This document summarizes a study that assessed the socio-economic impacts of mining companies on their host communities in northern Surigao Del Sur province in the Philippines. The study found that mining companies have brought some positive socio-economic impacts such as employment opportunities, infrastructure development, and revenue generation. However, the study also found some negative impacts such as environmental pollution, disruption of local communities, and uneven distribution of costs and profits. While mining companies have social development programs, the study found that host communities still face issues like low wages, lack of social services, and health problems. The study concludes that more needs to be done by mining companies and the government to address these socio-economic issues and mitigate the undesirable impacts of mining.
The extractives industry is a major sector in the economies
of the region as it makes a significant contribution to GDP
and constitutes a large portion of exports. However, the
sector's impact on the livelihoods of citizens has not been as
positive. To the contrary, some argue that the industry has
worsened the state of things in many nations, weakening
effective governance by engendering corruption.
This issue explores trends in sustainable development and
the extractives industry. The first article surveys emerging
trends, the second article examines trends in local content,
and the third article is a case study of the community-level
impact of the mining sector in Sierra Leone.
The extractives industry is a major sector in the economies
of the region as it makes a significant contribution to GDP
and constitutes a large portion of exports. However, the
sector's impact on the livelihoods of citizens has not been as
positive. To the contrary, some argue that the industry has
worsened the state of things in many nations, weakening
effective governance by engendering corruption.
This issue explores trends in sustainable development and
the extractives industry. The first article surveys emerging
trends, the second article examines trends in local content,
and the third article is a case study of the community-level
impact of the mining sector in Sierra Leone.
Why a Community Tolerates Dust Pollution and Noise Disturbance? A Study on Co...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Oil Governance and Socio Economic Wellbeing of Communities in the Albertine G...ijtsrd
The study was carried in order to examine how oil governance influence socio economic wellbeing of communities in the Albertine Graben Uganda. Ideally, community policies responsible for promoting oil governance reforms have generally tended to place a stronger emphasis on the accountability rather than the capacity strengthening aspects of the oil governance agenda Humphreys, Sachs and Stiglitz, 2007 . In addition, according to HOCADEO report, 2012 on the baseline study on the current trends of oil exploration and social economic implications of the emerging oil and gas industry on the livelihood security of the local communities in the Albertine region focus mainly should be on land ownership, employment, business opportunities, markets and access to health services. However, current reports on the socio economic wellbeing of communities in the Abertine graben region indicates that business opportunities from oil and gas exploration activities in the Albertine Graben, local communities have not yet benefited as indicted in HOCADEO report, 2021 whereby 70 of the study respondents believed oil and gas exploration has not yet benefited local communities, hence having a very huge bearing on the socio economic wellbeing of the local communities. Many households have lost their land and property due to land grabbing, and the level of poverty continued to grow, limited employment opportunities have been realized by the people in the region, limited access to basic health service, to quality education among others still continues. And it’s against such a background that the study sought to examine the contribution of oil governance on socio economic wellbeing of communities in Albertine Graben Uganda. Ivan Lwanyaga | Prof. Dr. Ricardo Saaverdra | Dr. Charles Edaku "Oil Governance and Socio-Economic Wellbeing of Communities in the Albertine Graben: Uganda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52807.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/52807/oil-governance-and-socioeconomic-wellbeing-of-communities-in-the-albertine-graben-uganda/ivan-lwanyaga
ZELA Hosted the Provincial Alternative Mining Indaba for the Midlands Province between the 4th and 5th of June 2014. Here is the press statement that summarizes the event.
Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Sustainability in NigeriaQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Empirical studies have focused more on the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on economic growth while neglecting its impact on environmental degradation. FDI contributes to environmental hazards which are harmful and detrimental to human wellbeing. This study employed the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on environmental sustainability in Nigeria. Data were collected on CO2 emissions (proxying environmental degradation), FDI, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and population covering the period 1986 to 2015. The study found out that FDI contributes to CO2 emissions, hence environmental degradation. This is attributed to the activities of resource extracting industries which cause pollution in Nigeria. In addition, growth in GDP spurs environmental sustainability against a priori expectation due to the low level of Nigeria’s industrialisation. Furthermore, population growth leads to environmental degradation because majority of Nigerian citizens are poor and depend on the environment for their livelihood which leads to its depletion. The study therefore concludes that Foreign Direct Investment impedes environmental sustainability – giving credence to the pollution haven hypothesis. It is recommended amongst others that; first, the Nigerian Government should impose stringent laws to protect our environment and regulate the activities of international corporations and ensure that these laws are adhered to; second, environmental friendly equipments should be employed by multinational corporations and resource extracting industries; finally, adequate lands should be provided for housing, farm and resources productivities among the less privileged to achieve environmental sustainability
The Environmental Impact of Macroeconomic Policies On Mining and Quarrying Se...No to mining in Palawan
“The Environmental Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Mining and Quarrying Sector in Palawan Province”,
Impact of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies on the Environment (IMAPE) Project funded by the International Development Research Center (IDRC) of Canada pp.1-131,
The study of spatial socio-economic development constitutes a significant field of analysis of innovation creation and diffusion. Understanding the spatial evolution of the different socio-economic systems in the age of globalization requires a synthesizing and integrated theoretical approach to how innovation is generated and replicated. This article aims to study three significant spatial socio-economic development theories –the growth poles, the clusters, and the business ecosystems. A literature review reveals that (a) the concept of growth poles concerns mostly the analysis of spatial polarization between specific territories and regions, (b) the clusters concept addresses the issue of developed inter-industrial competition and co-operation from a meso-level perspective, and (c) the analytical field of business ecosystems provides an evolutionary approach that can be valorized for all co-evolving spatial socio-economic organizations. In this context, an eclectically interventional mechanism to strengthen innovation is suggested. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) policy is proposed for all firms and business ecosystems, of every size, level of spatial development, prior knowledge, specialization, and competitive ability. The ILDI is presented as an intermediate organization capable of diagnosing and enhancing the firm’s physiology in structural Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis).
The formulation and implementation of development plans serve as the benchmark for evaluating economic progress in different sectors of an economy. Since independence, successive administrations in Nigeria have paraded different economic development plans. At the continental level also, several development programmes have been articulated for driving development in the countries of Africa. Many times, supposed laudable economic programmes have failed to identify with the interest of citizens, largely due to poor communication of such programmes. This study investigated citizens’ participation in the implementation of Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020. Among others, the study asked the following questions: to what extent are Nigerian citizens aware goals of Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? What were the media used in popularising Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? The study was anchored on the Participatory Development theory. The survey research design was used to study a population of 84, 004, 084 from which a sample size of 384 respondents was drawn. The sample was based on Keyton’s sampling system. Findings of the study showed that many citizens of Nigeria do not understand the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also found out that many citizens of Nigeria cannot identify development projects executed in line with the goals of Vision 20:2020. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other things, that the Nigerian government should partner with civil society organisations to popularise the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also recommended that citizens of Nigeria should be encouraged to participate in the formulation and implementation of development programmes.
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Why a Community Tolerates Dust Pollution and Noise Disturbance? A Study on Co...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Oil Governance and Socio Economic Wellbeing of Communities in the Albertine G...ijtsrd
The study was carried in order to examine how oil governance influence socio economic wellbeing of communities in the Albertine Graben Uganda. Ideally, community policies responsible for promoting oil governance reforms have generally tended to place a stronger emphasis on the accountability rather than the capacity strengthening aspects of the oil governance agenda Humphreys, Sachs and Stiglitz, 2007 . In addition, according to HOCADEO report, 2012 on the baseline study on the current trends of oil exploration and social economic implications of the emerging oil and gas industry on the livelihood security of the local communities in the Albertine region focus mainly should be on land ownership, employment, business opportunities, markets and access to health services. However, current reports on the socio economic wellbeing of communities in the Abertine graben region indicates that business opportunities from oil and gas exploration activities in the Albertine Graben, local communities have not yet benefited as indicted in HOCADEO report, 2021 whereby 70 of the study respondents believed oil and gas exploration has not yet benefited local communities, hence having a very huge bearing on the socio economic wellbeing of the local communities. Many households have lost their land and property due to land grabbing, and the level of poverty continued to grow, limited employment opportunities have been realized by the people in the region, limited access to basic health service, to quality education among others still continues. And it’s against such a background that the study sought to examine the contribution of oil governance on socio economic wellbeing of communities in Albertine Graben Uganda. Ivan Lwanyaga | Prof. Dr. Ricardo Saaverdra | Dr. Charles Edaku "Oil Governance and Socio-Economic Wellbeing of Communities in the Albertine Graben: Uganda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52807.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/52807/oil-governance-and-socioeconomic-wellbeing-of-communities-in-the-albertine-graben-uganda/ivan-lwanyaga
ZELA Hosted the Provincial Alternative Mining Indaba for the Midlands Province between the 4th and 5th of June 2014. Here is the press statement that summarizes the event.
Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Sustainability in NigeriaQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Empirical studies have focused more on the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on economic growth while neglecting its impact on environmental degradation. FDI contributes to environmental hazards which are harmful and detrimental to human wellbeing. This study employed the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on environmental sustainability in Nigeria. Data were collected on CO2 emissions (proxying environmental degradation), FDI, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and population covering the period 1986 to 2015. The study found out that FDI contributes to CO2 emissions, hence environmental degradation. This is attributed to the activities of resource extracting industries which cause pollution in Nigeria. In addition, growth in GDP spurs environmental sustainability against a priori expectation due to the low level of Nigeria’s industrialisation. Furthermore, population growth leads to environmental degradation because majority of Nigerian citizens are poor and depend on the environment for their livelihood which leads to its depletion. The study therefore concludes that Foreign Direct Investment impedes environmental sustainability – giving credence to the pollution haven hypothesis. It is recommended amongst others that; first, the Nigerian Government should impose stringent laws to protect our environment and regulate the activities of international corporations and ensure that these laws are adhered to; second, environmental friendly equipments should be employed by multinational corporations and resource extracting industries; finally, adequate lands should be provided for housing, farm and resources productivities among the less privileged to achieve environmental sustainability
The Environmental Impact of Macroeconomic Policies On Mining and Quarrying Se...No to mining in Palawan
“The Environmental Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Mining and Quarrying Sector in Palawan Province”,
Impact of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies on the Environment (IMAPE) Project funded by the International Development Research Center (IDRC) of Canada pp.1-131,
The study of spatial socio-economic development constitutes a significant field of analysis of innovation creation and diffusion. Understanding the spatial evolution of the different socio-economic systems in the age of globalization requires a synthesizing and integrated theoretical approach to how innovation is generated and replicated. This article aims to study three significant spatial socio-economic development theories –the growth poles, the clusters, and the business ecosystems. A literature review reveals that (a) the concept of growth poles concerns mostly the analysis of spatial polarization between specific territories and regions, (b) the clusters concept addresses the issue of developed inter-industrial competition and co-operation from a meso-level perspective, and (c) the analytical field of business ecosystems provides an evolutionary approach that can be valorized for all co-evolving spatial socio-economic organizations. In this context, an eclectically interventional mechanism to strengthen innovation is suggested. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) policy is proposed for all firms and business ecosystems, of every size, level of spatial development, prior knowledge, specialization, and competitive ability. The ILDI is presented as an intermediate organization capable of diagnosing and enhancing the firm’s physiology in structural Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis).
The formulation and implementation of development plans serve as the benchmark for evaluating economic progress in different sectors of an economy. Since independence, successive administrations in Nigeria have paraded different economic development plans. At the continental level also, several development programmes have been articulated for driving development in the countries of Africa. Many times, supposed laudable economic programmes have failed to identify with the interest of citizens, largely due to poor communication of such programmes. This study investigated citizens’ participation in the implementation of Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020. Among others, the study asked the following questions: to what extent are Nigerian citizens aware goals of Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? What were the media used in popularising Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? The study was anchored on the Participatory Development theory. The survey research design was used to study a population of 84, 004, 084 from which a sample size of 384 respondents was drawn. The sample was based on Keyton’s sampling system. Findings of the study showed that many citizens of Nigeria do not understand the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also found out that many citizens of Nigeria cannot identify development projects executed in line with the goals of Vision 20:2020. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other things, that the Nigerian government should partner with civil society organisations to popularise the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also recommended that citizens of Nigeria should be encouraged to participate in the formulation and implementation of development programmes.
The central purpose of the study is to evaluate the programs, project planning and management in Ethiopian Red Cross society and its comparison with procedures of project planning and management system. The study found that Ethiopian Red Cross society has been working on a lot of community development projects in Ethiopia for several decades. Most projects were principally emphasized on disaster and risk reduction. Different organizations use diverse project procedures to achieve the anticipated objectives. This also true for the Ethiopian Red Cross society projects. The Ethiopian Red Cross society had integrated some unique style of project planning and management system in its project. Thus, there was no total departure in the whole system of project development phases. Every cycle of the project life spans are used beginning from the point of concept initiation to final implementation and closure phases.
Although Africa’s contribution to the world’s greenhouse gas emission is the smallest compared to other continents, yet they tend to be affected most by the variability in Climate. Malawi is not an exception to this climate change, as they are not just faced with rising temperatures and variable rainfall patterns, but with reoccurring droughts and severe flooding. Agriculture has been noted to contribute significantly to not only climate change but also has significant impacts on global warming through its greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, not all farming systems impact negatively on climate change. Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that encourages no or minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of crop species. These three interlinked principles combined with good agricultural practices promote biodiversity and normal biotic processes, both on and under the ground surface, thereby increasing the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of water, into a more resilient farming system which will help sustain and improve agricultural production. This review looks at Conservation Agriculture practices in the Machinga Agricultural Development Division of Malawi and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper shows that Conservation Agriculture has played an active role in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions but suggested there is a need for the government to formulate a CA framework that is founded on the three interlinked principles and not just based on soil and water conservation principles which are currently being advocated and practised.
The study was conducted on issues affecting the academic achievement of female students in selected primary schools of Jimma Arjo woreda while its objective was to investigate the major factors that affect the academic achievements of female students in primary schools of four sampled primary schools/Arjo primary school, Andinnet, Arbi-gebeya and Wayu Warke primary schools. Female students academic achievements show an upgrading from time to time, but still the rise is delicate when contrast to males. The finding identified the five broad categories, Family related, school related, socio-economic related, cultural related were the major factors that affect the academic achievements of females’ education. The common issues household responsibilities, low awareness of parents towards females education, parents financial problems, parents education level, lack of school facilities, school distance, the nature of teacher student relationship, the study behavior female students implement, teaching method teachers use, early marriage, less avails of role models are the main reasons for squat academic achievements of female students on education. To alleviate these upward parents awareness to wards the benefit of educating females, motivating female students, providing financial supports for the poor female students, improving school facilities and protecting female from abduction and early marriage/from any harmful traditions were recommended.
The economic loss of timber caused by over stumps and defects is an essential issue in forest science but study regarding this is very limited in Nepal. Thus, this research was objectively conducted to assess the volume of timber loss and associated monetary loss caused by over stumps and defects in logs and reason behind this. Three community forests namely Deurali, Jay Durga and Raniphanta community forests were selected for this research. Total enumeration was done so 375 stumps and 224 defected logs were measured from15 March to 15 April, 2019. The height and diameter at the butt end were measured using simple tape and D-tape respectively. Additionally, the length and diameter of defects in log was recorded. Total thirty key informant interviews and three focus group discussions were organized to assess the major causes of over stumps and defects. The timber volume loss caused by over stumps was calculated using cylindrical volume formula and volume loss caused by defect was calculated using formula, i.e. gross volume - net volume. The price of wood was collected from community forest to calculate the monetary value of timber loss. The principal component analysis was applied to assess the major causes of over stumps and defect in log. The highest total volume loss was recorded around 15.217 m3 (28.49%) caused by over stumps and out of this, it was 53.41 m3 timber loss in Deurali community forest. The loss due to defects in tree was ranged from 128.57 to 284.21 m3 in the community forests. The monetary value of loss caused by over stump was US$ 6971.14 of Shorea robusta in Deurali community forest and it was US$ 8100.52 because of defect. The principal component analysis showed that use of saw and axe for felling the trees in the community forests was considered as highest factor of over stump and diseases and over mature trees were key factors of wood defect. The research will be useful for policy makers and scientific community to monitor the timber loss.
Background: The role of the pharmaceutical industry in a country such as Nigeria in the provision of safe, high quality and efficacious pharmaceutical products to meet the healthcare need of the populace, cannot be over-emphasized. This study was undertaken to critically look at the issues affecting Medicines’ Security in Nigeria. Methods: A self-completion questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was administered to participants of an Industry event in September 2017. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: A total number of 800 questionnaires were administered to the participants and 529 of the questionnaires were included for analysis. Male participants (58.6%) were more than female participants, all age groups were well represented and more than a third of the respondents had first degree as their minimum qualification. Majority of the respondents (91.3%) indicated that Ministry of Health and its agencies were key to protecting the pharmaceutical sector, while slightly less of that proportion (79.1%) indicated that they patronized Nigeria pharmaceutical products. Almost all the participants (91.7%) supported the need for the local pharmaceutical industry to have access to sustainable funding and other incentives. A similar proportion (89.6%) of the respondents indicated that the local pharmaceutical industry should be prioritized in policy making and implementation. A significant proportion of the study participants (82.3%) indicated that access to medicines in Nigeria is a security issue. Conclusion: To ensure Medicines’ Security and attain medicines self-sufficiency in Nigeria, radical policies must therefore be put in place, together with enabling good business and industrial environment by the government in order to protect, promote and grow the local pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria.
Agricultural Informatics is a valuable domain in the field of interdisciplinary sciences. This is responsible for the applications of Information Technology, Computing and similar technologies into the agricultural activities. This is the combination of Agricultural Science and Information Sciences. The field due to technological nature is much closed with the Agricultural Engineering or Agricultural Technology. There are many allied and similar nomenclature of the fields but all of these are primarily responsible for the same purpose. The field is rapidly increasing in recent past and most practiced in the developed nation. However, in developing countries as well Agricultural Informatics becomes an emerging field of practice and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics is growing both in pre and post agricultural activity. This branch is considered as branch of Information Sciences & Technology due to its technological applications in the field of agriculture and allied areas. Information Sciences are the broadest field within the allied branches and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics educational programs have started in recent past in different level and stream of education viz. science and technology. However within the broad periphery of Information Sciences it could be offered in other streams and under the wide variety of Information Sciences. This paper is broad and interdisciplinary in nature and deals with the aspects of the Information Sciences and Technology including features, nature, scope and also the potentialities in respect of Agricultural Informatics.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
One of the most burning issues that have dominated the public sphere in Nigeria and other oil exporting countries is the covid-19 pandemic and its attendant challenges. This pandemic is a shock on real economic fundamentals and frictionless of the market. It introduces a barrier between the market forces with strong complementary feedbacks in the real economy. The absence of precise vaccine or medication for the virus has necessitated the adoption of several precautionary measures with the aim of containing its wide spread. Critical among which are the travel restrictions, lockdown measures as well as social and physical distancing. These measures have detrimental effect on the demand and price of oil in the international market. In view of that, this study evaluates the social and economic impact of covid-19 in Nigeria taking into cognisance the effect on certain critical macroeconomic indicators. The study adopted an analytical approach to supplement the much ongoing documentations on the subject matter. Result shows that virtually all essential macroeconomic indicators are grossly affected with tax, remittances and employment exhibiting severe consequences. Also, uncertainty, panics and lockdown measures are key to motivating higher decrease in world demand. The supply disruptions and huge death toll generates a heightened uncertainty and panic for household and business. This uncertainty and panic leads to drop in consumption and investment thereby causing a decrease in corporate cash flows and triggered firm’s bankruptcy. Also, lay-off and exiting firms produce higher unemployment while labour income decreased significantly. Since it entails a large amount of government expenditure especially in the health sector which is required to contain the spread of the virus, there is needs for government to diversify its revenue sources and thus drop over dependency on the oil remittance. Furthermore, there is a need to support the financial system to avoid the health crisis becoming a financial crisis in the long-run.
The outbreak and subsequent spread of COVID-19 to the West African sub-region have brought significant changes to the different aspects of our lives and grounded educational and socio-political and economic activities of ECOWAS member states. The pandemic has exposed the poor state of the health systems and shortage in medical supplies and protective gears to cope with the health emergency. In response, strict restrictions were put in place to curb the spread of the virus and these have drastically affected peoples’ lifestyles. However, there has been huge increase in the use of technology in business, education, religion and other activities as people adapt to the changing times in the sub-region. It is the argument of this paper that things cannot return to the way they were before the pandemic, but West African states must strategically plan for the Post COVID-19 era to survive the massive wave of unemployment, socio-economic meltdown and changes in lifestyle. The paper concluded that while the fight against the virus in the sub-region was not collective, post-pandemic recovery must be coordinated, strategically plannedamong member states. It was recommended that the governments should be flexible enough to retain the use of ICT and technology alongside the conventional ways of doing things in the post-pandemic era.
Undoubtedly, religion is one of the main factors that increasingly contribute to the shaping of international relations. As it was in the European middle ages, religion and geopolitics have always had ties of one sort or another. Imperialism and nationalist doctrines have found purpose and justification in religious differences and, religious zealotry was functioned to be both cause and consequence of the concentration of state power and the rivalries among existing competitors. The involvement of numerous religious groups and movements in the political scene led the situation to be extremely complicated. The purpose of this article is to see to what extent religion as a soft power has a role in forming international politics. Also, to discuss the role the superpowers and regional powers play in dealing with the question of religious issues. With an argument that these issues including religious conflicts are led by international and regional powers which function these groups in a proxy war to be part of their rivalry overpower, and to achieve their national interests through their foreign policies at the cost of considerable environmental degradation and a massive death toll of people.
This study examines and explicates the lexico-semantic parameters, which Joseph Edoki deploys to convey his themes in The Upward Path, his second novel. Edoki is a contemporary Nigerian novelist who is preoccupied with the socio-political problems in Africa with the hope of a brighter future. The novel is the story of Mr. Gaga, a Rhwandan American PhD student, on a fact finding mission in Savannah, an African country, for his Thesis entitled ‘’ Why Africa is Underdeveloped’’. For failing to portray Africa in line with the negative views about the continent in his proposal, Gaga’s supervisor recalls him back to America in anger. But in defense of his conviction and research findings about Africa, Gaga remains in Savannah to complete his Thesis. This study is of significance because as a linguistic study, it will serve as a springboard to future researches in the language of African literature. Moreover, the good governance, which Edoki presents in Savannah, the fictional country, in which the novel under study is set, is a blue print for the development of Africa.
The increasing involvement of women in the advancement of insurgency in Nigeria has become a thing of great worry. The question often asked is as to whether their involvement is induced or free-willed. The concept of consent is on different layers and one would imagine the extent of consent given before they become members of the sect or culprits. The different ways women have been used to perpetrate the activities of Boko Haram ranges from threats to abuse, Indoctrination to hypnotism and many others. Due to the subtle and unsuspecting nature of women, they form a good strategy for members of the sect. However, their involvement is not evidence against them as they face situations that almost deny them the opportunity to choose whether or not to subscribe to the forceful approach used by Boko Haram insurgents!.
The art of using language for public expression in order to persuade target audience to support development initiatives is a key reason for graphic communication. This requires communication actors particularly, the graphic encoder to know salient input and output variables of communication for effective mediation. However, the prevalence ignorance of these variables, often results in ineffective media production that is counter-productive to development. Therefore, this paper focused on production of practical rhetoric in graphic language for development programmes. The paper employed the critical-historical-analytic examination and content analysis methods. It introduced the reader to the need for practical rhetoric in visual communication. Furthermore, it highlighted the salient input and output variables that the graphic communication actor need be conversant with in order to produce visual rhetoric, using the McGuire’s Communication/persuasion Matrix. And it exemplified graphic media that result from application or neglect of the knowledge of the variables. The paper found that consideration of the variables afforded production of effective rhetoric in graphic language. The paper ended with the need for graphic encoders to internalize knowledge of the input and output variables and utilize it during the process of media production to generate visual rhetoric with desired effect.
The Niger delta of Nigeria has been besieged by a lot of crises, which have posed serious security risks to the region. This has adversely and seriously affected not only the region, but Nigeria in general. The processes of crude oil extraction in the Niger delta have resulted in ecological degradation and oil pollutions, thereby doing a lot of damages to the farmlands and fishing waters of the people, whose major occupations are farming and fishing. Petroleum, the main source of Nigeria’s revenue is obtained in the Niger delta. Yet, Deltans are confronted with a lot of problems; they are impoverished, exploited, neglected and marginalized despite the economic value of the region to the Nigerian economy. No serious or commensurate efforts are made by the government or the multinational oil companies operating in the region to compensate the people for the losses they suffer through oil pollutions. This has resulted in a lot of protests and violence, culminating in the social unrest in the region. To this effect, there have been reactions to the crises in diverse ways. Though such efforts have yielded little dividends, the crises have persisted. Niger delta deserves priority attention in terms of human and infrastructural developments. In the literary circle, some Nigerian literary artists have expressed concern over the issue with a view to creating awareness on the seriousness of the crises, and advancing suggestions that will proffer permanent solutions to the problems. This paper examines and expounds how Helon Habila deploys the mood system as a language tool in his novel, Oil on Water, to address the Niger Delta crises. He advances suggestions to put an end to the crises in order to restore peace, and enhance sustainable development in Nigeria.
The paper seeks to analyze the larger concept of multiculturalism and to further determine its role and importance in modern Georgia. The agenda of cultural diversity is often subject to criticism, accused for being responsible for endangering modern societies. Such statements will be critically analyzed within the context of the increasing far-right sentiments among Georgians, as reflected in a what can be described as a radical march which took place in Tbilisi on the 14th of July 2017, creating risks of further deteriorating of the situation in the country, given the general macro-economic instability of Georgia and undermining democracy. This paper concludes that it is very important to establish an innovative new model of Georgian citizenship, and one which will address all the accumulated misunderstandings now existing in society. It is expected that this will enable multiculturalism to be perceived more appropriately, i.e. as a unifying ideology rather than a dividing force.
The purpose of the research is to examine importance of Georgia’s current relations with its neighboring Russia and Azerbaijan and to estimate risks that deterioration of these relations can bring to Georgia’s economy. Of particular interest is to understand who stands behind the tensions happened in Georgia in the run-up to the tourist season of 2019 or at least to figure out possible motives behind the events. Interdependence of the states is analyzed through historical review of their relations and estimation of their current mutual interests. Considering risks and aspirations of the sides in the tensions, the motives behind are suggested. The data received depicts that none of these tensions were initiated by Georgia following its interests, on the contrary, its ruling party’s most visible achievement had been the ability to maintain positive and beneficial relations with both Russia and Azerbaijan. Thus, the Georgian government considered to be a victim in this case. The paper concludes that Georgian government is unable to react on provocations in a timely fashion due to absence of agreement in the ruling party and being quite fragile for outside forces that try to influence the country’s political processes. Unless Georgia manages to build more interdependent or less dependent relations with superpowers, it will be unable to avoid repetition of such manipulations.
This study explores a potential reposition of the triple helix model of university-industry-government relations in terms of micro-level analysis. In this direction, we evaluate the development of helix theory over time, by reviewing the relevant literature divided into three successive phases: the phase of theoretical foundation, the phase of conceptual expansion, and the phase of recent developments and systematic attempts of implementation. In this conceptual study, we estimate that a refocused triple helix model in terms of local development, by placing at the center of analysis the “living organization’s” dynamics in Stra.Tech.Man terms (synthesis of Strategy-Technology-Management), can be a possible direction of analytical enrichment.
Globalization and liberalization puts the emphasis on exports as a technique in which developing countries like the Kingdom of Eswatini should adopt to expand their markets beyond their domestic market. For the developing countries to be international competitive in the global markets they need to minimize their production cost particularly on the products that are being exported. The production of most of the exported commodities needs lot energy from oil; hence there has been tremendous increase of oil and its by-product worldwide. The current oil demand for most countries in the world is not met because of insufficient reserves for crude oil in most countries. The Kingdom of Eswatini does not have an oil reserves or oil-refining facilities hence they depends on imports from the neighbouring states in order to meet the consumption requirement. The oil price shocks in the global market normally have adversely effects on various macroeconomic variables such as exchange rate since the oil is traded in US dollars. Oil and exchange rate are considered to be essential factors for domestic economies for developing countries like the Kingdom of Eswatini. The purpose of the study is to investigate the causal relationship between Lilangeni-dollar exchange rate and crude oil price by using the Toda-Yamamota approach. The study used daily time series from January 01st, 2005 to April 30th, 2018 of nominal exchange rate of Lilangeni (Eswatini currency [SZL]) vis-à-vis United States dollar (USD) data as well as the global price of Brent crude oil data that was used as a proxy for the Global crude oil price. The results from the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test revealed that there is a unidirectional causality from the global oil price to the Eswatini’s nominal exchange rate (SZL/USD). Hence the study concluded that the global crude oil price influence the Eswatini’s nominal exchange rate. Therefore the study recommends that in the formulating of Eswatini’s exchange rate policy emphases should be on the global oil prices in order not to misalign the Eswatini’s currency.
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The Socio-Economic Impact of Mining Companies to Their Host Communities in Northern Part of Surigao Del Sur Province
1. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
ISSN(e): 2415-2331, ISSN(p): 2415-5241
Vol. 4, Issue. 10, pp: 103-111, 2018
URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/11
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.410.103.111
Academic Research Publishing
Group
*Corresponding Author
103
Original Research Open Access
The Socio-Economic Impact of Mining Companies to Their Host Communities in
Northern Part of Surigao Del Sur Province
Odinah Cuartero-Enteria
Surigao Del Sur State University Cantilan, Surigao Del Sur, Philippines
Abstract
The operation of mining companies in the province has generated various impacts on their host and surrounding
communities. No wonder, mining companies consistently provide inputs and support to sustain their services for the
welfare of the community. This paper reports the findings of a study undertaken to assess the socio-economic impact
of mining companies to their host communities in the northern part of Surigao Del Sur Province. This paper also
presents the perceptions of respondents based on their socio-economic background and identified possible ways on
how to deal with its impacts. Purposive sampling was employed in the selection of the participants. Data were
collected through the researcher-made questionnaire, which solicits the socio-economic impacts and how these
impacts are perceived by the host community. Findings revealed that mining companies have brought positive
impacts on the socio-economic status of the people. The resources were wisely shared to the community through
offering various activities and programs. However, even if the companies have been helpful to their community, yet,
they have not done much to please the other aspects. The increasing records on low-paid employment position
stressed public and health services, occurring prevalent diseases and over population are few of the evident that
require much attention from the companies. Hence, conscious effort with the assistance of the government and other
concern agencies should be practiced to mitigate the increasing undesirable impacts.
Keywords: Socio-economic impact; Host communities; Perceptions on impact; Alternative practices.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
Mining companies have contributed towards the improvement of social development by implementing socially
and environmentally responsible practices through all phases of the mine-life cycle (Northgate Minerals Corps,
2010). It can particularly make a difference in the condition of people through the industry‟s support to the
promotion of education of children and to the improvement of public access to social infrastructures and services.
However, it is also important to nurture the integrity and quality of people who will manage the opportunities
brought about by mining for the pursuit of sustainable development (Balanay and Yorobe, 2014). Everingham
(2007) stated that considerable attention has been devoted to reducing environmental damage associated with
mining, yet, less is known about how to manage the socio-economic impact of mining.
Surigao Del Sur is located along the north eastern coast of Mindanao facing the Philippine Sea representing
27.75 percent of the total land area of Caraga Administrative Region of Mindanao, Philippines (Census of
Population, 2015). It endows with metallic minerals such as copper, gold, chromite, cobalt, nickel and lead zinc, as
well as non-metallic. At present, there are only two mining industries operating in a large scale namely, Carrascal
Nickel Corporation (CNC) situated in Barangay Bon-ot and Marcventure Mining and Development Corporation
(MMDC) in Barangay Panikian, Carrascal, Surigao Del Sur.
Carrascal Nickel Corporation (CNC) is a company focused on operating, acquiring, exploring, and developing
nickel properties in the Philippines. The company is known to its clients from China where it exports low to high
grade nickel (Cnc Mining Corp, 2013). The company‟s current mining operations are all conducted above ground
using bench mining techniques (Retrieved from: www.cncnickel.com, 2011). The use of the world‟s best practices
on mining and social environmental management and sustainability of the host and surrounding communities are the
main goals of CNC. Conversely, the Marcventures Mining and Development Corporation (MMDC) has almost the
same mission and vision with that of CNC mining company. MMDC is also engaged in nickel mining operations in
the municipalities of Cantilan, Carrascal, and Madrid in the province of Surigao del Sur covering an area of 4,799
hectares. Selling nickel ore through direct shipment to China, Japan, and other Asian countries is its major marketing
effort. The company remains committed to enhancing its practices and contributing to the socio-economic growth of
its host communities. MMDC has long been pursuing the safety and welfare of the people while endeavoring to
reduce its environmental footprint (Accessed at: https://marcventuresholdings.com/corporate_profile).
The mission and visions of the operating mining companies in the areas contradict to the results of the study of
Cuartero (2014). According to her, social sector is not contented with the implemented activities of mining
companies based on its social development and management program (SDMP) for reasons that very little in the way
of obvious benefits have been translated into the local communities. Cawood (2005); Mtegha (2013) added that the
social issues are closest to the hearts and minds of local communities because, with the right administrative
structures, tangible benefits could be accessed by them within the immediate future.
2. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
104
Social issues are a top priority owing to inherent poverty, particularly in rural communities that are more likely
to experience disruption of their life styles through mining activities development, and in locations where inhabitants
observe mining operations as an opportunity for alleviating their status. Based on the report of Jumalon (2014),
mining companies continue their contribution to economic growth in northeastern Mindanao revenues with 3 billion
pesos and of total increase of 19,310 jobs or 17% employment rate. However, cost and profits are not fairly
distributed among agencies. This can be observed in private enterprises that make more profits than agricultural
communities while local economies are seriously disturbed by various types of pollutions brought by mining
activities to the environment. Agricultural sectors though contribute to the economic progress through exports yet
their mechanisms are deprived by machineries in mining related activities. In fact, Cuartero (2014) and Noronha
(2001) stipulated that mining industries have provided poor social and environmental contributions to their
surrounding community. The social and environmental impacts are becoming more and more pervasive in the
locality. Ivanova (2007) indicated that there are a number of reasons why economic and social impact of mining
should be assessed carefully through the life cycle of mining operations. A better understanding of these impacts can
help avoid or mitigate the worst effects, as well as the negative reputation of mining companies to their host
communities. CNC and MMDC as the leading mining companies in the area have committed to provide the host
communities with sustainable social and economic development by integrating the best practices they can offer
(Maier, 2014). However, the socio-economic status of their host communities has not been quantified that have
drawn attention and highlighted some negative reasons associated to their operations.
Thus, the prevailing situation prompted the researcher to determine the socio-economic impact of mining
industries in the area to their host and neighboring communities. The study also aimed to fill in the gap between the
arising issues on the socio-economic status of the host communities and the mining companies‟ formulated
interventions that can address the concerns. The findings of the study could be used by the government, private
institutions, and mining companies to redress socio-economic impact relating to adequate social services. It further
provides new existing knowledge and data on the socio-economic status of host communities in the northern area of
Surigao Del Sur province.
2. Objectives
The study aimed to determine the socio-economic impact of mining industries to their host and neighboring
communities in the northern part of Surigao Del Sur province. Specifically, the study obtained the following
objectives:
1. Assessment of the socio-economic impact of mining companies on their host community;
2. Determination of how these socio-economic impacts of mining companies are perceived by the host
communities;
3. Identification of possible alternative practices for the improvement of the socio-economic status of the host
communities.
3. Review of Related Studies and Literatures
The Philippines boasts some of the world‟s vastest precious metals reserves, valued at around $840bn at 2010
prices. In 2013, the Philippines was tied with Indonesia as the largest nickel producer in the world, producing some
440,000 tons. The country‟s vast and largely untapped mining potential continues to draw strong interest from
foreign and domestic actors despite decreasing investment in the short term. Although overall output and revenue are
being sustained by existing operations, new investment continues to lag, as mining companies wait out the
finalization of new mining regulations. The question is,“Will the regulatory framework catch up with the demand?”
(Oxford Business Group, 2015).
The notion of sustainable development has given rise to various visions of the future of the world, possible
trade-offs and of externalities (Hilson, 2001). Although sustainable development requires the integration of the
economic, environmental and social dimensions of development, the economic considerations often override the
environmental and social considerations in most developing countries. According to Obiri (2016), many of the social
elements of sustainable development can be cast in the light of socio-economic considerations as link between the
economic, environmental, and social dimensions. The ultimate goal should be on identifying the ways to maximize
the positive effects of mining on the lives of people while minimizing the negative effects. These effects should
reflect the impact of mining on the present generations as well as future generations of miners and their families.
Based on the paper of Morris and Baartjes (2010), it is widely accepted that developmental activities like mining are
expected to contribute to both the social and economic development of the localities in which they are situated,
either directly or indirectly. Yet socio-economic impact is a concept that has many different connotations for
development practitioners and academics; it is an evolving concept that defies an agreed upon definition. In a general
sense, the phrase „socio-economic impact‟ represents both the negative and positive developmental influences that
mining activities have on the social and economic well-being of communities.
Understanding the impact of mining on local communities before, during, and after the life of a mine is a vital
part of responsible mining. This includes dealing not only with national governments, but understanding the needs
and aspirations of indigenous communities to ensure positive impacts (World Gold Council, 2018). According to
Holden (2007), mining companies are expected to provide employment opportunities to communities in their
vicinity directly during the construction and operation phases of their processes, and indirectly through the demand
3. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
105
of goods and services from the miners. This process creates a cycle of revenue generation and circulates currency,
which is expected to enhance the quality of life of those living in mining localities.
Responsible mining companies are mindful of their impact on the local environment, but some are also using
their expertise in assisting communities in remote locations. While responsible mining creates jobs and economic
opportunities, many companies also choose to invest in social infrastructure outside of their immediate sphere of
operations. Often, this takes the form of partnerships with national or regional governments or community
organizations so that investments are targeted to meet the needs of local populations (World Gold Council, 2018).
The statements agreed with the report of Colina (2018) that identified mining operations in the Municipality of
Carrascal in Surigao Del Sur as one of the sources of contamination, and claimed other mining operations in the
nearby province of Surigao del Norte, affect the marine habitat in the province. Gregorio E. de la Rosa Jr.,
conservation science and research manager at the Haribon Foundation, underscored that the problem involving the
runoff wastes in the area could have been prevented if the requirement of setting up settling ponds to trap the
sediments from mining sites has been strictly enforced and strengthened. He emphasized the need to strictly enforce
the Philippine Mining Act of 1995, National Integrated Protected Areas System, and Wildlife Resources
Conservation and Protect Act, as well as local legislations like the land use plan to mitigate the effects brought about
by mining operations.
From the review of Mancini and Sala (2018), the impacts of mining relates mainly to three areas: land use and
territorial aspects, environmental impacts affecting health, and human rights. Demography-related impacts emerged,
especially in terms of migration and gender imbalance in the mining communities. In the study of Darkoh (2015) on
the socio-economic impact of mining, it was revealed that the positive impacts are seen in terms of employment
generation; development of infrastructure for other economic and social activities to take place; improvement in
revenue generation for the country where they take place; and technological advancement amongst others. The social
and economic effects that are commonly critical are severe human health problems due to pollution, displacement of
local people, alteration of socio-cultural life of the local community resulting from high influx of people into the
mining area for employment reasons, and land-use changes. The physical environment suffers severely in terms of
the destruction of vegetation, soil and water pollution, and displacement of wildlife from their natural habitat. The
more recent environmental issues associated with mining include use of toxic chemicals, disposal of hazardous
waste, accidents, and release of ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases.
Thus, mining companies have a tedious challenge to lead by example and show their commitment to work with
the communities they operate in as partners and not as exploiters of capital. Furthermore, communities need to be
assured that their voices directly influence the decisions made at the engagement forums. This strategic approach
will potentially build trust and strengthen relationships amongst stakeholders. Other benefits of such dialogue
activities may include reduced conflicts between the entity and communities; a shared ownership of decisions
leading to enhanced accountability and better services; and lastly, increased transparency and access of information
by communities from the mining industry at large Ngobese (2015).
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Description of the Study Area
The study was conducted in the northern part of Surigao Del Sur province, particularly in the municipality of
Carrascal, a fourth class municipality with an increasing income sourced from mining activities. The place has a
population of 16, 529 people which is politically subdivided into 14 barangays (National Statistics Office (NSCB),
2007). Before the mining started its operation, Carrascal had an income of 1.3 million pesos from its main source of
livelihood that is agriculture. In 2012, the LGU‟s income hit 185 million pesos from local tourism. When Carrascal
municipal officials decided to let mining companies in, local ordinances were created, as well as Memoranda of
Understanding with the mining firms, with the goal of equitable sharing of profits to give maximum benefits to the
town and its people. The mining companies operating in the area include Carrascal Nickel Corporations (CNC) and
Marcventures Mining and Development Corporation (MMDC) (Lopez, 2013).
4.2. Participants and Procedure
The participants of the study were selected residents or household heads in the northern part of Surigao Del Sur
where mining companies are operating. A household in this sense is defined as one person living on his/her own or
those living together, sharing eating arrangements and working and contributing to the household income. The
household head (respondent) is the individual or person who takes responsibility of the entire household collective
matters on behalf of the other members, including him/herself, and can be a male or a female (Asare, 1999). The
choice of the respondents was done through purposive non-probability methods. Respondents were chosen based on
the criteria that they have at least resided the mining areas for 15 years and more; at least 25 and above years of age;
and non-employee of mining companies.
A researcher-made questionnaire as the main tool was administered to 150 household heads to collect the socio-
economic data. The data collected include the profile of the respondents and their perceptions on the socio-economic
impact of mining companies in the host community. In addition to the questionnaires, the holding of formal and
informal discussions with key informants such as the elders who have stayed in the area for a long time, was
employed. The collected data were all recorded and analyzed using frequency count, percentage distribution, mean,
and analysis of variance.
4. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
106
5. Results and Discussion
Table 1 (please see Appendix –I) presents the profile of the respondents as to age, sex, educational background
and occupation. It can be gleaned in the table that most of the respondents are male with ages ranging from 35-44,
having graduated in high school level. Most of the respondents surveyed were employed and managing their own
business establishments while 20% of them were unemployed.
Table 2 (please see Appendix I) presents the socio-economic impact of mining companies to their host and
neighboring communities. It is reflected in table 2 that socio-economic impact of mining companies on their host and
neighboring communities is moderately observed with the mean total value of 3.15, qualitatively interpreted as
moderate impact. Most of the socio-economic impact descriptions that receive high impact responses are in
accordance with the mining company‟s Social Development Management Programs (SDMP). These include,
imposing of all applicable standards, laws, regulations, and requirements; and achieving industry’s goal of zero
incidents, injuries, and illnesses (M = 3.29) which can be categorized under social aspects, economic, and health and
safety indicators. Investing projects in education especially to Indigenous Peoples (IPs) and maintaining the
wellbeing of the employees or communities are both under employment and education category, which yield the
second highest mean of M = 3.28, also interpreted as high impacts. This means that the mining companies have
maintained their quality service to the host and neighboring communities by maintaining their practices on
responsible mining. Most of the indicators with high impact responses are focused on how mining companies show
transparency and on time implementation of its SDMP. The assurance of securing the health and needs of the
community is one of the priorities of the companies; hence, the community‟s expectations are directly addressed and
communicated through the provisions of employment with safe working areas. The results are supported by the
study of Cuartero (2014) that the extent of implementation of SDMP of the mining companies is high, which can be
attributed to the mining companies‟ goal of developing a better relation with the community. The projects and
activities included in the companies‟ SDMP are the top priority of mining industries which may involve a concealed
program to win the interest of the community. Wise and Shtylla (2007), mentioned in their study that it is worth
noting that the construction of infrastructures by mining industries in the communities has direct positive impact on
the communities. It is therefore evident that being audited and certified by TÜV Rheinland Philippines, the mining
companies have improved in their socio-economic service performance that gains positive and very satisfactory
impact to the host community (Retrieved from: https://www.certipedia.com). Sayre (2018) identified those mining
companies that are certified ISO 9001: 2008 and ISO 14001: 2004 have competitive advantages among other
companies. Benefits that mining companies can offer to the host communities include effective management
practices to achieve and improve environmental performance and progressive improvement to reap economic
benefits.
On the other hand, most of the identified socio-economic indicators of CNC mining company obtained moderate
impact. The indicators in supporting the community in establishing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and
focus on recruiting more employees by prioritizing the local knowledge and socio-economic benefits of the host
community gave same responses with the mean total of 3.06. The results point out to employability and livelihood
status of the host communities where most of them contentedly received the positive impacts of the mining
companies‟ implemented activities. The host community generally perceived that the presence of mining activities in
their place has increased job opportunities in many aspects such as the establishment of small and big enterprises
among host communities and prioritizing local applicants for job listing. Instances where local residents are
indirectly engaged in mining include being involved in secondary services like selling basic commodities and
supplies to mining employees, and offering accommodation and relaxation activities. Petkova (2009) and Luyet
(2012), indicated that individuals may be disillusioned when the new mining jobs are taken by migrants into the
community and may have a negative view of job opportunities. However, the relatively high income of people
working in the mines and the indirect benefits they gained were seen by the local community, hence, mining
generates positive impacts on the communities. Wang et al. (2016) agreed that in order to reduce the perception
dissonance between the mining industries and the host community, it is important for mining sectors to understand
the factors that shape a community‟s perception regarding mining activities. Contrariwise, mining for instance has
been shown to affect local economies positively via boosting local incomes, employment, labor reallocation, gender
empowerment and others (Aragon and Rud, 2013; Tolonen, 2015). It is important therefore that host communities
that are dependent on mining benefits should diversify their economies and better seek strategies to create well-
equipped socio-economic status whenever faced by any challenges (Moritz, 2017).
The indicators with the least mean total, yet still give moderate impact are observed in reducing the
environmental footprint of the operations and related activities and reducing the negative effects on land, water, and
air for environment and health sustainability (M = 3.03). The results reflect that there is still a need for mining
companies to intensify the implementation of their existing environmental protection programs. It has been said by
Rajaram (2005) that mining itself may occur on a relatively small land area, however, the associated infrastructure
and pollution from its activities has the potential to affect the health of ecosystems and reduce their ability to provide
the goods and services necessary for human and environmental well-being. Hence, in order to be more
environmentally sustainable, mining operations should further intensify and conduct activities that minimize their
impact on the surrounding environment, and leaves mine sites in an acceptable state for re-use by people or
ecosystems. Proliferation of a number of management strategies and technologies should be developed and used by
the mining industry to reduce its environmental impacts (Fraser Institute, 2012).
The mining companies have maintained their outstanding record over the years by consistently putting concerns
to the host community and environment. In fact, one from the two existing companies, CNC mining company was
5. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
107
recognized and awarded by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) the ”Best Mining
Forest” award for 2013 and 2014 (http://www.asiabusinesschannel.tv/cnc/ Accessed: 03-05-18). At present, the
company continues to improve its advocacy on environmental protection through livelihood projects that caters not
only the economic aspect of the community but also its care for the environment. As a continued effort to find ways
to improve the CNC‟s system and methods to protect the environment, different researches on plant growth were
conducted to help the farmers and to ensure sustainable good harvest (Retrieved from: http://www.cncnickel.com).
Similarly, the MMDC has signed MOA with the DENR to strengthen and accelerate mine rehabilitation through the
government‟s flagships reforestation program dubbed as Enhanced National Greening Program (E-NGP)
(http://www.marcventureholdings.com).
Table 3 (see Appendix – I) presents the analysis of variance on the relationship of respondents‟ age with regards
to the socio-economic impact of CNC mining company. It can be gleaned in the table that the p-value of .667 is
greater than the significant value of 0.05; hence, there is enough evidence to accept the hypothesis that there is no
significant difference between the ages of the respondents and the socio-economic impact of mining companies. This
means that ages of the participants, regardless of maturity, has no contribution on how they perceived the socio-
economic impact of mining companies. Although, most of the participants have ages ranging from 25-34 as the
young group and 35 – 44 as the older group, still, there has no variation on how they view the existence of mining
companies in the area. The results conformed to the previous claim of Cuartero (2014); Freiberger (2013) stating
that ages of the participants are not operant factors causing variations in the participants‟ perception about the
phenomenon being investigated. The young and old are the same, younger people can follow the same decision made
by older people. Though, young people literally still lack the experiences the older people had experienced, they can
be reliable when it comes to ideas and knowledge.
As shown in Table 4 (see Appendix-I), the p-value of .996 is greater than the significant value of 0.05; hence,
the hypothesis is accepted that there is no significant difference between the respondents‟ sex and the socio-
economic impact of mining companies. This means that both male and female neutrally perceived the socio-
economic impact of mining companies. The benefits that most male received from mining activities are the same
with what the female population receives. It can also be observed in the mining companies‟ SDMP that some
programs implemented have leading consideration on gender equality. It can be observed in Black (2016) report on
the mining industries‟ initiative to supporting both male and female employees to enjoy flexible working
arrangements to have balance in their work and family commitments. The result is supported by Conway (2013) who
stated that mining is gender neutral where both male and female cannot hardly be compared as to their perceptions
on mining and the way they receive the benefits from it. Contrary to the study conducted by Chuhan-Pole (2015);
Ranchod (2001) who revealed that men are more likely to benefit from direct employment as miners while women
are more likely to gain from indirect employment opportunities in services. Hence, male and female work differently
when it comes to mining activities and priorities. Women and men tend to do different work and have different
responsibilities. In many parts of the world affected by landmines, women and men tend to spend their days
differently.
Table (5) presents the analysis of variance between the respondents‟ educational qualification with regards to
the socio-economic impact of mining companies. The p-value of .883 is greater than the significant value of 0.05
which means that the respondents‟ educational qualification and the socio-economic impact of mining companies do
not significantly differ. It was reflected on the profile that most of the respondents have only finished high school
level, yet the way they perceived the socio-economic impact of mining with those respondents with higher
educational attainment, resulted to no difference. It can be observed that most of the respondents are already
contented of what they have as the mining company has provided them enough services regardless of what
educational level they merely attained. Instead of just being ordinary spectators and nothing to offer to his or her
family, respondents would, in a little way, appreciate whatever benefits and services they received from mining
industries. The results opposed the study of Loayza and Rigolini (2016), who mentioned that local populations may
benefit relatively less from mining activity than migrants, in part due to skills mismatch that hinders their
employment in some of the better qualified mining jobs. Thus, the unequal effect of mining can be attributed to an
influx of better educated immigrants attracted by mining activities and also by the limited job and business
opportunities that only some native community can obtain the industries‟ services and other related works to mining
activities.
Even if the companies have been helpful to their community, still, they have not done much to please the other
aspects. Facts on the ground showed that there are still some local people who cannot afford the basic commodities
like food, water, shelter, and descent works. There is a general increase in employment rate, yet some of the
employees are still put in difficult working conditions without being cared or compensated. Environmental
management is another case in point where people are dissatisfied with mining companies‟ limited initiative in
reducing environmental footprint of their activities and their long-term sustainability. The companies have not been
very honest with the environmental laws as evidenced by their repeated violations causing pollution of the
environment. Although the companies have extended help in health aspects through the provisions of health
facilities and health workers, yet again, not all are allowed to get free medications; instead, the community has to pay
first the charged fees in order to access medical services.
The mining companies have maintained their reputation by their well-implemented SDMP that caters different
programs concerning education, development of infrastructures, and other community services. Yet, in the opposite
perspectives, the mining companies in the area still have to deal with their negative impacts on the lives of those
6. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
108
vulnerable groups. The increasing records on low-paid employment position, stressed public and health services,
occurring prevalent diseases, and over population are few of the evident that even at present are observed.
6. Conclusions
The results of the study have contributed additional knowledge and new information on the socio-economic
impact of mining companies to their host communities in the northern part of Surigao Del Sur province. In
particular, mining companies in the area have substantially contributed positive impacts on economic, income,
education, and employment aspects of the community. The companies, over the years of their operation, have been
complying their legal obligations through their SDMP; and following regulations and achieving their goals through
investing projects in education, economic, and social aspects. The mining companies have been able to help the local
host community in various aspects. Similarly, the mining companies have reflected good financial reports and
relation with the tax authorities. It is evident therefore that the economic and income aspects of the community have
significantly yield the most positive impact that can be observed in employment and income generation, likewise on
the increasing opportunities for various livelihood programs offered to people. Moreover, the mining companies
have also brought moderately positive impact to the different socio-economic aspects like environment, health and
safety, human rights, and other social aspects. The resources were wisely shared to the community through offering
various activities and programs empowering the role of male and female in the society, ensuring health security,
healthy environment, and quality risks to the people. The positive impacts on health can be observed through the
provisions of accessible health facilities and services. There are also social activities that provide the transfer of
technology to the local communities to empower them with skills and knowledge necessary for their social
development.
7. Recommendation
On the basis of the findings, the following recommendations are adapted and derived from the study of Darkoh
(2015) and shall serve as possible alternative practices for the improvement of socio-economic status of the host
communities. There is need to undertake further socio-economic evaluation of the impact of the mines on the
neighboring communities. An overall survey to establish the dynamics of the human population including migration
in the surrounding area would provide a good basis for informed decision to be made on the operations of the mines.
Once the dynamics are known, the main sources of income for the community could be determined. Proper
mitigation measures can be established to correct the negative impact of the mines on the local economy. As part of
the government development programs in the area, there should be a conscious effort of both government and the
local council to promote entrepreneurship development training programs that will go a long way to equip the youth
with marketable entrepreneurship skills. Finally, mining companies should adapt existing concepts on sustainable
development introduced by DENR and MGB that should serve as their priority mission and vision.
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Appendix I -Tables
Table-1. Profile of the respondents
Variables f(n = 150) %
Age
25 – 34 44 29
35 – 44 47 32
45 – 54 38 25
55 and above 21 14
Sex
Male 128 85
Female 22 15
Educational Background
Elementary 13 8.7
High School Graduate 71 47.3
Bachelor‟s Degree 66 44
Occupation
Government Employees 30 20
Small Enterprises/Business owners 30 20
Large Enterprises/Business owners 30 20
Unemployed 30 20
Private Employees 30 20
Table-2. Socio-economic impact of Mining Companies
Impact Category Impact Descriptions M QD
Economic and
Income
Reflect financial reports and good relations with tax authorities 3.22 MI
Establish local small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 3.06 MI
Impose all applicable standards, laws, regulations, and requirements. 3.29 HI
Maintain broad-based support for any local activities 3.07 MI
Increase local income with strong relationships with partner agencies 3.23 MI
Sub-total 3.17 MI
Employment and
Education
Conducts training for communities to reach their highest potential 3.16 MI
Prioritize recruiting local employees from the host communities 3.08 MI
Invest projects in education especially on IPs 3.28 HI
Instill a positive and pro-active safety culture among employees/people 3.09 MI
Maintain the wellbeing of the employees and communities 3.28 HI
Sub-total 3.16 MI
Environment and
Health and Safety
Achieve industry‟s goal of zero incidents, injuries, and illnesses. 3.29 HI
Ensure health security, environment, and quality risks to the people 3.32 HI
Seek to reduce environmental footprint of the mining operations 3.03 MI
Transparent reports on incidents that may occur within workplace 3.07 MI
Address in long-term the sustainability of the environment and health 3.03 MI
Sub-total 3.15 MI
Human Rights and
Social Aspect
Initiate mutually beneficial relationships with the communities 3.07 MI
Provide immediate actions to any issues of multi-sector expectations 3.06 MI
Foster a culture of involvement 3.05 MI
Meet industry‟s SDMP through regular assessment 3.29 HI
Manage major hazards and commission research that are not understood 3.23 MI
Sub-total 3.14 MI
Grand Total 3.15 MI
Table-3. ANOVA on respondents‟ age with regards to the socio-economic impact
Not significant
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .492 4 .123 .595 .667
Within Groups 30.394 146 .207
Total 30.886 150
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Table-4. ANOVA on respondents‟ sex with regards to the socio-economic impact
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .000 1 .000 .000 .996
Within Groups 30.886 149 .206
Total 30.886 150
Not significant
Table-5. ANOVA on the respondents‟ educational qualification with regards to the socio-economic impact
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .137 4 .046 .219 .883
Within Groups 30.461 146 .209
Total 30.598 150
Not significant