reason
behind them. The conceptual analysis of this research work is based on spatial location
of facility in urban area.
2.1.1 SPACE ANALYSIS OF INDISCRIMINATE LOCATION OF HAZARDOUS
FACILITIES
Different method have been used to study misappropriate proximity and
environmental hazard of indiscriminate location of hazardous facilities in urban area
such as pollutant fate and transport models, and various geostatistical techniques. In
this study, spatial analytic approach is of consideration. Maantay et al, (May, 2010) in
his study of environmental justice using spatial analytic approach identified three
categories of spatial definition of potential exposure or proximity; spatial coincidence
analysis, distance-based analysis and pollution plume modelling.
2.1.1.1 SPATIAL COINCIDENCE ANALYSIS
Spatial Coincidence Analysis is an analytic approach that assumes potential
exposure to environmental hazards is confined to the boundaries of pre-defined
geographic entities or census enumeration units (e.g., ZIP codes, census tracts, or
block groups) that contain such hazards, Maantay et al, (May, 2010). The most widely
used and traditional method, referred to as unit-hazard coincidence (Mohai and Saha,
2006), utilizes the location of an environmental hazard source within each analytical
unit as a surrogate for environmental exposure or health risk. Many researchers have

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seen the choice of analytical unit as a challenge according to J. Maantay et al, (May,
2010), “the choice of analytical unit (county, ZIP code, census tract, or block group)
to represent the host area or impacted community has been subject of considerable
debate in the environmental Journal literature (McMaster et al., 1997; Williams, 1999;
Mennis, 2002)”.
2.1.1.2 DISTANCE-BASED ANALYSIS CONCEPT
This method is used to analyze spatial proximity on the basis of the distance
from hazardous facilities to nearby spatial units. Buffer generation is a spatial analytic
technique provided by GIS software programs for creating new polygons at a
specified radius around point, line, or area features on a map.
The radius of circular buffer used by different researchers in different studies
varies 100 yards (Sheppard et al., 1999) to 3 miles (U.S. GAO, 1995; Mohai and
Saha, 2006). However distances of 0.5 and 1.0 mile from facilities of study have been
used mostly (Glickman, 1994; Zimmerman, 1994; Chakraborty and Armstrong, 1997;
Neumann et al., 1998; Bolin et al., 2000; Baden and Coursey, 2002; Boone, 2002;
Harner et al., 2002; Maantay, 2007; Kearney and Kiros, 1999; Mohai et al., 2009).
2.1.2 NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT
Neighbourhood concept was proposed by Clarence Perry and observed by Louis
Mumjord. The concept is based on land subdivision with guideline of street design and
facilities allocation and distribution with standard for area and service radius for
independent and sustainable inhabitants of 5000 to 9000. School and social facilities
are proposed to be at the centre while commercial facilities allocated to the perimeter of
the neighbourhood including filling station.

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If one filling station is expected in a neighbourhood and sited at the perimeters,
then the locations and number of filling station in urban area of known number of
neighbourhoods (wards/area) should have range of expectation and at most twice.
2.1.3 CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
Walter Christaller, a German geography proposed central place theory in 1933
when he recognised the economic relationship between cities and surrounding area.
The theory explains the reason behind the distribution pattern and size of city based
on two assumptions about human behaviour that people will always purchase goods
from the closest place to residence, and if demand for a particular good is high, it will
be offered in close vicinity to the population and the drop in demand will brings drop
or scarcity of the good.
An important tool in the theory is threshold which is the minimum number of
people needed for a central place business or activity to remain active. Petroleum
products fall under low-order goods as Christeller classified goods into low-order and
high order-goods. Low other goods are goods consumed every day and are expected
to be within the community for easy access while high other goods can be outside.
Range is another tool which is the maximum distance a consumer is willing to
travel to get a particular good or service. Service radius is the set standard for range of
location of facilities in urban settings which guide the location and distribution of
facilities according to Keeble (1965), petrol filling station has service radius of 0.3-
0.4m in a neighbourhood.
2.2 HISTORY OF FILLING STATION
Petrol was first used as pharmaceutics products before the invention of the
first Petrol engine. It was first sold in pharmacies, as a side business. City pharmacy in
Wiesloch in Germany, sold the first petrol to Bertha Benz to refill the first automobile

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on its maiden trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back in 1888
(Wikipedia). The commercial sale of automobiles by Henry Ford at an affordable rate
to middle class brought about increased in automobiles resulted in a greater demand for
filling stations in year 1889.
The world's first purpose built petrol station was constructed in St. Louis,
Missouri in 1905 at 420 S. Theresa Avenue. The second petrol station was
constructed in 1907 by Standard Oil of California (now Chevron) in Seattle,
Washington at what is now Pier 32. Reighard's gas station in Altoona, Pennsylvania
claims that it dated back to 1909 and is the oldest existing petrol station in United
States. The first architect-designed petrol station and first "drive-in" filling station was
constructed by Gulf Refining Company, opened to the motoring public in Pittsburgh
in 1913. (Wikipedia, 2013)
2.3 TYPICAL PETROL FILLING STATION
Petrol filling stations are built in a likely manner, with underground storage
tank, pump machines in the forecourt and service building. Fuel dispensers are placed
on concrete plinths, as a precautionary measure. Other additional elements may be
employed, such as metal barriers to protect the fuel dispenser. Offloaded of fuel from a
tanker truck into the underground storage tanks is usually through a separate valve,
located in the filling station's perimeter.
The underground storage tanks are linked to dispenser pumps through
underground pipes. Easy accesses are given to underground storage tanks through
service canal from the forecourt. Vapor recovery systems are employed at every fuel
tanks, dispenser and nozzles used to fill car tanks, which prevents releases of vapor into
the atmosphere with a system of pipes. The exhausts are placed as high as possible. A

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vapor recovery system may be employed at the exhaust pipe. This system collects the
vapors, liquefies them and releases them back into the lowest grade fuel tank available.
2.4 LOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FILLING STATION
Petrol filling station can be located in three locations (MPJBT, 1998) as cited
by Abdul Hamid b. Hj (ibid); Firstly the petrol station located at off a street and it is
accessible from that street only, secondly situated at a corner where two streets meet,
it is accessible from both streets, and thirdly T-Junction, whereby the petrol station
might have a three-way position. It may be accessible from one or two streets.
Two conflicting school of thoughts argued on location of filling station in urban
area as it is believed it is an hazardous facilities, one said it should be located at the
fringe of the urban area while the other believed that it can be located within the urban
centres. Nevertheless the two locations are in existence currently due to urbanization
but the important question is which one of them is of safety to the people and the
environment?
To secure safe environment and functional urban settings, there are rules and
regulation guiding location of petrol filling station in different countries, Rwanda petrol
station guidelines as case study has the following items listed below has a regulation
that must be abided by in establishing petrol filling station:
A petrol station shall not be located less than 3320 feet (100.6 metres)
from a road intersection, traffic network, level crossing and other vehicular
points to avoid blocking of vehicular sight and traffic congestion.
Filling stations should not be located less than 100.6 metres from
school, hospital, theatres, clinic and other public and semi – public buildings.
This is to avoid fire disaster in the public places.

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Filling station should not be established in a location less than 100m
from each other.
The filling bay should have enough setbacks from the centre of the
abutting roads.
(Adapted from Rwanda petrol station guidelines)
2.5 SPACE STANDARD FOR LOCATION OF FILLING STATION
According to the planning criteria by the National Petroleum Malaysia
(PETRONAS) as cited by Abdul Hamid b. Hj. (ibid), a petrol station should be
located at a minimum of 100 feet from any residential building, public institution such
as schools, churches, public libraries, auditoriums, hospitals, public playgrounds, etc
and minimum of 150m distance between one petrol station and another in the same
line.
The set standard for location and setback to be observed in establishing petrol
filling station in Nigeria varies from one state to another due to autonomous of each
state in their laws and regulation but there is standard set by Federal Ministry of Work
and Housing for guiding petrol filling station at the high way and approved standard
by department of petroleum resources. The setback standard of petrol filling station
from road centre line on different type of roadside has shown in Table 2.1, while the
minimum requirement in term of space standard of design and location of petrol
station on high way has shown in table 2.2. Department of petroleum resources set
400m as the distance to be maintained between existing filling station and proposed
one while obateru (2002) asserted that 600m should be the service radius between
filling station.

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Table 2.1: Petrol Station Set Back From Road Centreline.
Types of Road Setback (in metres)
Outside city limit
Trunk ‘A’ Road 30
Trunk ‘B’ Road 22
Trunk ‘C’ Road 18
Within City Limit
Major Road 30
Collector Road 21
Other Road 15
Source: Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, 2013.
Table 2.2: Highway Design Manual for Petrol Station.
Distance Standard
Distance from an intersection 500m
Distance apart 90m
Frontage width 50m
Drive way with entry and exit 9m
Drive way with entry or exit only 3m
Setback of pump from pavement edge 15m
Angle of Drive way 75 Degrees
Setback of service from pavement 9m
Source: Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, 2013.

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Kwara State Town Planning Development Authority has their own standard guiding
approving of petrol filling station in the state as shown in the table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Space Standard For Petrol Filling Station In Kwara State.
DESCRIPTION MINIMUM STANARD
Location 2 PLOT (30 by 30)
Distance between petrol
filling stations
200m
Distance from an
intersection
200m
Set back Distance from the road to the
first dispensing pumping
single carriage way.
15m
Distance from the road to the
first dispensing pump in
double carriage way.
30m
Away from water bodies. 30m
Source: Kwara State Town Planning Development Authority (2013).
2.6 ESTABLISHING FILLING STATION IN KWARA STATE
Land acquisition is the first step in establishment of petrol filling station before
proceeding to seeking the consent of department of petroleum resources. After
fulfilling the requirement of department of petroleum resources other relevant
organization requirement are processes.

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Kwara state town planning and development authority is the last agent that
make sure the proposed development fulfilled all requirement of physical development
and petrol filling station as a facility in the state. The requirement crosschecks by the
Authority are; License from DPR (Department of Petroleum Resources), Right of land
ownership (Certificate of occupancy), Police report, Fire service “No Objection
Certificate”, Environmental Impact Assessment Certificate from KWEPA
Processing of application for approval is the first stage and the following
documents are required; Evidence of land ownership for allocated plot within
government layouts, this document can be any of these Statutory Right of Occupancy
or Customary Right of Occupancy, Certificate Right of Occupancy, Approval of
assignment; Where the land is outside government layouts, any of these documents is
required, local government endorsed either by a legal practitioner or supported by a
sworn affidavit in a law court, deed of assignment, evidence of inheritance, land
registration certificate; Site Analysis Report; Environmental Impact Assessment
Report. All drawings required for processing of building approval/permit shall be
prepared and signed by relevant professionals registered to practice in Nigeria. These
include the survey plan of the subject plot (2 copies), architectural drawings (4 set).
Site visitation is conducted by the Authority after applying for approval to
check the conformity of the proposed site to the adjacent land uses and its immediate
environment
Development permit is issue after these entire requirements and conformity of
the site to the proposed project is meant.

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2.7 AGENCIES REGULATING PETROL FILLING STATION
2.7.1 Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)
Department of Petroleum Resources is a subsidiary of Nigeria national
petroleum corporation in charge of managing and controlling the activities of petrol
filling station. Procedure and conditions for granting approvals for the construction
and operation of a petrol station is in two phases; application for construction of
filling station and after completion of construction works, application for license for
storage and sale of petroleum products will be processed.
2.7.2 Fire Service Department
After construction of filling station, fire service department visit and inspect
the site to check for safety standard against fire hazard. A certificate signed by the
Chief Federal / State Fire Officer, as approval that the facilities provided for the
prevention of fire at the site are satisfactory.
2.7.3 Town Planning Authority
Town planning development authority or Urban development board as the
case may be in different states in country controls the setting up of filling stations by
ensuring they are in accordance with zone law and filling station guideline. Certificate
is issued by state Town Planning Authority for the construction of a Petrol Filling
Station on the proposed site after fulfilling all requirements.
2.7.4 The Nigeria Police
Site of the filling station is checked for traffic situation so that the filling
station would not cause unnecessary traffic hazard and certificate signed by the
divisional police officer or a superior police officer in-charge of the police motor
traffic is issued.

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2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FILLING STATION
The impact of petrol filling station on environment is in three dimension of
pollution; air, land, and water. Many research have been carried out on the emission
of greenhouse gases that cause depletion of ozone layer among them is the research
by Enrique González, (Dec 2010) on level of airborne pollutants like aromatic
compound (benzene) and a hydrocarbon (n-hexane) at three petrol stations in Murcia
City, Spain which shown that the air in the three filling stations and their surroundings
extending to 100m radius is higher and saturated with hydrocarbon gases than other
places.
Hydrocarbon gases are released or evaporated during offloading and refuelling
Karakitsos, (2006) indicted that fuels tends to link to the lowest possible level of its
surrounding and accumulate in tanks, cavity, drains, pit, and other depression.
Spillages, and linking of underground tanks as been attributed to cause of
underground water pollution, a research carried out in U.S.A on underground storage
tank showed that leaking and spillage of petroleum products as causes of underground
water pollution. According to environmental guide line decree no 8 of 2002 in
Mauritius, Stated that fuel spillage, noise, and waste water generation are problems
associated with filling station.
The resultant impact of these pollutions is on human health causing different
kind of diseases like cancer and depletion of ozone layer.

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CHAPTER THREE
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
The research methodology is the approach for the collection of information
require for the research study. McClare et al, (1988) see research methodology as
procedure of the research process. It explains the techniques, procedures, and
instruments used for collection and analysis of data as well as the method of presenting
the results of the study. For this research work, survey method would be employed for
data collection and descriptive analysis for data presentation.
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Every research is based on a systemic procedure and method of solving the
research problems to get the necessary information. According to Adegbite and Sada
(1987), research design is a formal plan of action for a research, Lalonde and Prince
(2003), see research design as a layout of their research questions, methodology,
implementation procedures, data collection and analysis for the conduct of a research
project. The research design adopted for this study is survey system and divided to
three phases; pre-survey, survey and post-survey phase. The pre-survey phase is a
reconnaissance survey in which general observation will be made about the entire
petrol filling stations in the Ilorin West LGA.
The Survey phase is divided into two, measurement will be taken in the first
stage and questionnaire will be administered in the second stage. Measurement base on
the linear and geographical position will be taken to assess the spatial distribution while
questionnaires will be used to assess the problems associated with the petrol filling

23
stations. Post Survey phase will be base on interpretation and analysis of information
collected during the survey.
3.2 TYPES AND SOURCES OF DATA
Data collected for this research work can be classified into two according to
their source; primary and secondary data. Primary data are information of important to
the research work gather by the researcher, while secondary data are data extracted
from previously research work published or unpublished.
3.2.1 Primary Data
Primary data will be collected on and off the site which involves the acquiring
of new data about the site. This will be done through direct personal observation,
opinion sampling through questionnaire, and taking of linear measurements of setback
with tapes and street length with Google earth, and spatial coordinates through Hand
held GPS.
3.2.2 Secondary Data
These are previously collected data, processed and analysed. The sources
consulted for data are; National Population Commission, Ministry Of Transport And
Work, NNPC Petroleum Deport, and Ilorin West Local Government Authority.
3.3 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
The data will be collected through the following:
Field observation: All the petrol filling stations in the study area will be visited to
conduct field observation and survey. Field observation is the reconnaissance survey
of the location to take assessment or inference based on what was observed on site
while field survey is the measurement taken in term of distance and bearing of all
petrol filling stations in relative to their locations.

24
Google Earth: Graphical data of the geographical situation of the study area will be
collected through Google earth processed and analysed to project the current situation
as related to the study. The maps used include the map of Nigeria, map of Kwara
State, Street map of Ilorin and, Street map of Ilorin West.
Hand-held GPS: Global positioning system is an instrument used for taken
coordinate of location. This will be employed to take coordinate of each petrol filling
stations in the study area.
Questionnaire: Questionnaire will be prepared and administered to buildings around
filling stations in the study areas, to assess the problems associated with location of
filling station various land uses. Some of the questions to be ask are; how close is
your house to filling station, is your house access road close to filling station entrance,
are you having problem in accessing your building due to queue from filling station,
3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE
Population in this research work will be of two types; household population and
facility population. As at 2006, demographic population of Ilorin West LGA was
365,834 people and the projected demographic population for 2013 in Ilorin west LGA
will be.
Po = Pt where,
Po = population projection, Pt = present population, r = growth rate, n = year
of projection
Population figure for 2006 = 365,834 (NPC, 2006)
Po = ?
Pt = 365,834
r = 3.5%
n = 7

25
Po = 365,834
Po = 365,834
Po = 365,834
Po = 464609.18 ≈ 464609
The projected population for 2013 is therefore 464609 people and household
number base on prescribed national household size of 6 would be 77,435 buildings.
Based on field survey carried out by the researcher (April, 2013) the total number of
petrol filling stations in Ilorin West LGA is 86.
Sample size is the act of choosing the number of observation or replicates to
include in a statistical sample (Wikipedia, 2014). Slovin’s formula would be
employed to determine sample size date back to 1960 by Michael Slovin.
N=sampling population, n=sample size, e = Error tolerance,
Using confidential level of 95% of 0.5 marginal error and housed population
of 77,435 buildings
sample size
sample size
= 77,435 /1+193.5875
=77,435 /194.5875 =397.944 ≈ 398
From the above calculation, sampling size is 398 and 100 percent of the
sample size was sampled.

26
3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Sampling is defined by Gomex (1983), as design which specifies the manner in
which sampling units are to be selected from the whole population.
The sample technique adopted in this research work will be quota sampling.
Sampling quota is a non-probability sampling method of selecting sample according to
a predefined characteristic. The quota used was base on buildings beside filling stations
and two buildings was sample at both sides indicating spread effect of 60m at both side.
The instrument in the research study is therefore designed towards a close-ended
questionnaire to gather necessary information.
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Data collected will be analysed with Microsoft excel package 2007, AutoCAD
2010, SPSS and ArcGIS 10.0. Descriptive statistical method would be employed for
research finding presentation. This involves the use of simple tables, charts, and maps
for data presentation. Data analysed in tables give precise information and facilitate
understanding and easy assessment of data.

27
CHAPTER FOUR
4 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS PRESENTATION
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the outcomes of various data gather in the course of this
research through field survey, hand-held GPS, and questionnaire used as instruments of
data collection. The study area (Ilorin West LGA) was visited to make physical
observation and measurement, Hand-held GPS was used to collect the spatial data
(coordinates) while questionnaire were used to assess the effect of indiscriminate
located filling station on the environment. Data collected are presented using tables,
chat, and map for easy presentation. Inference and conclusion are drawn appropriately.
4.1 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RESULT PRESENTATION
4.1.1 TYPES OF PETROL FILLING STATION OWNERSHIP
The field wok carried out in the study area indicates that independent
petroleum marketers has the highest number of petrol filling stations (64) which is
74.42% approximately to 3/4of total petrol filling station.
Table 4.1: Types of Petrol Filling Stations Base on Ownership.
Filling Stations Based On Three Major
Ownership
Numbers Percentage (%)
Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation 4 4.65
Major Petroleum Marketers 18 20.93
Independent Petroleum Marketers 64 74.42
TOTAL 86 100
Sources: Author Field Survey (June, 2013)

28
This shows the influence of private individuals who have less knowledge of
the environmental impact of petrol filling station on the environment and the
consequences of its indiscriminate location but, are only after profit from the
investment since they see petrol filling station as profitable business enterprise.
4.1.2 SPATIAL LOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PETROL FILLING
STATIONS ON ROAD NETWORK
The spatial distribution of filling station in urban area is very important for
easy supply of fuel to the urban populace as well as hazardous if not judiciously
located, Map 4.1 shown the road network map of Ilorin town comprises of three local
government areas; Ilorin South, West, and East. The colour area represents Ilorin west
as a case study with many road lines including; distributor roads, collector roads,
access roads and, foot paths but 13 road lines with filling stations on them are of
consideration, this map will serves as a base map for location of filling stations.
The survey carried out shows that there are 86 petrol filling stations in the
study area. Names, GPS location, status of each petrol filling stations and the streets
codes were shown in the table 4.2. The street code was used for easy coding of the
roads on the map.

29
Fig 4.1: Street Map Of Ilorin Town Showing The Study Area.
Source: Office of Surveyor General, Ilorin. (June, 2013)

30
Table 4.2: Spatial Location of Petrol Filling Station In The Study Area.
S/No Street
codes
Name Latitude
Northing
Longitude
Easting
Status
1 A MOBIL 0040
34.900 080
27.201 Working
2 A FORTE OIL 0040
34.98 080
27.16 Working
3 A OANDO 0040
34.541 080
27.597 Working
4 A NNPC 0040
34.301 080
27.826 Working
5 A JUBET 0040
34.33 080
27.883 Working
6 A AASCO 0040
34.003 080
28.348 Working
7 A OLAK 0040
33.85 080
28.647 Working
8 B Junction MRS 0040
33.37 080
28.929 Working
9 C Junction MRS 0040
32.91 080
29.81 Working
10 D NNPC 0040
31.500 080
29.250 Working
11 D Junction ALIMAN 0040
31.085 080
29.220 Working
12 E OANDO 0040
31.154 080
30.568 Working
13 E RASWN AJIKOBI 0040
31.058 080
30.614 U/C
14 E CONOIL 0040
30.880 080
30.731 Working
15 E 0040
30.595 080
30.887 U/C
16 E LAIYE 0040
30.549 080
30.918 Working
17 E 0040
30.231 080
31.119 U/C
18 E GIWA 0040
29.942 080
31.293 Working
19 E IBROLAK 0040
29.861 080
31.378 Working
20 E LEADING
SKYWAY
0040
29.768 080
31.470 Working

31
21 E ESO 0040
29.695 080
31.525 Working
22 E FRANCO 0040
29.621 080
31.622 Working
23 E 0040
29.541 080
31.672 U/C
24 E ERE-OLA 0040
29.568 080
31.679 Working
25 E IDOWU GAMGO 0040
29.501 080
31.700 Working
26 E BAYOWAH 0040
29.350 080
31.833 Working
27 E ARAOJE 0040
29.320 080
31.893 Working
28 E A.L. OLUMO 0040
29.292 080
31.878 Working
29 F SOLLAMPS 0040
30.707 080
29.778 Working
30 F ABESE 0040
30.961 080
29.768 Working
31 F A.A. 0040
31.006 080
29.846 Working
32 F LAT-RAU 0040
31.035 080
29.919 Working
33 E MRS 0040
31.501 080
30.495 Working
34 G DIAMOND
FIELD
0040
34.061 080
26.752 Working
35 G FOSSIL 0040
32.316 080
27.06 Working
36 H BILYAM 0040
32.625 080
27.252 Working
37 H TOTAL 0040
32.980 080
27.338 Working
38 H SUCCESS &
REGARDS
0040
32.799 080
27.367 Working
39 H CANAAN HILL 0040
32.867 080
27.400 Working
40 H RAQ 0040
33.120 080
27.542 Working
41 H ZARAB OIL 0040
33.183 080
27.777 Working
42 H YEMSONAT 0040
33.299 080
28.500 Working

32
43 H AP 0040
33.387 080
28.567 Working
44 I TOTAL 0040
32.924 080
28.914 Working
45 I AP Working
46 J 0040
32.405 080
29.184 U/C
47 J HAELUM 0040
32.382 080
29.155 Working
48 J OANDO 0040
32.334 080
29.064 Working
49 J TOTAL 0040
32.226 080
28.881 Working
50 ROTARY
POINT
Y.T.K. 0040
32.112 080
28.714 Working
51 K SADIKU 0040
31.688 080
28.206 Working
52 K ARAOJE 0040
31.668 080
28.196 Working
53 K TOTAL 0040
31.392 080
27.873 Working
54 L BEKIND 0040
31.071 080
27.929 Working
55 L MRS 0040
30.991 080
27.993 Working
56 L MUDRAM 0040
30.898 080
28.097 Working
57 L CONOIL 0040
30.802 080
28.187 Working
58 L ALKAD 0040
30.431 080
28.458 Working
59 L OKLAR 0040
30.120 080
28.682 Working
60 L IWA-LEWA 0040
30.083 080
28.728 Working
61 L POOSAB 0040
30.012 080
28.793 Working
62 D Y.ALAO & CO 0040
30.471 080
29.043 Working
63 D SHAREY 0040
30.631 080
29.073 Working
64 D ALYUFAT 0040
30.681 080
29.088 Working
65 D ALAKE 0040
30.734 080
29.088 Working
66 D M.A. 0040
30.942 080
29.114 Working

33
Source: Author Field Survey (June, 2013). Note: U/C represent under construction.
67 M MOSFALA 0040
31.266 080
27.728 Working
68 M OANDO 0040
31.238 080
27.676 Working
69 M A.TAPHA 0040
31.215 080
27.649 Working
70 M EXOCT 0040
31.038 080
27.470 Working
71 M ROCKFIELD 0040
30.969 080
27.387 Working
72 M 0040
30.943 080
27.341 U/C
73 M ALADE 0040
30.928 080
27.341 Working
74 M ISIAKA SUPER 0040
30.814 080
27.188 Working
75 M BAKSOM 0040
30.721 080
27.080 Working
76 M IMMAM 0040
30.467 080
26.777 Working
77 M JEDANPRIS 0040
29.474 080
25.612 Working
78 M SAWABO 0040
29.864 080
26.024 Working
79 M CONOIL 0040
30.050 080
26.272 Working
80 G EMMANUEL
AKINBOWO &
CO
0040
31.485 080
27.627 Working
81 G NNPC 0040
31.512 080
27.609 Working
82 G T.Y.K 0040
31.713 080
27.483 Working
83 G KAMMIM 0040
31.819 080
27.401 Working
84 G ANAFI 0040
31.946 080
27.323 Working
85 G COASTAL 0040
32.032 080
27.269 Working
86 G NNPC 0040
32.111 080
27.218 Working

34
Table 4.3: Petrol Filling Stations Distribution on Road Network.
Source: Author Field Survey (June, 2013)
The location of 86 filling stations on 13 road networks as shown in the table
4.3 show the extent of over population of this facility in the urban area which is 6.62
double the expected population, if two filling stations are located on a road at extreme
edge to each other but not on the junction. Previous research work shown that filling
S/No Street Name Street
Code
Road Length
(km)
PFS on
Side A
PFS on
Side B
Total
1. Ajase-Ipo Road A 3.70 4 3 7
2. Folawewo –Taiwo J. B 1.0 - 1 1
3. Old Yidi Road C 1.71 - 1 1
4. Adeta Road D 3.65 2 4 6
5. Kaiyamo Road (Oloje) E 6.56 6 12 18
6. Ita-Amon Road (Pakata) F 1.80 2 2 4
7. Asa-dam road G 7.70 3 6 9
8. New Yidi Road H 4.11 3 5 8
9. Ibrahim Taiwo Road I 2.21 2 - 2
10. Abdullazeez Attah Road J 2.3 4 - 4
11. Saw mill Road K 2.32 2 1 3
12. Olorunsogo Road L 3.10 4 6 10
13. Airport Road M 9.39 7 6 13
TOTAL 39 43 86

35
stations are expected at five minutes drive at 30km per hour in urban area to each
other due to consumer behaviour which will be equal to 9km interval.
Airport road which is dual carriage road, has the highest road length of 9.3km
with 7 and 6 filling stations at both side indicate excess of 5 and 4 filling stations
respectively on that road. The spatial representation of all these filling stations
graphically in a point form on a map, as shown in the map 4.2 also had shown the
overlapping due closeness and excess of this facility.

36
S
Fig 4.2: Spatial Distribution Of Petrol Filling Station On Road Network In IlorinWest

37
4.1.3 LAND USE AROUND FILLING STATION
The land uses around filling stations in Ilorin West LGA are residential,
commercial, circulation, public facilities, and industrial. 17 major roads pass through
the frontage of 86 filling stations while 8 and 13 minor roads were at left and right
sides respectively.
Table 4.4: Land Use Around Filling Stations
LAND USE
Land use Front Back Left Right Total
Circulation 17 0 8 13 21
Residential 0 48 23 17 88
Commercial 0 29 37 42 108
Industrial 0 3 5 3 11
Public facilities 0 6 13 11 30
Total 17 86 86 86 275
Residential and commercial are dominate land uses around filling stations as
shown in the table 4.4 above with total of 88 residential buildings and 108
commercial buildings while industrial land use has 11 buildings.

38
4.2 RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION
4.2.1 IMPROPER LOCATION OF FILLING STATIONS
To determine whether the petrol filling stations in the study area (Ilorin west
LGA) are located in accordance with planning laws and regulations in achieving
objective two, filling stations located in an unlawful locations are identified as
presented in the table 4.5 and plate 4.1-4.4 below
Table 4.5: Haphazard Location of Petrol Filling Stations
Source: Author Field Survey (June, 2013).
Six locations were identified in the study area (Ilorin West LGA) as
haphazard location due to its unlawful and hazard prone nature. Out of 86
filling stations in the study area 63 were identified to be closed to each other
and other unlawful location were found.
HAPHAZARD LOCATION OF PETROL FILLING STATIONS
Location Of Petrol Filling Station. Number
1 Petrol filling station on rotary point 1
2 Petrol filling stations under power line 4
3 Petrol filling stations at or fall below 200m to
road junction
7
4 Petrol filling stations closed to public facilities 5
5 Petrol filling stations that fall below 200m
distance to each other
63
6 Petrol filling stations opposite each other 6
TOTAL 86

39
PLATES SHOWING INDISCRIMINATE LOCATED FILLING STATION IN ILORIN
WEST LGA.
PLATE 4.1: Petrol Filling Station On Plate 4.2: Petrol Filling Station At Rotary
Point Rotary Point
PLATE 4.3: Petrol Filling Station At PLATE 4.4: Petrol Filling Station Beside
Road Junction Public Facility (Basic And Secondary School)
Sources: Author Field Survey (June, 2013).

40
4.2.2 EFFECT OF FILLING STATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT
4.2.2.1 EXTENT OF EFEECT: CIRCULAR BUFFER ANALSIS
Circular buffer analysis is used to represent extent of adverse effect spread or
limit in an area with a specific radius of effect on a point, line or polygon features in
ArcGIS environment. Circular radius of 100m was used in this analysis as the extent
of effect of air pollution around filling station based on previous research work of
Erick Gomalex (Dec, 2010). Red circular buffer were created around yellow
rectangular points form representing filling station. There were many overlapping
from 100m buffer as shown in the plate 4.5 which indicate the extent of spread of air
pollution around filling stations and this closeness were hazardous to the healthy
living of people in Ilorin west local government area.
Fig. 4.5: Extent of Spread of Air Pollution Around Filling Stations

41
Fig. 4.3: Spatial Distribution Of Filling Stations With Their Buffer Zone In IlorinWest
Source: Author Field Work (February, 2014)

42
4.2.2.2 EFFECT OF IMPROPER LOCATION OF FILLING STATION
Questionnaires were used to assess the effect of improper location of filling
stations and 398 questionnaires were administered to two buildings at both sides of
filling station. Socio-economic, accessibility, fire occurrence, and pollution were the
issued address in the questionnaire.
4.2.2.2.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENTS
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS
From the questionnaire administered 44% are male and 56% were female. The
higher percentage of female indicates the dominant nature of female gender in
commercial/residential zone of the study area.
Table 4.6: Gender Distribution of Respondent
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 221 44
Female 177 56
Total 398 100
LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF RESPONDENTS
People with no education qualification were avoided in the buildings to
acquired relevant response about the project topic. From 398 questionnaires
administered, primary school has the lowest of 16% while HND/Bsc has the highest
of 34%

43
Table 4.7: Level of Education of Respondents
Level of Education
Education Qualification Frequency Percentage %
Primary 63 16
Secondary 94 24
OND/NCE 104 26
HND/Bsc. 137 34
Total 398 100
YEARS SPENT BY RESPONDENTS IN THE AREA
From the range of stay of respondents in the areas, 10 years and above has the
highest percentage of 39% and 6 - 10 years stay of 19% indicate the level of
knowledge of respondents about activities in the areas.
Table 4.8: Period of Stay of Respondents In The Area
Period of Stay In The Area
Period (years) Frequency Percentage
Less than 1 year 87 22
1 - 5 years 81 20
6 - 10 years 75 19
10 Years and Above 155 39
Total 398 100

44
4.2.3 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FILLING STATION
Closeness of Building And Filling Station In Meters
The set back distance between filling station and building is important to
reduce the effect of air pollution around filling station on the occupants of the
buildings. As shown in the fig 4.1, the closed buildings of less than 15m to filling
stations which have high influence of air pollution were 12%. The remaining
categories were at safer zone of influence of air pollution from filling station.
Fig 4.4: Distance Between Building and Filling Station
12%
41%
41%
6%
Distance Between Building and Filling
Station In Meters
Less than 15
15 - 30
31 - 60
61 and Above

45
Accessibility Of Adjoining Land Use
The closeness of access road to filling station leads to reduction in travel speed
and increase in travel time of vehicles along the road due to breaking of vehicles
crossing to filling station and the nearby access and blocking of access road
sometimes. 35% of sample building in the study area have access roads close to filling
stations as shown in the fig 4.2.
Fig 4.5: Closeness of Access Road To Filling Station Entrance
35%
65%
Closeness of Access Road To Filling
Station Entrance
Close
Not Close

46
Blocking Of Nearby Access Road Due To Filling Station Queue
The influence of filling station on closed by access road can be seen in form of
queue from filling station blocking close by access road in the period of scarcity of
fuel, 35% buildings of sample population have access road close to filing stations
while 65 is far as shown in the fig 4.3.
The blocking of access road leads to on street parking and disturbance of free
flow of traffic in the area.
Fig 4.6: Distance Between Building and Filling Station

47
Fire Occurrence In the Last 10 Years
The research study shows that number of fire occurrence in the study area is
minute, as depicted in the fig. 4.4, 60% agreed that fire occurred once in there
area, 37% for 2-4 times in the last ten years. This show there is possibility of fire
outbreak in nearest future.
Fig 4.7: Number of Fire Occurrence In the Last 10 Years
60%
37%
1% 2%
Number of Fire Occurrence In the
Last 10 Years
Once
2 - 4 times
5 - 7 times
8 and above

48
Sources Of Fire During Fire Outbreak
The four common sources of fire in filling station are fault from generator,
fault from vehicles, and fault during offloading of petroleum tanker. From the
research carried out as shown in the fig. 4. Fault from offloading has the highest
percentage 46% while naked has the lowest 7%. This shows that many filling stations
used faulty tankers in transporting their fuels.
Fig 4.8: Sources of Fire During Fire Occurrence
0 50 100 150 200
Naked Fire
Off loading tanker
Fault From Vehicles
Fault From Generator
Naked Fire Off loading tanker
Fault From
Vehicles
Fault From
Generator
Series1 27 183 90 98
Sources of Fire

49
Time Taken To Put-off Fire
In the time of fire occurrence as depicted in the table 4.6, research study shows
that it took a lot of time to put-off fire during fire outbreak as there were delayed from
fire service department.
Out of 398 questionnaires administered 156 were of the opinion that it take
four hours and above to put-off fire during fire occurrences in their area.
Fig 4.9: Time Taken To Put-off Fire
Less than an
hour
1 - 2 hours 3 - 4 hours 4 hours and
above
37
61
144
156
Time Taken To Put-off Fire
Series1

50
Packing Of Petroleum Tankers On The Road
There are many cases of packing of petroleum tankers on the street and offloading of
petroleum products on the street due to small or absent of packing space provision in the
filling station. Plate 4.6-7 shows on street packing of petroleum tankers, this affect free flow
of traffic and increase in travel time.
Plate 4.6: On Street Packing For Offloading
Plate 4.7: On Street Packing of Tankers

51
4.2.4 DEGREE OF POLLUTION IN AND AROUND FILLING STATION
The level of pollution in and around the filling stations was assessed based on
ten criteria employed to sample the opinion of people closed to the area, and likert
scale was used to rank the degree of pollution as observed by the people in the area.
Table 4.9: Likert Scale Table showing level of pollution inside filling stations
Opinion Sum Mean
(sum/344)
Interpretation
(consensus
opinion)
Rank
1. Petroleum odour
inside filling
station?
1419 4.125 High 1
2. Petroleum odour
outside filling
station?
563 1.64 Low 8
3. Noise from
generating plant
1253 3.64 High 4
4. Noise from sound
system
1389 4.04 High 2
5. Noise from
vehicle horns and
engines
1388 4.03 High 3
6. Spillage around
petrol nozzle
750 3.42 High 6
7. Spillage around
kerosene nozzle
1212 3.52 High 5
8. Spillage around
storage tanks
654 1.90 Low 10
9. Spillage around
maintenance
point
554 1.61 Low 7
10. Linkage of
petroleum tankers
637 1.85 Low 9

52
Using the following scale to determine the consensus opinion of the
respondents:
1 - 1.5 = Very Low
1.51 – 2.49 = Low
2.50 – 3.49 = Not Aware
3.50 – 4.49 = High
4.50 = Very High
In assessing the level of pollution around filling station 344 questionnaires
were administered and the outcome the result was analysed and calculated using likert
scaled as presented in the table 4.9. Findings revealed that petroleum odour inside the
filling station, noise from generating plant, sound system, vehicles horn, spillage
around petrol and kerosene nozzles were observed to be high in the degree of
pollution generated from filling stations while the remaining four criteria were low.
These criteria was further analysed and ranked which shown that petroleum odour
inside the filling station ranked first with 4.125 depicting high degree of air pollution
in and around the filling stations as shown in the table 4.9.

53
5 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY
Every object has a unique space identity attributed to its on earth surface but the
question is, are these objects harmoniously and orderly placed? If not, that is spatial
conflict and potential hazard. As urban planner, space management is very essential to
promotes orderliness and safety that is why this research work dwells on spatial
distribution of petrol filling stations in urban area. From the field work it was revealed
that 86 petrol filling stations were found thirteen road network in the study area (Ilorin
West LGA), of which 63 were closely located falling below 200m apart to each other
as standard to be followed. The increased in establishment of filling station can be
attributed to involvement of independent marketer as shown that 64 filling stations
belong to them and of which their location were against rules and regulation guiding
filling stations.

54
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Petrol filling station has a hazard prone facilities required development control
to reduced its adverse effect on environment and avert accident or disaster.
Development control has the major instrument for physical planning and development
needs to be strengthened and empowered to curb the excessiveness of private investors
establishing petrol filling station as business enterprise. To achieve this, government
and stakeholders are called upon to formulate and enact law in regulation of
establishment of petrol filling station.
For orderliness and safety to be maintained in our urban area, the following
should be considered for enactment as law guiding establishment of petrol filling
station in Nigeria:
 Range of filling station expected in a city, town or village using an area of land
as the only variable of consideration regardless of population and other factors.
 Minimum distance between petrol filling stations to each other should 9km base
on travel time of 5 minutes at 30km per hour in an urban area.
 Minimum distance between petrol filling station and public facility should be
200m, while a distance of 100m should be maintained to residential and
commercial building.
 A minimum distance of 200m should be maintained from road junction, curve,
river and bridge to petrol filling station for easy sighted to motorist from afar.
 Activities required within petrol filling station and space standard for each one
of them.
 Provision of parking space for at least 3 tankers, 2 staffs and 4 customers.

55
For these laws to be effectives, it should be back up with penalty of fine, and
imprisonment for the unquantifiable hazard to environment, humanity, and
defacement of urban landscape.
All filling stations on, at, and close to road junctions are recommended for
demolishing to all easy flow of traffic while those ones less than 200m to public
facilities should be restricted to night operation only.
In conclusion physical planner should be empowered to perform their duties
without external interference from government and some iconic personnel in the
society.
5.3 CONCLUSION
Increase in number of petrol filling station should not be seen as the lasting
solution to fuel scarcity but the regular supply and distribution of petroleum products to
the right channels. Ilorin West LGA have enough filling station to cater for its need,
government is called upon to stop establishment of new ones.

56
REFERENCE
Abdul Hamid b. Hj. And Mar Iman (2009). Site Potentiality of Petrol Stations Based
on Traffic Counts. Malaysian Journal of Real Estate, Vol. 4, No 1, 2009.
Christaller Walter (1966). Central Places in Southern Germany. New
Jersey: Prentice hall Inc.
Christopher Ehinomen and AdepojuAdeleke (June, 2012). An
Assessment of TheDistribution Of Petroleum Products In Nigeria.E3 Journal
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http://www.e3journals.org.
Dickie K.K. (January 1966). Development of Crude Oil Production In
Nigeria AndThe Federal Governments' Control Measures. London: a paper
presented to the institute of petroleum.
Gauteng (2000).Background To The EIA Administrative Guideline For
The Construction And Upgrade Of Filling Stations And Associated Tank
Installations. South Africa: Agriculture, Conservation, Environment, and land
affairs.
González F.E et al. (December, 2010).Assessing The Impact of Petrol
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Management.
Gilberto Câmara1et al. (2009). Spatial Analysis and GIS: A Primer
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Leewis Keeble (1968) Principles And Practice Of Town And Country Planning
Maantay J et al. May 12, 2010 Proximity to Environmental Hazards: Environmental
Justice and Adverse Health Outcomes. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus.Encyclopaedia Britannica
Student andHome Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Morenikeji O.O. (2006). Research And Analytical Methods. Jos: University press,
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National Population Commission (2012), National Population Figure.
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58
APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
QUESTIONNAIRE ON ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PETROL
FILLING STATIONS IN ILORIN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KWARA
STATE
Dear Respondent,
This field work is an academic exercise for final year project in requirement
for the award of bachelor of technology degree and is aimed at determine the
problems associated with improper location of petrol filling stations in Ilorin West
Local Government Area.
All the information supplied will be used purely for academic purpose and
shall be treated confidential.
NOTE: PFS mean petrol filling station, PLEASE TICK APPROPRIATE ANSWER.
SECTION A
PERSONAL DATA
1. Place of residence -----------------------------------------------------------
2. Gender (a) Male (b) Female.
3. Age (a) less than 18yrs (b) 18- 25yrs (c) 26-35 (d) 36 – 45 (e) 46 – 55 (f) above 55
4. Level of education. (a) Primary (b) Secondary (c) OND/NCE (d) HND/B/sc
5. Occupation (a) Student/apprentice (b) Artisan (c) Trader (d) Civil Servant (e)
farming (f) Unemployed (g) retired
6. Marital status (a) single (b) married (c) Divorce (d) separated (e) widowed
7. How long have you been living in this area?

59
(a) Less than a year (b) 1-5 years (c) 6-10 years (d) 10 years and above.
8. How close is your house to filling station
(a) Less than 15m (b) 15 - 30m (c) 31 - 60m (d) 61 and above.
9. Is your house access road close to filling station entrance (a) Yes (b) No
10. Are you having problem in accessing your building due to queue from filling station
(a) Yes (b) No
11. Is there fire occurrence at filling station nearby over the last?
(a) 2 years (b) 4 years (c) 6 years (d) 10 years (e) None.
12. How many times in the last 10 years?
(a) Once (b) 2-4 times (c) 5-7 times (d) 8 and above
13. Sources of the fire? (a) Naked fire (b) Off loading tanker (c) Fault from vehicles (d)
Fault from Generator.
14. How long does it take to quench the fire? (a) Less than an hour (b) 1-2 hours (c) 3-
4 hours (d) 4 hours and above.

60
POLLUTION
The number on the last five columns represents the degree of impact on the
environment which would be used to assess the effect of the itemized pollution
1=Very Low, 2=Low, 3=Not Aware, 4= High, 5=Very High
Opinion Very
High
(X 5)
High
(X 4)
Not Aware
(X 3)
Low
(X 2)
Very
Low
(X 1)
1. Petrol odour
inside filling
station?
2. Petroleum odour
outside filling
station?
3. Noise from
generating plant
4. Noise from
sound system
5. Noise from
vehicle horns and
engines
6. Spillage around
petrol nozzle
7. Spillage around
kerosene nozzle
8. Spillage around
storage tanks
9. Spillage around
maintenance
point
10. Linkage of
petroleum
tankers

61
APPENDIX 2: LIKERT SCALE CALCULATION OF POLLUTION EFFECTS
The number on the last five columns represents the degree of impact on the
environment which would be used to assess the effect of the itemized pollution
1=Very Low, 2=Low, 3=Not Aware, 4= High, 5=Very High
Opinion Very
High
High Not Aware Low Very
Low
1. Petrol odour
inside filling
station?
188 78 23 34 21
2. Petroleum odour
outside filling
station?
15 14 17 83 215
3. Noise from
generating plant
168 71 8 8 89
4. Noise from
sound system
171 98 18 31 26
5. Noise from
vehicle horns and
engines
176 90 13 44 21
6. Spillage around
petrol nozzle
150 62 14 20 98
7. Spillage around
kerosene nozzle
153 68 12 28 83
8. Spillage around
storage tanks
21 34 23 78 188
9. Spillage around
maintenance
point
6 15 19 93 221
10. Linkage of
petroleum
tankers
19 36 21 69 197
Pollutions Associated With Filling Station.
SOURCE: Field Survey

62
Opinion Very
High
(X 5)
High
(X 4)
Not
Aware
(X 3)
Low
(X 2)
Very
Low
(X 1)
Sum
1. Petrol odour
inside filling
station?
940 312 69 68 21 1419
2. Petroleum odour
outside filling
station?
75 56 51 166 215 563
3. Noise from
generating plant
840 284 24 16 89 1253
4. Noise from
sound system
855 392 54 62 26 1389
5. Noise from
vehicle horns and
engines
880 360 39 88 21 1388
6. Spillage around
petrol nozzle
750 248 42 40 98 1178
7. Spillage around
kerosene nozzle
765 272 36 56 83 1212
8. Spillage around
storage tanks
105 136 69 156 188 654
9. Spillage around
maintenance
point
30 60 57 186 221 554
10. Linkage of
petroleum
tankers
95 144 63 138 197 637

63
Opinion Sum Mean
(sum/344)
Interpretation
(consensus
opinion)
Rank
11. Petrol odour
inside filling
station?
1419 4.125 High 1
12. Petroleum odour
outside filling
station?
563 1.64 Low 8
13. Noise from
generating plant
1253 3.64 High 4
14. Noise from
sound system
1389 4.04 High 2
15. Noise from
vehicle horns and
engines
1388 4.03 High 3
16. Spillage around
petrol nozzle
750 3.42 High 6
17. Spillage around
kerosene nozzle
1212 3.52 High 5
18. Spillage around
storage tanks
654 1.90 Low 10
19. Spillage around
maintenance
point
554 1.61 Low 7
20. Linkage of
petroleum
tankers
637 1.85 Low 9
Using the following scale to determine the consensus opinion of the
respondents: 1 - 1.5 = Very Low
1.51 – 2.49 = Low
2.50 – 3.49 = Not Aware
3.50 – 4.49 = High
4.50 = Very High

Assessment Of Spatial Distribution Of Petrol Filling Stations In Urban Area (Ilorin West LGA)

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