Abstract This project reviewed the environmental impact study of oil spillage, using the case study of Izombe in Imo State, Nigeria. It critically analysed the effects of oil spillage on marine life, land, ecological effect, and the effect on human health. It further treated the socio-economics of the people and appraised sustainable environment and development which only can be achieve through environmental impact assessment (EIA). The research also involved the use of primary and secondary sources of data collection for methodology. Questionnaires were developed, administered and observations recorded. We found out that oil spillage occurred up to two (2) times yearly at Izombe, thereby reducing the likelihood of any productivity improvement. It was traced mainly due to sabotage of oil installation. We found out that 56.4% of oil spillage was due to sabotage. We recommended increased efforts by the stakeholders in the management of the oil installations. Keywords: Evaluation, Oil spillage, Productivity, Izombe.
The petroleum industry in Nigeria is the largest industry and mean generator of Gross Domestic product (GDP) in the West African Nation. Inspite of the huge financial investment made by the Nigerian government in the oil and gas industry of the economy, it has not resulted in significant benefits for most Nigerians.
http://bonnylightcrudeoil.org
Oil spillage and gas flaring by the oil industry has devastated the Niger Delta for more than half a century. Oil pollution causes both immediate damage and long-term harm to fish, agricultural lands and the health of the living environment.
The petroleum industry in Nigeria is the largest industry and mean generator of Gross Domestic product (GDP) in the West African Nation. Inspite of the huge financial investment made by the Nigerian government in the oil and gas industry of the economy, it has not resulted in significant benefits for most Nigerians.
http://bonnylightcrudeoil.org
Oil spillage and gas flaring by the oil industry has devastated the Niger Delta for more than half a century. Oil pollution causes both immediate damage and long-term harm to fish, agricultural lands and the health of the living environment.
BP Oil Spill and if the BP Oil Spill had happened in India and Comparative study between India and States with respect to Oil SpillBP Oil Spill .What if the BP Oil Spill had happened in India and Comparative study between India and States with respect to Oil Spill.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
On 20 April 2010, the semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon exploded after a blowout; it sank two days later, killing 11 people. This blowout in the Macondo Prospect field in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in a partially capped oil well one mile below the surface of the water. Experts estimate the gusher to be flowing at 35,000 to 60,000 barrels per day (5,600 to 9,500 m3/d) of oil.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Study of Behavioural Decision MakingJerome Dauvergne
This report analyses the genesis of the Deepwater Horizon disaster from a behavioural decision making perspective. In order to write this original paper I borrowed from the investigative work of the environmental journalist Abrahm Lustgarten, and from concepts developed by behavioural finance and emotional finance academics such as the Canadian Hersh Shefrin, the American John Nofsinger, and the Britons Richard Taffler and David Tuckett.
I hope you'll enjoy the read!
Lecture on Philippine mining and resources law including updates on the Philippine mining industry for the University of the Philippines National Institute of Geological Sciences
EO 130 which was signed on 14 April 2021 lifted a 9-year ban on new mining agreements. The economic managers say that Philippine mineral resources have been vastly untapped and could bring significant benefits to the economy. The DENR expects to generate some Php21 billion from two phases of 100 new mining projects.
The waste beach sand is collected and Rare Minerals are recovered which generate lot of employment, earn foreign exchange to our nation and Government get various taxes. These all without any type of normal mining activities. But it is environmental friendly, simple collection of replinishable deposit, which is recurring activity.
Open Pit Mining Ban - Should the Philippines Jump into the Bandwagon?Fernando Penarroyo
The government should be circumspect in imposing such a ban because it may open itself to arbitration and litigation exposing itself to claims for damages by affected mineral agreement holders. Imposing a ban will further aggravate uncertainties concerning the administration of environmental regulations, public policy and the legal system. By not imposing a ban, the government can maintain an investment atmosphere conducive to risk capital and avoid the influx of illegal miners. There are other forms of legislation that will achieve the the purpose of environment protection and preventing negative impacts on the health of surrounding communities. Also, the government should strengthen the institutions involved in monitoring and supervising mining operations so that they will have the scientific and legal basis to close certain mining operations because of environmental degradation safety issues.
Pipeline Vandalisation and Its Implications on Oil Host Communities of the Ni...paperpublications3
Abstract: Vandalisation of oil pipelines with its resultant effects of oil spillage, and fire explosion appears to have led to death toll. This has become a nightmare to the Nigerian government on how the menace could be curbed. This prompted the study on pipeline vandalisation and its implications on oil host communities of the Niger Delta between 2003 and 2015. Specifically, the study determined the effect of incidences of oil pipeline vandalisation and fire explosion on death tolls in the oil host communities. The theoretical thrust of the paper was the “frustration-aggression theory (FAT)” of John Dollard. Pre-formulated tables which are contemporary from oil producing and oil regulatory firms as well as other institutions in the oil industry in the Niger Delta were obtained and systematically analyzed. The study adopted 'ex-post facto' research design because of its analytical anchor on already documented events. Regression and correlation were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that the incidences of oil pipeline vandalisation and fire explosion insignificantly contributed to death tolls in the oil host communities of Niger Delta.
Keywords: Oil Pipeline Vandalism, Oil Host communities, Death Loss, Niger Delta, Community Development.
Title: Pipeline Vandalisation and Its Implications on Oil Host Communities of the Niger Delta (2003-2015)
Author: Professor Patrick L. Akpan, Ufomba, Rex Eze, Ibekwe, Christopher Chimaobi, Ufomba Akudo Judith
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
BP Oil Spill and if the BP Oil Spill had happened in India and Comparative study between India and States with respect to Oil SpillBP Oil Spill .What if the BP Oil Spill had happened in India and Comparative study between India and States with respect to Oil Spill.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
On 20 April 2010, the semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon exploded after a blowout; it sank two days later, killing 11 people. This blowout in the Macondo Prospect field in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in a partially capped oil well one mile below the surface of the water. Experts estimate the gusher to be flowing at 35,000 to 60,000 barrels per day (5,600 to 9,500 m3/d) of oil.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Study of Behavioural Decision MakingJerome Dauvergne
This report analyses the genesis of the Deepwater Horizon disaster from a behavioural decision making perspective. In order to write this original paper I borrowed from the investigative work of the environmental journalist Abrahm Lustgarten, and from concepts developed by behavioural finance and emotional finance academics such as the Canadian Hersh Shefrin, the American John Nofsinger, and the Britons Richard Taffler and David Tuckett.
I hope you'll enjoy the read!
Lecture on Philippine mining and resources law including updates on the Philippine mining industry for the University of the Philippines National Institute of Geological Sciences
EO 130 which was signed on 14 April 2021 lifted a 9-year ban on new mining agreements. The economic managers say that Philippine mineral resources have been vastly untapped and could bring significant benefits to the economy. The DENR expects to generate some Php21 billion from two phases of 100 new mining projects.
The waste beach sand is collected and Rare Minerals are recovered which generate lot of employment, earn foreign exchange to our nation and Government get various taxes. These all without any type of normal mining activities. But it is environmental friendly, simple collection of replinishable deposit, which is recurring activity.
Open Pit Mining Ban - Should the Philippines Jump into the Bandwagon?Fernando Penarroyo
The government should be circumspect in imposing such a ban because it may open itself to arbitration and litigation exposing itself to claims for damages by affected mineral agreement holders. Imposing a ban will further aggravate uncertainties concerning the administration of environmental regulations, public policy and the legal system. By not imposing a ban, the government can maintain an investment atmosphere conducive to risk capital and avoid the influx of illegal miners. There are other forms of legislation that will achieve the the purpose of environment protection and preventing negative impacts on the health of surrounding communities. Also, the government should strengthen the institutions involved in monitoring and supervising mining operations so that they will have the scientific and legal basis to close certain mining operations because of environmental degradation safety issues.
Pipeline Vandalisation and Its Implications on Oil Host Communities of the Ni...paperpublications3
Abstract: Vandalisation of oil pipelines with its resultant effects of oil spillage, and fire explosion appears to have led to death toll. This has become a nightmare to the Nigerian government on how the menace could be curbed. This prompted the study on pipeline vandalisation and its implications on oil host communities of the Niger Delta between 2003 and 2015. Specifically, the study determined the effect of incidences of oil pipeline vandalisation and fire explosion on death tolls in the oil host communities. The theoretical thrust of the paper was the “frustration-aggression theory (FAT)” of John Dollard. Pre-formulated tables which are contemporary from oil producing and oil regulatory firms as well as other institutions in the oil industry in the Niger Delta were obtained and systematically analyzed. The study adopted 'ex-post facto' research design because of its analytical anchor on already documented events. Regression and correlation were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that the incidences of oil pipeline vandalisation and fire explosion insignificantly contributed to death tolls in the oil host communities of Niger Delta.
Keywords: Oil Pipeline Vandalism, Oil Host communities, Death Loss, Niger Delta, Community Development.
Title: Pipeline Vandalisation and Its Implications on Oil Host Communities of the Niger Delta (2003-2015)
Author: Professor Patrick L. Akpan, Ufomba, Rex Eze, Ibekwe, Christopher Chimaobi, Ufomba Akudo Judith
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
Strategic Communications is an anticipatory practice which attempts to foresee events, trends and issues which may develop to disrupt important relationships. There is a need for an alert scrutiny of social changes and outside forces - from current scenario analysis to wish-list planning - in order to find an appropriate way to monitor external environment and proffer better solutions to identified issues that might snowball into a Crisis and hurt or destroy the reputation of an organisation.
Spatial Distribution of Residual Petroleum Hydrocarbons in an Oil Spill Site ...Premier Publishers
The study was done to evaluate the residual total hydrocarbon content (THC) concentration in an oil spill site within Delta State, Nigeria. To achieve this study’s objective, soil samples were collected from two sites (contaminated site and control site) within Delta state. The soil samples were collected from the contaminated site (between Oleh and Idheze communities of Delta State) about nine months after the oil spill and the clean-up by the oil company. The THC concentration of all the soil samples collected were analyzed in accordance with standard ASTM recommended procedures. Results obtained from the laboratory tests showed that the THC concentrations were higher in the already cleaned up oil spill site, when compared with the results obtained from the control site. This indicates a significant residual THC concentration in the already cleanup oil spill site. Lower THC concentrations were generally observed at the soil surface (0-10 cm) when compared with higher THC concentrations obtained at higher soil depth (30 cm and 70cm). Concentration of residual THC at the soil surface (samples collected from the contaminated site) ranged between 1201 to 10046 mg/kg with a mean value of 5858.83 mg/kg; while the concentration of residual THC at subsurface soil (40 cm depth) ranged between 1016 to 11675 mg/kg with a mean value of 6374.50 mg/kg. These results show the relevance the oil companies to practice remediation follow-up in oil spill sites, in order to prevent remediation failure; leading to accumulation of residual hydrocarbon in the environment.
Natural Gas Conditioning and Processing From Marginal Fields Using Modular Te...IJERA Editor
Gas flaring in Nigeria is a major pollution concern for the environment and health of Nigerians. Burning of
natural gas brings about emitting of carbon monoxide into the environment as well as warm up the environment,
thereby contributing to the global warming scourge. The lack of processing this gas has also led to loss of
revenue in a sector where there is a likelihood of otherwise generating more revenue in the country. Gas
conditioning and processing in Nigeria has brought about certain level of solutions to the flaring of natural gas
in the country. This paper discusses a modular technology associated with the conditioning and processing of
natural gas that marginal fields can partake-in in Nigeria to monetize natural gas in the country using a typical
Nigeria natural gas plant located in Delta State as a cased study. There have been lots of discouragement in the
past about investing in associated gas produced during crude oil production, but the study on this particular gas
plant in Nigeria shows solutions to most of this problems. The gas plant LPG facility is a modular assembly of
process equipment linked with interconnecting pipework for scalability and ease of deployment. The design
took into consideration the specific composition of the associated gas produced during production of crude oil.
The traditional approach of piping gas from a remotely located oil field to a central processing facility can now
be put aside paving the way for a less than orthodox technique of “bringing the plant to the gas” whereby the
need for expensive pipeline will be eliminated by situating the facility adjacent to the oil flow station. The gas
plant gives a full technology of utilizing natural gas resources to meet the socio-economic needs of mankind
while preserving the environment not only for meeting present needs but for the needs of future generations.
The Impact of Oil and Gas Development on the Landscape and Surface in Nigeria Sakibpedia
This writing will focus on the impact on the impact of oil and gas development on the landscape, surface water and groundwater of the Niger Delta – while also assessing the various means of remediation in use. Geologically, the Niger Delta petroleum systems consist of Lower Cretaceous , Upper Cretaceous–lower Paleocene and Tertiary. When Nigeria became an independent nation on 1 October 1960, Shell–BP began to relinquish its acreage and its exploration licenses were converted into prospecting licenses that allowed development and production. The Federal Government of Nigeria started its Department of Petroleum Resources Inspectorate in 1970 and Nigeria joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1971. – and in order to take control of the country’s petroleum industry, Nigeria nationalized BP’s holding completely in 1979, and Shell–BP became Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria. Oil spillages routinely occur in the Niger Delta. The official figures of SPDC show that between 1976 and 2001, 6,187 incidents in which 3 million barrels were spilled. The Niger Delta Environmental Survey An impact assessment of the 1983 Oshika oil spill. Spills of crude oil in Niger Delta farmlands have been reported since 1971. In general, toxicity depends on nature and type of crude oil , level of oil contamination, type of environment and degree of selective of individual organisms. Controlled burning effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly but it must be done in low wind and can cause air pollution. A principal target for emissions reduction is flaring and venting which causes most of the air pollution. Saltwater tanks can be often susceptible to lightning strikes due to build up in static electricity, with the spilled oil spreading to surrounding lands, waterways. This requires a secondary containment of the tanks that makes it easier to clean up the inevitable spill. In cases of expected major storms or flooding events, crude oil can be removed from tank batteries while refilling the tanks with saltwater to prevent them tipping over during the flooding event.
Crude Oil Fractions in the Environment: A Comparative Study of Agbada Communi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The Irony of Amnesty Programme: Incessant Oil Theft and Illegal Bunkering In ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The operation of mining companies in the province has generated various impacts on their host and surrounding communities. No wonder, mining companies consistently provide inputs and support to sustain their services for the welfare of the community. This paper reports the findings of a study undertaken to assess the socio-economic impact of mining companies to their host communities in the northern part of Surigao Del Sur Province. This paper also presents the perceptions of respondents based on their socio-economic background and identified possible ways on how to deal with its impacts. Purposive sampling was employed in the selection of the participants. Data were collected through the researcher-made questionnaire, which solicits the socio-economic impacts and how these impacts are perceived by the host community. Findings revealed that mining companies have brought positive impacts on the socio-economic status of the people. The resources were wisely shared to the community through offering various activities and programs. However, even if the companies have been helpful to their community, yet, they have not done much to please the other aspects. The increasing records on low-paid employment position stressed public and health services, occurring prevalent diseases and over population are few of the evident that require much attention from the companies. Hence, conscious effort with the assistance of the government and other concern agencies should be practiced to mitigate the increasing undesirable impacts.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Evaluation of the Statutory Regime of Corporate Environmental Liability in th...AJHSSR Journal
It was not long after the discovery of oil in the small town of oloibri Bayelsa state in 1956, that
commercial exploration started in 1958. Nigeria is Africa's biggest producer of crude, with production capacity
estimated at 2 million barrels per day (bbl. /d) in 2018. Judging from the large reserves and with a right
atmosphere, Nigeria could produce up to 3 million bbl. /d per day. Nigeria is estimated to have about 37.2
billion barrels of proven oil reserves, largely concentrated in the Niger Delta Region and over 95 per cent export
and 75 per cent earnings Nigeria is dependent on the Oil and Gas sector.
Cases of pipeline leakages have become rampant in Niger Delta; this has influenced negatively the
social, economic, and ecological life in the region. Oil spills occurrences stood at 6,744 spills with 2,369,470
barrels between 1976-2000, of this number, an estimated 1,820,410.5 barrels 77% was deposited into the
environment, though a cumulative figure of 549,060 barrels of oil, signifying 23.17 per cent of the whole was
however recovered. Painfully, this unprecedented number of oil spill accidents has witnessed only a negligible
clean-up effort by multinational oil corporations (MNCs) from whose facilities the oil escaped.
This article critically examines the liability regime of corporate operators in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria.
The inadequacies in the major laws within the sector and proffer suggestions for a stronger legal framework.
Nigeria is not lacking in regulatory laws within the oil and gas sector, but these laws are weak and lack the
efficacy to make the polluter liable.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Evaluation of the impact of oil spillage on izombe community and their productivity implications.
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EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF OIL SPILLAGE ON IZOMBE
COMMUNITY AND THEIR PRODUCTIVITY IMPLICATIONS
Osueke G. O1
, Emeka-Opara F. O2
1
Mechanical Engineering Dept.; Federal University of Technology, Owerri
2
National Productivity Centre, Abuja. Nigeria
Abstract
This project reviewed the environmental impact study of oil spillage, using the case study of Izombe in Imo State, Nigeria. It
critically analysed the effects of oil spillage on marine life, land, ecological effect, and the effect on human health. It further
treated the socio-economics of the people and appraised sustainable environment and development which only can be achieve
through environmental impact assessment (EIA). The research also involved the use of primary and secondary sources of data
collection for methodology. Questionnaires were developed, administered and observations recorded. We found out that oil
spillage occurred up to two (2) times yearly at Izombe, thereby reducing the likelihood of any productivity improvement. It was
traced mainly due to sabotage of oil installation. We found out that 56.4% of oil spillage was due to sabotage. We recommended
increased efforts by the stakeholders in the management of the oil installations.
Keywords: Evaluation, Oil spillage, Productivity, Izombe.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Oil spillage is a major environmental problem associated
with oil exploration activities. This has led to very serious
pollution and destruction of flora, Fauna and resort centers.
It has also caused pollution of drinkable water destruction of
properties and lives along the Nigerian coast (Ayaweip,
2000). It is the cause of major regional crisis in the Niger
Delta. Factors responsible for oil spillage in the zone are:
Corrosion of oil pipes and tanks, sabotage, port operation
and inadequate care in oil production operations and
Engineering drills. The use of oil from petroleum for
artificial lighting was oil’s springboard to fame.
Shell D Arcy struck its first oil well at Iho, 16 kilometers
North East of Owerri, Imo State in 1954, even though it was
found to be dry well, in 1956 they found their first oil well
of commercial quantity at Oloibiri in Ogba Local
Government Area of the then Rivers State and now Bayelsa
State. Shell then started oil production in Oloibiri in Ogbia
Local Government Area in 1958. The progress made by
shell, motivated other companies to propose exploration in
Nigeria. By 1961, Nigerian AGIP Oil company (NAOL),
MOBIL, Sofrab (now ELF). Benneth A. (2009) Tenneco
(also Texaco and most recently Cornoil), Amoseas (now
chevron) all started oil exploration in the Onshore and
Offshore area of Nigeria territory.
This increase in the exploration and production of oil in
Nigeria account for 80% of the nation’s foreign exchange
earning Worika, (2001). In 1958 the production of 5,140
barrels per day was doubled to 11,220 barrels per day in
1959, others are 6,367,188 barrels in 1960, 99,353,794
barrels in 1985 Olarufumi (2003) Nest (1999), Nigeria crude
oil production average 2.118 million barrels per day in 2002
and 2.2million barrels per day in 2004.
The production of oil in Nigeria multiplied over the years
due to increase in world price of oil and in meet the over
increasing energy need of the population presently, there are
seventeen (17) oil producing companies in Nigeria, six of
which are classified as major (shell, mobile, chevron Texaco
now Conoil Agip and Total final ELF) AND A good
number of other prospecting and exploring companies. The
federal Government of Nigeria, represented by (NNPC) has
55% equity share in the joint venture operation with the
multinational oil producing group while 45 percent shares
get to the rest joint ventures partners.
1.1 Statement of Problem
Since the discovering of oil in Nigeria in the 1950s, the
country has been suffering the negative environmental
consequences of oil development. The growth of the
country’s oil industry, combined with a population
explosion and lack of effective environmental regulations,
led to substantial damage to Nigeria’s environment
especially in the Niger Delta region, the center of the
country’s oil industry.
Oil spill pose a major threat to the environment in the Niger
Delta Region. If not checked or effectively managed, it
could lead to total annihilation of the ecosystem in the Niger
Delta Region where oil spills have become prevalent by
killing the farm crops in the region and aquatic lives, since
farming and fishing are the common occupations for the
Niger Delta region people.
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Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 209
Fig 1 Izombe oil spill site, Imo State (2013 field work)
Productivity drop and life in this region are increasingly
becoming unbearable due to the effects of oil spills and
many communities continues to groan under the degrading
impacts of oil spills, Oyem (2001). In the Nigeria coastal
environment, large areas of the mangrove ecosystem have
been destroyed. The mangrove was once a source of both
fuel woods, for indigenous people and a habitat for the
area’s biodiversity, but now the oil toxicity has depleted and
devitalized the ecology. Oil spill also has adverse effect on
marine life, which has been contaminated, in turn having
negative consequence for human health from consuming
contaminated seafood. Oil spill has also destroyed
farmlands, polluted ground and drinkable water and caused
drawbacks in fishing in the coastal area.
Fig 2 Oil spill site in Izombe farm land (2013)
Oil spills in the Niger Delta have been a regular occurrence,
and the resultant environmental degradation of the
surrounding environment has caused a significant tension
between the people living in the region and the multinational
oil companies operating there. It is only in the past decade
that environmental group, the Nigeria Federal government
and the foreign oil companies which extract oil in the Niger
Delta have begun to take steps to mitigate the damage.
According to Eco-Impact (2011), the harmful effects of oil
spill on the environment are many.
1.2 Objectives of Study
The objectives of this study are to examine the effect of oil
spillage on Izombe in Imo State and its environs. This also
include: to identify the causes of oil spillages in the study
area; to identify the frequency of occurrence of oil spillage
within the study area; to evaluate the impact, effect and
remediation of oil spillage on the environment; and to
recommend appropriate solutions to oil spillage in the
environment.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In carrying out this study, we used primary data collection
such as administering of questionnaire, observation,
personal interviews, discussion with indigenes of
communities in the area and the oil company operators.
Secondary source of data involves review of related
literatures on how oil spillage had affected the people and
infrastructural development in the land.
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2.1 Results and Data Analysis
2.1.1Results
Table 1 showing the sex of the respondents
Settlement Male Female Total
Umuekwesi 3 2 6
Umunwatu 4 2 6
Umuokum 5 1 6
Umuobia 6 - 6
Izombe 4 2 6
Total 22 8 30
Percentage 73.3% 26.7% 100%
Table 2 shows the age distribution of respondents
Settlement 15-30yr 31-40yrs 41-60yrs 61 and
above
Total
Umuekwesi 6 - - - 6
Umunwatu 5 - 1 - 6
Umuokum 2 1 3 - 6
Umuobia 3 2 1 - 6
Izombe - 3 2 1 6
Total 16 6 7 1 30
Percentage 53.3% 20% 23.3% 3.3% 100%
Table 3 Shows occupation of the respondents
Settlement Trading Teaching Farming Unemployed Total
Umuekwesi - 5 1 - 6
Umunwatu 2 1 - 3 6
Umuokum 1 3 2 - 6
Umuobia 3 1 2 - 6
Izombe 1 2 1 2 6
Total 7 12 6 5 30
Percentage 23.3% 40% 20% 16.7% 100%
Table 4 shows the causes of oil spillage
Settlement Sabotage leakage fault Total
Umuekwesi 5 1 - 6
Umunwatu 2 3 1 6
Umuokum 4 2 - 6
Umuobia 1 5 - 6
Izombe 2 3 1 6
Total 14 14 2 30
Percentage 46.7% 46.7% 6.6% 100%
2.1.2 Data Analysis
From table 1 above, the majority of respondents were males
(73%). All the target audiences were adults, as in table II.
However, 53% of the adults were in the age of range 15-
30years.
From table III, it shows that 40% of the respondents are
teachers and these are mainly primary and secondary school
teachers. 23.3% and 20% of the people in the target area are
engaged in trading and farming respectively. Only about
16.7% are unemployed.
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
3.1 Conclusion
Based on the finding, it will be said that oil spillage is the
major problem of the environment as a result of oil
exploration activities. Every settlement in the area under
study has experienced this ugly incident. This incident
occurs frequently within the area, it was related that incident
has occurred at least ten times between 2005 till date in the
study area. Pipeline leakage is the most experienced cause
of this incident. The aquatic ecosystem; rivers fish ponds
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and mangrove vegetation etc are facing degradation as a
result of the incident. The rivers and creeks of the area are
no longer good and fit for domestic activities due to the
constant pollution of oil spillage. It has become unfit for the
survival of aquatic life as a result of the incident in the area
which has also brought about a reduction of fish and other
seafood to human in the area and also retardation of farm
crops and total productivity of the areas.
3.2 Recommendation
There is urgent need for government to review the mining
laws of Nigeria to enable the oil communities benefit from
the exploitation. The oil communities should be
compensated.
Children of those in the oil communities should be provided
with the means to acquire education to enable them to be
more productive.
REFERENCES
[1] Ayaweip., 2000. Spills in the Niger Delta. Urhobo
historical society.
[2] Benneth A.A. 2009 Oil spill and the environment.
Proceeding of the petroleum Industry and the
Nigeria Environment N.N.P.C Lagos.
[3] Eco- impact, (2001); Vol. 1 No 7 page 2, and 7
published by ND-HERO.
[4] Idoniboye, B.E. The impact of oil exploration on
The aquatic environment:
[5] Ishikaku E.C.(2004); The impact of all exploration
on the host communities. Nest, (1999); Nigerian
threatened Environment.
[6] Nwoojuku, C.A. (2008);“Oil spill and the
environment” proceeding on the international
seminar on the petroleum industry and the
environment, N.N.P.C Lagos geographical
perspective on Ofomata, G.E.K and Okocha S.A.
(2000); “Environmental problem of the Nigeria
Delta and their consequences” in Osuntokun (EDO)
Environmental problems of the Niger delta Gredrich
Ebert foundation Lagos, Nigeria.