Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and Sulphur.

1. COAL

2. • M.Hamza Khan (Group Leader) 97M.Hamza Khan (Group Leader) 97
• M.Manal 100M.Manal 100
• Shahzaib Ali 146Shahzaib Ali 146
• Zohaib Hassan 194Zohaib Hassan 194
• Talha Khan 161Talha Khan 161
• Bilal Arain 181Bilal Arain 181
Group MembersGroup Members
NameName Roll #Roll #

3. What is a CoalWhat is a Coal
 Coal is a complex mixture of organicCoal is a complex mixture of organic
chemical substances containing carbon,chemical substances containing carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen in chemicalhydrogen and oxygen in chemical
combination, together with smallercombination, together with smaller
amounts of nitrogen and Sulphuramounts of nitrogen and Sulphur
 Origin of coalOrigin of coal
 Organic sedimentary rocksOrganic sedimentary rocks
 Carbonaceous rocksCarbonaceous rocks

4.  Coal is a fossil fuel and is the altered
remains of prehistoric vegetation that
originally accumulated in swamps and
peat boggs. The energy we get from coal
today comes from the energy that plants
absorbed from the sun millions of years
ago.

5. Mode Of FormationMode Of Formation
 Humification OR FermentationHumification OR Fermentation
• Peat forming stagePeat forming stage
• OROR
• Biochemical stageBiochemical stage
 CoalificationCoalification
Geochemical StageGeochemical Stage

6. Coal FormationCoal Formation
 All living plants store solar energy through
a process known as photosynthesis.
When plants die, this energy is usually
released as the plants decay. Under
conditions favourable to coal formation,
the decaying process is interrupted,
preventing the release of the stored solar
energy. The energy is locked into the coal.
 physical and chemical changes in the
vegetation, transforming it into peat and
then into coal.

7. Over time,the chemical and physical properties of the plantOver time,the chemical and physical properties of the plant
remains were changed by geological action to create aremains were changed by geological action to create a
solid material.solid material.

8. Ideal conditions of coal formationIdeal conditions of coal formation
(Environments)(Environments)
 The wide shallow seas are the idealThe wide shallow seas are the ideal
conditions for coal formation.conditions for coal formation.
 Swamps,Coastal Plains,River Banks AndSwamps,Coastal Plains,River Banks And
lagoons.lagoons.

9. Ideal time of Coal formationIdeal time of Coal formation
 Although coal is known from PrecambrianAlthough coal is known from Precambrian
times, the ideal time of coal formation istimes, the ideal time of coal formation is
Carboniferous period.Carboniferous period.

10. Classification of CoalClassification of Coal
 coal is classify into four typescoal is classify into four types
1.1. LigniteLignite
2.2. BituminousBituminous
3.3. Sub BituminousSub Bituminous
4.4. AnthraciteAnthracite

11. LigniteLignite
 Also referred to as brown coal.Also referred to as brown coal.
 It is the lowest rank of coal .It is the lowest rank of coal .
 It is almost used exclusively as fuel forIt is almost used exclusively as fuel for
electric power generation.electric power generation.
 Its compact variety is called “jet”, that isIts compact variety is called “jet”, that is
sometimes polished and has been usedsometimes polished and has been used
as an ornamental stone.as an ornamental stone.

12. Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal
 Bituminous coalBituminous coal contains 45-86 percentcontains 45-86 percent
carbon, and has two to three times thecarbon, and has two to three times the
heating value of lignite.heating value of lignite.
 Bituminous coal has a high Sulfur contentBituminous coal has a high Sulfur content
and thus is the Lowest Gradeand thus is the Lowest Grade

13. Sub-bituminous CoalSub-bituminous Coal
 It is used for steam electric powerIt is used for steam electric power
generation.generation.
 Steam electric power generation is theSteam electric power generation is the
process of generating electricity. In thisprocess of generating electricity. In this
case using fossil fuels, such as coal, oilcase using fossil fuels, such as coal, oil
and natural gas to heat water to produceand natural gas to heat water to produce
steam that turns a turbine to producesteam that turns a turbine to produce
electricity.electricity.

14. AnthraciteAnthracite
 It is the highest rank of coal, harderIt is the highest rank of coal, harder
glossy, black coal.glossy, black coal.
 AnthraciteAnthracite contains 86-97 percent carboncontains 86-97 percent carbon
and its heating value is slightly higher thanand its heating value is slightly higher than
bituminous coal.bituminous coal.
 Highest Grade CoalHighest Grade Coal
 Low amount of Sulfur makes this a cleanLow amount of Sulfur makes this a clean
buring coal.buring coal.

15. Coal GasificationCoal Gasification
 Underground coal gasification (UCG) is aUnderground coal gasification (UCG) is a
method of converting coal still in themethod of converting coal still in the
ground into a combustible gas which canground into a combustible gas which can
be used for industrial heating, powerbe used for industrial heating, power
generation or the manufacturing ofgeneration or the manufacturing of
synthetic natural gas or diesel oil.synthetic natural gas or diesel oil.

16.  UCG technology allows countries that areUCG technology allows countries that are
endowed with coal to fully utilize theirendowed with coal to fully utilize their
resources from otherwise unrecoverableresources from otherwise unrecoverable
coal deposits in an economically viablecoal deposits in an economically viable
and environmentally safe way.and environmentally safe way.

17. Distribution In PakistanDistribution In Pakistan
 More than 190 billion tones in Pakistan.More than 190 billion tones in Pakistan.
 Sindh have more than 175 BT.Sindh have more than 175 BT.
 Sindh: Thar coalfield 160 BTSindh: Thar coalfield 160 BT
Badin coalfield 900 MTBadin coalfield 900 MT
Lakhra coalfield 1640 MTLakhra coalfield 1640 MT
Metting jhimpir coal field 122 MTMetting jhimpir coal field 122 MT

18. Thar Coal FieldThar Coal Field
 It is the largest coal field of the countryIt is the largest coal field of the country
having a resource potential of about 175having a resource potential of about 175
billion tonnes discovered in Thar in thebillion tonnes discovered in Thar in the
eastern part of the province.eastern part of the province.
 Thar coal field extends over 9000 sq kmThar coal field extends over 9000 sq km
area.area.
 The main coal bed thickness ranges fromThe main coal bed thickness ranges from
12 to 21 meters at an average depth of12 to 21 meters at an average depth of
170 meters.170 meters.

19.  Balochistan:Balochistan:
Duki coal field 50 MTDuki coal field 50 MT
Sor range 34 MTSor range 34 MT
pir ismail ziarat 11 MTpir ismail ziarat 11 MT
Khost Sheikh Harna 76 MTKhost Sheikh Harna 76 MT
Mach-Abegum coal field 23 MTMach-Abegum coal field 23 MT
 Punjab: Salt range 234 million tonPunjab: Salt range 234 million ton
Makarwal 22 million tonMakarwal 22 million ton

20. USESUSES
 Different types of coal have different uses.
 Steam coal - also known as thermal coal -
is mainly used in power generation.
 Coking coal - also known as metallurgical
coal - is mainly used in steel production.

21.  Other important users of coal include alumina
refineries, paper manufacturers, and the
chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Several
chemical products can be produced from the by-
products of coal. Refined coal tar is used in the
manufacture of chemicals, such as creosote oil,
naphthalene, phenol, and benzene. Ammonia
gas recovered from coke ovens is used to
manufacture ammonia salts, nitric acid and
agricultural fertilisers. Thousands of different
products have coal or coal by-products as
components: soap, aspirins, solvents, dyes,
plastics and fibres, such as rayon and nylon.

22. THANKYOU!THANKYOU!