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1. AdamGrundy
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A Filmremake isa productionof a filmdevelopedaroundthe ideaof aprevious story; therefore a film that is
remade tendstobase the ideaon a newversionof an earlierfilm.The term“Remake”is used in reference to
a film which follows the same structure and uses the earlier film as a main source material. With the
exception of a shot-for-shot remake, the majority of remakes tend to make significant changes to the
character development,the plot,genre andtheme changes.Thoughnotall remakesuse the same title as the
previouslyreleasedversion,thoughitis more common for a film remake to follow suit. There are also times
where a director will remake his previous work to tie in with a modern audience or modern themes, for
example Michael Haneke remade his film Funny Games for an English audience using a shot-for-shot
production,thoughthe differencewashow the remake wastranslatedintoEnglishforamuch wideraudience
as opposed to the original which was a aimed specifically at a German audience.
There are manyfactors that come underconsiderationwhenyouconsiderwhyHollywooddecides to remake
films.Some of these reasonsinclude; trying to reach a bigger audience, the development in technology and
the political and social issues surrounding the time. I will now discuss each factor that influences and why a
film maybe chosen to be remade. One most notable factor would be how the previous piece could be
considered unsuccessful in which would be both a production and financial disaster, research argues that a
remake maynot offerthe same safe consistentbox office betaspreviousworks.However,there are remakes
out there thathave beensuccessful,Warof the Worlds (Spielberg, 2005) is a remake of the 1953 release and
that brought in a worldwide gross of $591,745,540. American film authors found out that the concept of a
remake doesnotincrease the revenue howevertheydoreduce the financialrisk. The biggerthe company,the
more money that the company will bring into the production so that means a much smaller production
companywouldhave a smallerbudgetcomparedtoabig productioncompanylike Disney.In the presentday,
there are more opportunities for production companies to receive money to go ahead with remaking films,
thismeanssmaller production companies can go to multiple funding bodies such as studios and production
companiesandreceive variousgovernmentquotasandtax incentives. If the majority of the crew are born in
the location of filming, the production company receives a tax incentive as the tax is not taken of but given
back to the production The larger the company funding the production, the bigger the percentage they get
back. The UnitedKingdomcontinuestobe Europe’slargestproductioncentre withafascinating tax incentive
of twentyfive percentwhichhadincreasedfromthe previoustenpercentandthe British government allows
a cash rebate of up to 25 percent on film expenditure and this applies for both domestic features and co-
productions.
The technologieswhichare available today have vastlyimprovedthroughoutthe ageswiththe progression in
both visual and special effects which have made their way into modern cinema. Advancements in visual
effectsimprove the qualityandhowwe capture images,withthe likesof ComputerGeneratedImagery (CGI),
Motion capturing and Green screens. Even the progression in capturing films has improved with bleeding
edge technologysuchasIMAX,3D and 4K, these advancementsin technologyimprovethe viewingexperience
on how watch and how we record the latest upcoming films. Alongside the visual side of how the film
industry has massively improved, there is also the audio side which has also been improved with better
qualityinaudioproductionandevenDolby 7.1 surround sound which adds to the viewing experience in the
cinema.
There are manywayson howa filmproductioncandistribute theirfilmswiththe advancementsintechnology
such as the invention of the internet which makes it easier for people to connect around the world which
makes it easier for the marketing team for both small and large scale films to be advertised and promoted,
websitessuchasTwitterandYouTube make iteasierforfilmtrailerstobe broadcasted to the public whereas

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before the invention of the internet the only way to view film teasers was in the cinema. Other forms of
promotionhave improvedsuchasthe scale of marketingcampaignssuch as billboards and posters. An iconic
marketingcampaigncame from Marvel for the promotion of AntMan which used tiny billboards to promote
the up and coming film. This was a viral success as this was quickly spread across social media which meant
the filmgainedmore popularity.There are otherwaystopromote up andcomingfilmswiththe use of TV and
Radio advertising but since social media has spread so quickly in such little time, this has become the more
cheaperandviable option. Other than film using the internet as a form of distribution, it has also become a
wayof exhibition forbotholdandnewfilmswiththe use of streaming platforms such as Netflix and Amazon
prime make iteasierforviewerstowatchbrandnew FilmsandTV showsfromtheirownhome, Howeverwith
the rise of the internetandhowwe browse films,thereisalsothe rise of internetpiracy. Sometimes filmsuse
the internettorelease theirfilmaswell asreleasingitatthe cinema. For example, the controversial film The
Interview(Goldberg,Rogan,2014) whichwas cancelledbefore release due tothe badpublicity,howeverSony
decided to go ahead with the release due to the anticipation.
Actors are well known for bringing in a wide audience, actors are also well established into a specific genre
like Tom Cruise who is well known for Science Fiction with films such as War of the Worlds and Oblivion as
well asSylvesterStallonewhoisestablishedintothe actiongenre withfilms like Judge Dredd (Cannon, 1995)
and The Expendables (Stallone,2010). So if an actor wasannouncedtobe playingin a role under a genre that
they are not established in would bring a newer audience, films such as I am Legend (Lawrence, 2007) and
Charlie andthe Chocolate Factory (Burton, 2005) brought in a wider and newer audience for using both well
respected actors (Will Smith for I am Legend and Johnny Depp in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) along
with using renowned directors like Tim Burton. Using well respected stars like these would bring in a new
audience which is beneficial for the film.
In the film industry, there are a lot of issues that affect the production a film in numerous ways, this being
positive ornegative suchasthe acceptationof LGBT charactersand actors in big Hollywood films, back in the
70’s and80’s thiswas unheardof as LGBT characterswere neverseen infilms,howeverastimeschange ithas
become more respectable and appropriate to bring LGBT Characters into films, Zoolander 2 (Stiller, 2016)
whichisan example of anewfilm which features a transgender character played by Benedict Cumberbatch.
The problem with Hollywood and other big productions is the fact that though they are starting to bring in
LGBT characters for equality, they don’t equal this by also bringing in LGBT actors which does not solve the
equality.
Political issuesalsoaffectthe productionand the creation of a film, the film the War of the Worlds used key
political issues regarding the time period to influence the story of the film, this is what also influenced the
remake. The original War of the Worlds (Haskin, 1953) was influenced by the fear of Russians and the cold
war withthe alienssymbolisingthe Russians,however the remake wasinfluencedbythe fearof terrorismdue
to the previous 9/11 attacks with the aliens symbolising terrorism.
Regulatoryissuesalsoaffectthe productionof afilm, forexample the censorshiplawsthatwere inplace back
at the release A Clockwork Orange sparked controversy due to the amount of violence and graphic content
that wasin the filmthatthe directorhad receiveddeaththreats which resulted in him pulling the film and it
wasn’tuntil the deathof the director,StanleyKubrick,that his family decided to re-release the film. Though
the film was released with an 18 uncut rating from the BBFC though it has been a “common misconception”
that the BBFC rejected the film. The regulatory laws have changed over the years meaning it gives more
freedomtothe filmindustrytoinclude contentinfilmsthatwouldhave beenrejectedbeforehand,violence is

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nowseenas acceptable whenbackinthe 1980’s it wasn’t,thisshowsusthat the audience isused to violence
now as opposed to back then.
Synergy is the interaction between two or more forces working together to achieve a goal which would
produce a greater effect than their individual efforts. Film synergy is the way of different media elements
working together to promote their content/product across different media platforms, the release of a film
could be an example with different sectors working together to achieve one goal, each distinct elements
promotesthe others.Whenmultiple company'sworktogethertotry andget the same goal which is mutually
beneficial toall of the companies. Ibelieve synergycan influence remakes due to how beneficial it can be to
othercompanies whichcaneffectively increase profits, for example Disney uses synergy to increase profits
withthe use of promotional material such as Toy Figures and DVD’s which can be seen in the Disney stores.
Horizontal integrationiswheremultiple corporationsare onan equal level tohelpproduce the same product,
thoughwithhorizontal integrationeveryone isequal meaningthere won’tbe one companythatcomesout on
top.The profitwhichisearnedfromthe corporationsissharedequallythough so is the losses, the downside
of a horizontal integration is that all the companies have equally agree on the same idea. Horizontal
integration can be proven to be a successful strategy when the company competes in a growing industry.
Vertical integrationiswhen all the companies come under one belt, which is owned by one larger company
whichcreatesa conglomerate.The companyisresponsiblefordoingall things that are related to making and
selling a movie to the public.
Over the years, the Batman franchise has seen multiple reboots, some being successful and some
not. Though there are many factors which influence these films to be remade change over time, I
believethe mostinfluential factorwouldbe the financial determinantsandhow the financial factors
can influence filmsto be remade. Production companies are able to invest more money into films
than they were able to before, comparing the budgets for the newest Batman film Batman V
Superman: Dawn of Justice (Snyder, 2016) which has a budget of $250,000,000 as opposed to the
firstBatman film, Batman: The Movie (Martinson, 1966) which only had a budget of $1,378,000 and
you can see that as the film industry budgeting has increased exponentially, so if the production
companieswere toinvestmoneyintoafilm andthe biggerthe box office,the biggerthe investment
the productionteamwill receive withthe additionof tax incentives and quotas. This is why money
has always been an influential factor when it comes down to remaking the Batman franchise, this
can be seenthroughoutthe yearsasthe budgetsforthese filmshasincreasedexponentially withthe
first Batman film running on a budget of only $1,500,000 as opposed to now with Batman V
Superman:Dawnof Justice (Synder,2016) witha budgetof $200,000,000. However,The DarkKnight
Trilogy (Nolan, 2005, 2008, 2012) had an overall budget of $565,000,000 and at the box office
brought in around $2.464 Billon making The Dark Knight Trilogy the successful Batman remake. I
believethat throughout the years of the Batman remakes, they have progressed over time in both
production quality and technology. Firstly is the change of distributor from 20th
Century Fox to
Warner Bros with only the first original being distributed by 20th
Century Fox and the rest being
distributedbyWarnerBros, I believe this to be a key influence in the remakes as it allows the new
distributer to bring in a wider budget, this can be seen with the jump in budget from $1,500,000 to
$48,000,000. However, the time between the Batman: The Movie (Martinson, 1966) and Batman
(Burton,1989) is a wide margin sothisis whatcouldhave influenced the larger budget. A change in
distributorgivesthe newdistributorinremakingthe film,thiscaneither have a positive or negative
impacton the release, andsometimesaudiences believe that a remake can ruin the reputation the
original which is why audiences may not want a remake, though this wasn’t the case with Batman

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(Burton,1989) as it grossed$411,300,000 at the box office whichprovesthatthe launch was indeed
successful. I believe another factor which may influence remakes is the forms of distribution and
exhibitionwhichare available intoday’stimes as opposed to the original release of batman. There
are newways of distribution and exhibition which allow the marketing team to reach and attract a
wider audience, for example, now the marketing team can use the internet for free in a way of
distributionwhichwasnotavailable formanyof the batmanfilmsupto The Dark Knight Trilogy. The
internetmakesiteasierforthe marketingteamtoconnectwiththeiraudiencesaround the world in
orderto promote the release of the film, whetherthisbe inthe formof a website of teasers/trailers
on YouTube,thisisbeneficial forathe marketingdepartmentasitisthe free/cheaper alternative as
opposedtousing postersandbillboards.Thoughbillboards and posters do come into consideration
with the marketing department as these are effective in reaching an audience in big cities such as
Manchester and London, there are use of poster on buses in a way to attract a wider audience as I
believeamovingposterwouldinformmore peopleof the filmasopposedtoa stationaryone.There
also more effective ways of marketing a film by the use of radio and TV advert in which these
advertswill playashort trailerinformingthe audienceof the plot as well as teasing the audience in
orderto attract viewers.Exhibitiononthe hand has changed dramatically with the invention of on-
demand streaming and the progression of TV’s with internet capabilities, viewers are now able to
view old releases of Batman films by means of paid subscription services such as Netflix, Hulu or
amazon prime. Whether it be the original or The Dark Knight Trilogy, these films are available to
view at will, this has changed how we view films as many people would prefer and find it easier
viewingfilmsfromtheirownhome rather than going to the cinema or the shop and purchasing the
filmwhenitsavailabletothe viewer with the click of a button. Exhibition can also be supported by
the progressionintechnologythroughoutthe years,whetherthisbe toview films or to create films,
the technology which is present now is far advanced than it was since the release of the first film.
These advancements have made it easier for audiences to view and enjoy the latest films and for
producersto create outstandingproductionswiththe progressionof visual andspecial effects. First,
isthe waycontenthas improvedthroughoutthe years, starting with the original batman movie the
visual and special effects were only used slightly, the use of comic style sound effects and visuals
brought this comic book character to life and were seen as outstanding at the time, visual effects
were not as big in comparison to today’s time as most releases include the use of visual effects to
effectivelycreate the realisticsettingbecause sometimes some settings are not easily recreated so
the director uses support from post-production to enhance the viewing experience. Visual effects
have come a longwaysince the original,withtodaywe have technologiessuch as motion capturing,
green screens and 3D to make these fairy tales seem like a reality, Batman V Superman: Dawn of
Justice (Synder,2016) is an example of afilmwhichwill be usingthe latesttechnology’s to bring this
storyto life,forexample the directorusesvisual effectsinordertobring the antagonist to life. Next
isthe use of technologytoincrease the viewingexperience,cinemahasbeen around for a long time
but it has changed dramatically over the years with the additions of IMAX, 3D, HD/4K cinemas to
create a betterpicture for the audience, though I don’t believe that the quality improves the story
and doesnotruin the experience however what I do believe is that is a nice feature to include but
not a necessity.Anotherwaytoattract an audience iswiththe use of stars, the original batman film
didnot feature manyrecognisablestarsasopposedtothe latestreleases with big Hollywood actors
like Ben Affleck (Batman v Superman: Dawn Of Justice) and George Clooney (Batman and Robin.)
These actors alreadyfeature areadymade audience whowouldwatchthe film due to being a fan of
the certain actor, this is an efficient way of attracting a new audience. The original film merely did

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not have a highenoughbudgettohire highendactors as the superherogenre was not as popular as
it istoday,thisis whysuperherofilmsare now able to hire A list actors due to their popularity. This
can be seen in Batman (Burton, 1989) which is the follow up remake from Batman: The Movie
(Martinson, 1966) which featured a higher budget along with a well recognisable director and
recognisable actors. The superherogenreisatan all-time peakwiththe genre dominatingatthe box
office with the up and coming Batman film, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. The constant
releases of Superhero films have become a trend for the box office with both Marvel and DC
releasingfilmsevery yearinanorder to make money,andsince these films already feature a ready-
made audience it is proved that these films will be successful at the box office, an example of this
couldbe The Dark Knight(Nolan,2008) whichwasone of the most successful in the trilogy bringing
in a total worldwide of $1,004,558,444, this alone shows how successful superhero films are
currently,Ibelievesuperherofilmsare tostayand there are nosignsof them disappearing from the
box office anytime soon.Lastlyisthe use of synergywhichpositivelyimpactsthe release of the film
with the use of merchandise in order to market the film, this along with tie-in’s with other
companies and products best promote the release the film. Firstly is the original film which was
closely linked and promoted by the use of Comic Books and TV shows which helped bring this
character to the big screen, these helped made the audience aware of the character and the
promotional material available at the time would have made the audience aware of the release of
the film.However,todaywiththe upcomingrelease of Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice, there
isa lotmore promotional material asopposedtothe original withlikesof ActionFigures,Magazines,
Newspapers and Comic books. In addition to this, there is also the promotional tie-in with Jeep as
they have released a limited edition model of one of their cars for the release of the film. These
forms of promotional material benefit both companies it as it promotes both of these companies
before the release of the film. The reason I Believe that the batman films continue to be remade is
due to their popularity and how the amount that they bring in at the box office, it is proven that
superhero films are successful at the box office and the batman films are no exception. I Believe
that the batman filmswillcontinuetobe remade until the superherogenre has passed it’s time and
is no longer dominating at the box office.
The plot of The War of the Worlds (Haskin, 1953) and the remake (Spielberg, 2005) are about the
invasionof extra-terrestrialsfromthe planetmarsthoughthe subtextof the film is further in-depth
than itactuallyappears. Bothof the filmswere influencedbypolitical eventseventhoughtheywere
yearsapart, the original whichwasreleasedin1953 was influencedbythe beginningof the cold war
and the growth of communist Russia at the beginning of the cold war. This event influenced Bryon
Haskin to create The War of the Worlds film in 1953 as a way to portray the fears, for example the
films subtext is about the fear of Russians with the invasion being an event that could have taken
place, and the aliens within the films are what signify as the Russians. Another factor to highlight
aboutthisfilmishowthe alienships come fromoutof the ground,thiswas done purposelyas a way
to highlightespionageimplying that the Russians were spying on Americans from within, from this
we couldsee that the alienshave beenlivingamongstuswhich alsoawayto highlighthow aRussian
attack couldhappen fromwithin.The title “The War of The Worlds” could have been influenced by
the fact that if war did break out it would have caused a third world war which is where the title
couldhave come from.However,the remake wasalsoinfluencedbysimilareventsthoughinsteadof
the fearof Russiansduringthe coldwar,it isterrorists and the fear of terrorism with the past event
of 9/11, Steven Spielberg himself said if it wasn’t for the events of 9/11 then he would not have

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decidedtoremake the film.However,there isalsoadeepermeaningtothe film with the family life
of the protagonist(TomCruise) strugglestobuild a positive relationship with both of his children. I
believe the film is a way to highlight the implications that a family man can go through when the
livesof hisfamilyare threatened.There isalsothe factthat Ray (TomCruise) is dealing with a tough
time due to his ex-wife and her new husband who appears to be a Prince Charming as opposed to
himwhicheffectsthe protagonistsmoral andmakeshim feel threatened, this may also be a way to
portray the directorspastlife asan auteur.One keyfactor which separates the two films is how the
stars vary from both of the films, in the original the film featured actors which were unheard of as
opposed to the remake which stared Tom Cruise who is a big Hollywood actor which is well
established into the Science Fiction with other films such as Oblivion (Kosinski, 2013) and Edge of
Tomorrow (Liman, 2014). This is due to the higher budget as the original only had a budget of
£1,376,121 as opposed to the remake which had a budget of £90,824,022 which means the
production company were able to bring a list actors compared to the original. Another benefit of
having a higher budget is the technology which is available to the director, this means the
productioncompany can invest more money into the post-production process in order to enhance
the viewing experience. This can also go alongside the progression of technology which has
advancedthroughoutthe years,the original featuredverylittle use of visual and special effects due
to the technology available at the time, The War of the Worlds Producer, George Pal even stated
that he was unsure howtripodswould walkandwentwith flyingmachinesinstead,thiscouldbe due
to the technology available at the time, though it is stated that 70% of the budget was spent of
extensive andelaborate special effects according to IMDB. The remake on the other hand featured
highusage of visual andspecial effects, this includes high usage of computer generated imagery in
order to bring the Tripods to life and give them their fear factor, their height, their weaponry and
theirshieldingshowthe audience thatthese are notto be reckonedwith andthat humanfire power
inineffective. Thoughinthe filmIdon’tbelieve there wasuse of motioncapturingfor the use of the
aliens due to the manoeuvres, so I believe the Martians were strictly CGI. To conclude this case
study,I believe StevenSpielbergusedthe protagoniststoreflectonhisownpersonal life withhisex-
wife andthe struggles of keeping a positive relationship with his children. This film also highlights
the political issues regarding the time of release, whether it be the Russians and the cold war or
Terrorists and the fear of terrorism.
The nextcase studyisregardingThe TexasChainsaw Massacre (Hooper, 1974) and regulatory issues
that surrounded the original and the remake. The film which was written by Kim Henkel and Tobe
Hooper was released back in 1974 was refused a certificate rating by the BBFC due to creating an
atmosphere of madness, threat and impeding violence whilst the film was shying away from
showing much in way of explicit detail. This alone made it difficult for the BBFC in deciding what
neededtobe cut forthe filmtobe acceptable foraudiencessince there were onlyfew scenes which
featured explicit violence, however even with these scenes cut it would not alter the disturbing
“tone” of the film. Since the film focused on “abnormal psychology” with the ending featuring
scenesof terrorisationwhichresultedinthe filmbeingunsuitable fora BBFC X certificate. However,
as the film was subsequently submitted to the Greater London Council with a version which was
accidentlymissing28 seconds,the BBFCAgreedto classify the film with an X rating without cuts for
showings strictly in London, although some other local councils had gone against this and banned
the film.JamesFermanwhohadrecentlytakenoverasSecretaryof the BBFC was askedto lookover
at certainscenesinorderto see if any cuts were able tobe made so the filmwouldbe acceptable for

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a national release, though after further investigations into two specific scenes which featured
sadisticviolence,Fermanwasforcedintoagreeingwithhispredecessor who had refused the rating.
He describedthe filmas“the pornographyof violence”due tothe filmsintentionswhich invited the
audience torevel inavulnerable woman’sdistress and therefore concluded that the film could not
be classified by the BBFC. However, the film had to be removed from the shelves due to the
introduction of the Video Recordings act of 1984 specified that the BBFC was required to consider
“whether or not video works are suitable for a classification certificate to be issued to them” which
wouldconsiderif apersonisnot suitable for the viewing of the specific film, for example; Suitable
for persons of 18 years and older. As time progressed, the standards of what was suitable for
audienceshaschangedandwithviolence becomingmore acceptable now asopposedtothe original
release date back in 1974. Though the film featured sadistic and explicit violence, there was no
sexual violence andby 1999 the film was released 18 uncut for video and DVD release. The remake
(Nispel, 2003) on the other hand which included strong language, bloody violence and horror was
given 18 certificate uncut by the BBFC, however the remake had toned down the violence in
comparison to the original in order to classify for a 18 or under, which would attract a wider
audience. Ibelieve the filmwasremade inordertoappeal to a wider target audience as opposed to
the original, this could by why the film featured less violence though however audiences now are
usedto seeingviolenceasitseenasacceptable intoday’s times as opposed to back then due to the
change in censorshiplaws. The remake of thisfilmsparkeda trend in the industry which resulted in
productioncompaniesremakingoldhorrorslike MyBloodyValentine(Lussier, 2009) and Halloween
(Zombie,2007). I believe the key influential factor which influenced the remake was the change in
censorship issues which meant the director was able to release the film with the rating they were
hoping for in order to attract their target audience.
Ring(Nakata,1998) also knownasRinguis a Japanese Horrorwhichisabout a ghostwho haunts and
killshervictimsafter7days, thoughthe film was remade later on in 2002 in order to attract a wider
audience, I also believe this was an effective way of introducing an English audience to Japanese
horrors. However, this film sparked a trend which resulted in other Japanese horror films being
remade to attract an English audiences, film like Dark Water (Salles, 2005) and One Missed Call
(Valette, 2008) are good examples of successful Japanese horrors remade to suit an English
audience.There are manyfactors which come into consideration when it comes down to remaking
films, one factor is the financial determinants and how money can be influential within the film
industry.Firstlyis the difference in budgets for both films, the original film was only a small scaled
production company called Rasen Production Committee featuring a budget of $1,200,000 as
opposed to the remake which had a much larger budget of $48,000,000 and was produced by
DreamWorks Studios. Here you are able to see the sizes in production sizes with the original only
beinga small scale production,thiscanalsobe saidfor the distributorsof the twofilms. The remake
was distributedbyUniversal/DreamWorksStudioswhichis a large media conglomerate as opposed
to Toho whichisa small scale Japanese ProductionandDistribution Company so you can expect the
remake tofeature a much largerbudgetcomparedtothe original,youwouldexpectabigHollywood
studiotohave more moneycomparedtoa small Japanese company. This can also be proved by the
box office takings of both films, the original only brought in an estimated $9,000,000 in the box
office as opposed to the remake bringing in an estimated $250,000,000 which is a significant
difference,thoughthiscouldbe due tothe original onlyattractingaJapanese audience whereas the
remake attractedan international audience.Withthe filmusingahigherbudget,thismeanstheyare

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able to hire big name stars in order to attract an audience as actors have a readymade audience,
whichcan vary insize,Ringudue tosmall budgetsonlyincludedsmall scale nameswhereas The ring
broughtin Naomi Watts who is considered to be a well-known English actor who has been in films
such as King Kong (Jackson, 2005) which is also a remake itself. I believe The Ring was specifically
made in order to attract an English speaking audience as this is significantly larger than a Japanese
speakingaudience,Ialsobelieve thatthe successof Ringuinfluencedthe producersastheybelieved
that the film could be a successful remake, which it was therefore I believe the director made the
right decision remaking the film due to the profit the film received.
To conclude thisessay,Ibelievethere are manykeyfactorswhichcan be taken into account when it
comes down to remaking films, though it depends on the film in question as not all factors will
influenceafilmtobe remade.However,Ibelieve moneycanbe seenasthe biggestinfluential factor
when it comes down to remaking a film as money can determine whether or not the film was
successful or not due to the box office takings. Prequels and sequels can also be seen as ways in
orderto bringin moneyintothe filmwhilealsoexpandingon storyline, whether that to be develop
on a characters past or the plot itself. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (Liebesman,
2006) can be seen as an example of Prequel which was used to develop the main antagonist’s
background while also bringing money into the franchise.