This document discusses coal and its role in energy for sustainable development. It notes that coal is an abundant fossil fuel that currently accounts for a large portion of global electricity production. It is classified based on its composition and analyzed to determine its quality and suitability for different applications like power generation. The document discusses how Pakistan's lignite coal reserves can be utilized for power generation as well as in industries like cement production and brick kilns. It also summarizes the development process for underground and open-pit coal mines. Finally, it argues that coal will continue playing an important role in providing reliable base load electricity for developing countries to support economic growth and development in a sustainable manner.

1. DESIGN & MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY
SYSTEMS
COAL

2. CONTENTS
 Coal
 Classification of coal
 Coal analysis
 Utilization of Pakistan’s lignite coal
 Coal mine development requirement
 Energy for sustainable development
Energy for
SustainableDevelopment
Energy for
SustainableDevelopment

3. Coal
- is the most abundant and utilized
fossil fuel in power generation.
- it accounts for 40% of the world’s total
electricity production.
- is the most polluting fuel which
accounts for 20% of the total CO2
produced.
- is a highly inhomogeneous material, of
widely varying composition.

4. Classification
of coal
Coal is classified as fossil fuel.
It is the main energysource for electricity
production in the world.
Coal is composed primarilyof carbonalong
with variablequantities of other elements,
mostly sulphur, hydrogen,oxygenand
nitrogen.

6. Classification of Coal

7. Power plant (Generation of Electricity)
A powerstation (also known as generating plant) is an
industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
At the center of nearly all power stations is a
generator, a rotating machine that converts
mechanical power into electric power by creating
relative motion between a magnetic field and a
conductor.
Mechanical energy Electrical energy

8. Function
1. Coal is prepared for use by crushing the rough
coal to pieces less than 2 inch (5 cm in size).
Crushing the coal into a fine powder makes easirer
to burn it more completely.
2. Pulverized coal is burnt to produce steam.
Water from the feed pump, after pre-heating
enters the boiler.
3. The steam produced in the boiler, goes
to the steam drum and is then piped to
super-heaters where it is heated above
saturation temperature.
4. At this point steam is now turned into a
very powerful source of energy. This rotates
the turbine.

9. Function
5. Flue gases coming out of the boiler carry
a lot of heat. An economizer extracts a
part of this heat from flue gases and use it
for heating feed water.
6. The steam after reheating is used to
rotate the second steam turbine where the
heat is converted to mechanical energy.
7. This mechanical energy is used to run
the generator, which is coupled to the
turbine, there by generating electrical
energy.

10. Function diagram

11. CONTENTS
 Coal analysis
 Types of coal analysis
 Why invest in coal power sector
 Fluidised bed combustion
 Basic principles of FBC
 Advantages of FBC
 Types of FBC

12. Coal Analysis
The basis of an analysis helps to specify the conditions under which the coal is tested on the
following basis
 As mined basis
 As fired basis
 As received basis
 Dry ash free

13. The two main coal analysis are
1. Proximate analysis
 Fixed carbon
 Volatile matter
 Moisture
 Ash

14. The two main coal analysis are
2. Ultimate analysis
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen
 Oxygen
 Sulfur
 Ash

15. Why Invest In The Coal Power Sector ?
 Pakistan is a coal rich country
 The total coal resource of Pakistan is more than 185 billion tonnes
 Coal deposits are located in all the Provinces of Pakistan and in AJK
 The coal reserves of Pakistan are considered suitable for power generation

16. Why Invest In The Coal Power Sector ?
 Opportunities are available for utilization of coal in other industries such as cement, bricks kilns,
coal gasification and coal briquettes
 Pakistan has a population of about 140 million, and only 40% people have access to electricity,
 Resulting in a large and growing domestic power market
 Efficient and cost-effective technical manpower available in coal mining and in the power sector

17. Why Invest In The Coal Power Sector ?
 Pakistan has successfully attracted four billion dollars from private sector in power generation
 And world renowned power sector players already operating in Pakistan

18. FLUIDISED BED COMBUSTION
 Burning of pulverised coal has some problems such as particle size of coal used in pulverized firing is
limited to 70-100 microns.
 The pulverised fuel fired furnances designed to burn a particular can not be used other type of coal with
same efficiency.
 Fluidised Bed combustion system can burn any fuel including low grade coals (even containing 70% ash),
oil, gas or municipal waste.
 Improved desulphurisation and low NO emission are its main characteristics.

19. Basic principle of Fluidised bed
combustion system

20. Advantages of system
 FBC system can use any type of low grade fuel including municipal wastes and therefore is a
cheaper method of power generation.
 It is easier to control the amount of SO2 and NO formed during burning.
 Low emission of SO2 and NO will help in controlling the undesirable effects of SO2 and NO.
 During combustion SO2 emission is nearly 15% of that in conventional firing methods.
 There is a saving of about 10% in operating cost and 15% in the capital cost of the power
plant.

21. TYPES OF FBC SYSTEMS
1. Atmospheric FBC system
a. Over feed system
b. Under feed system

22. TYPES OF FBC SYSTEMS
 In this system the pressure inside the bed is atmospheric.
 The solid fuel is made to enter the furnace from the side of walls.
 The low velocity, medium velocity and high velocity air is supplied
at different points.
 The burning is efficient because of high lateral turbulence.

23. TYPES OF FBC SYSTEMS
2. Pressurised FBC system
 In this system pressurised air is used for fluidisation and combustion.
 High burning rates.
 Improved desulphurization and low NO emission.
 Considerable reduction in cost.

24. Ayza Ashraf
2020-MS-ENR-104
Utilization Of Pakistan’s Lignite Coal

25. Power Generation
 The power station must be located at the mine site.
 Transmission and power line losses require the load centre to be in reasonable proximity to the power station.
 Selecting the type of equipment for mining and power generation, e.g.
• High moisture content will reduce the efficiency of power generation
• Add to the cost of capital for the equipment required to burn the coal.
 Boiler efficiency and the coal feed rate increases.
 Ash content of lignite may contain mineral matter bound with the organic material.
• Cause severe slugging and fouling problems in conventional boiler.

26. Use of lignite coal in Pakistan
 Lignite coal is used extensively for power generation throughout the world. In many areas, there is abundance of
lignite reserves, as in Pakistan.
 It is cheap to mine and suitable for power generation.
 Open-cut mines using Bucket Wheel Excavators are able to recover lignite from the thick coal beds located in the Thar
coalfield.
 Steam Fluidized Bed Drying SFBD technology, removes moisture from coal by direct evaporation in a steam heated
exchanger, and produces dry coal with very little moisture.
 Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB), coal mixed with limestone is burned in a fluidized bed. The sulfur in the coal is
absorbed by the calcium carbonate, and the emission is free from sulfur dioxide.
 The Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle (IGCC), increases the efficiency and reduces the emission level of
the power generation plant.

27. Use of Coal as an Industrial Fuel
 It is a cheaper fuel than others.
 In some industrial applications, such as brick kilns and glass tanks, the high emission of the coal flame is
a distinct advantage.
 In brick kilns, for example, it has been found that one tonne of coal will do the
same work as one tonne of oil.
 Coal is used as boiler fuel for the supply of steam to process plant in the paper,
chemical, and food processing industries.
 Use for direct firing in the manufacture of cement, bricks, pipes, glass tanks,
and metal smelting.

28. Coal in Brick Kilns & Cement
Brick Kilns
 Coal is commonly used for making bricks and
roofing tiles, as it is an ideal fuel for kilns, especially for
heavy clay products.
 In Pakistan, about 50% of coal production is used
in the brick kiln industry.
Cement
 In many countries, coal is used as fuel in the cement
industry.
 Previously, coal was not used as fuel in cement plants in
Pakistan, but now the cement industry has started using
indigenous coal.
 It is expected that, in future more and more cement plants
will use coal as fuel.

29. Coal Briquettes
 Coal briquettes, can be used as domestic fuel.
 It have special applicability in reducing deforestation in the Northern
Areas of Pakistan.
 Smokeless coal briquette of good quality is in its pilot plant at Karachi.

30. Coal Gasification
Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas
—a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2),
natural gas (CH4), and water vapor (H2O)
—from coal, water, and oxygen.
• IGCC power plants have the potential of being economically competitive by using gas
produced from indigenous coal.
• Furthermore, catalytic coal gasification is developed as a more efficient and less costly
process to produce gas from coal.
• Methanol or synthetic gas can be produced from Thar coal at the coalfield and can easily be
transported by pipeline throughout the demand centers.

31. Underground Coal Gasification
• A technology is also available for in-situ conversion of coal into gas, which
can be used for power generation or for conversion into higher value products
such as diesel fuel, methanol, and ammonia.
• Underground coal gasification can be applied to both horizontal and inclined
coal beds.
• Coal not recoverable by conventional mining methods, can be accessed for
in-situ coal gasification.
• Private investors can use this new technology where coal beds are thin and
steeply dipping, and not economical for mining by conventional mining
methods.

32. Coal Consumption in Pakistan (2002 – 03)

33. Coal Consumption by Sector

34. Coal Production by Province

35. Coal Pricing (2002 – 03)

36. Pakistan coal production and consumption (tons)

37. Preliminaries
Procurement of prospecting / mining lease area
Exploration and estimation of coal reserves
Feasibility Study
Determination of coal mineability, coal quality analysis, ground
water conditions and hydrogeology, geotechnical analysis of coal
and coal-bearing strata; i.e. overburden/inter-burden on coal beds,
number of coal beds and thickness of each, cost of coal and its
area of utilization, mine design and planning, infrastructure
requirement such as roads, power & water supply etc., availability
of skilled and unskilled labor, capital and mining cost, availability of
funds.

38. Development of Underground Mine
•Purchase of land, site development and services
•Drilling and blasting arrangement
•Access to coal deposits (drifts, vertical/inclined shafts, tunnels)
•Materials and machinery-handling facilities
•Development of coal working faces (log-wall/ short-wall faces)
•Coal handling and transportation facilities (rail track, locomotives, mine cars, conveyors, etc.)

39. Development of Preliminaries Underground Mine (conti...)
•Installation of mining machineries (continuous miner, road headers, roof bolters, shuttle cars, gate
conveyors, chain conveyors etc.)
•Roof support arrangements (shield support, hydraulic support, hydraulic jack, steel arches, rock
bolters, timber support etc.)
•Electrical equipment (cables, transformer etc.)
•Mine health and safety equipment (gas detectors, self rescuers, breathing apparatus, first-aid etc.)
•Mine water-handling equipment (water pumps, pipes etc.)
•Mine lighting and communication arrangements

40. Development of Underground Mine (conti...)
Installation of equipment at surface (compressors and compressed air supply arrangements, work
shop, store, battery charging house, power supply, circuit breaker, etc.)
•Coal storage yard
•Coal washing plant
•Coal refuse and tailing disposal area
•Mine office and administration building
•Housing colony for labor and staff

41. Development of Open-Pit Mine
1. Purchase of land, site development, site services, surface work and temporary housing
2. Mine planning and layout:
Number of coal-beds, thickness of each coalbed, thickness of over-burdens / inter-burdens
Coal/rock ratio, pit size, strip length and depth
Recovery percentage
Life of mine
Capacity of coal production per year
Number and size of equipment

42. Development of Open-Pit Mine (conti...)
Economy of scale, using large capacity machines
Redundancy and maneuverability of machine
Availability of spares, repair and maintenance facilities
Capital investment
3. Mining Equipment and Combination:
Scrapers and Pushing Bulldozers
Front End Loaders and Trucks
Hydraulic Shovels and Trucks
Face Shovels and Trucks

43. Development of Open-Pit Mine(conti...)
4. Drilling and blasting arrangement
5. Transportation arrangement for explosives
6. Removal of over-burden/inter-burden with Walking Dragline to expose coal beds and deposition of rock
materials on the surface in systematic order
7. Coal cutting and transportation from pit to storage area using Belt- Conveyors, Front End Loaders and
Self-Dumping Trucks
8. Compressors and compressed air supply arrangement
9. Electricity supply and electrical equipment

44. Development of Open-Pit Mine(conti...)
10. Water Pumps and accessories
11. Communication system and lighting arrangement
12. Work-shop for repair and maintenance
13. Mining machinery and equipment storage yard
14. Coal washing plant
15. Housing for labor and staff

45.  Global warming, energy crisis, and scarcity of resources have compelled the researchers to
search for alternative sustainable energy resources.
 Sustainability includes three dimensions which are Cost, Environment and Society. These
are called triple bottom line (TBL).
 The TBL emphasizes on a balanced approach to profit, the planet, and people
 Fossil fuels including coal are not sustainable as they influence the environment by
increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
 The main goal of sustainability is to minimize the cost and environmental effect of
processes while maximizing the social impact .
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development

46.  Across the world there are 1.3 billion people without access to electricity and 2.7 billion people who
don’t have clean cooking facilities.
 Economic growth through the expansion of business and industry will be the only way that poverty can
be eradicated in developing countries. Business and industry needs reliable base load electricity in order
to expand.
 In the developing world, economic expansion will provide secure employment. Without this, hundreds of
millions of people will remain in poverty, particularly in urban areas.
 Many social services are also heavily reliant on a modern, reliable electricity supply. Hospitals and
schools cannot function effectively without access to electricity.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development

47.  All energy sources have some role to play in feeding those grids, including nuclear, hydro and the
provision of renewable energy. However, base load power generation through the use of fossil fuels,
and especially with coal, is the only way to provide affordable, safe and reliable electricity at the scale
 Coal is the backbone of modern electricity. Coal currently supplies around 30% of primary energy and
41% of global electricity generation. Coal use is forecast to rise over 50% to 2030, with developing
countries responsible for 97% of this increase, primarily to meet improved electrification rates.
 Coal will therefore play a major role in supporting the development of base-load electricity where it is
most needed. Coal-fired electricity will bring energy access and support economic growth in the
developing world.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development

48.  It has been estimated that there are over 860 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves worldwide. This means that
there is enough coal to last us at least 118 years at current rates of consumption.
 Coal mining provides more than seven million jobs worldwide and in 2010 the industry invested more than US$7
billion in capital expenditure in developing countries.
 Coal mining often occurs in rural and remote areas requiring significant infrastructure development- particularly the
development of transportation
links such as road and rail.
 Improved infrastructure due to mining activity can also support broader economic development within the region.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development

49.  It has been estimated that by 2030, there will be an additional 1.5 million premature deaths per
year caused by household pollution from burning wood and dung.
 While addressing climate and energy challenges together seems contradictory to some, the reality
is that they must be considered as integrated priorities.
 Effective and sustainable climate response must integrate environmental aims with energy security
and economic development.
 National and international policy frameworks and financing mechanisms must support the
deployment of the most efficient and cleanest coal technology.
 Clean coal technologies, such as advanced coal-fired power generation and carbon capture and
storage, can enable the world’s coal resource to be used in line with environmental and climate
objectives.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development

50.  Increases in the efficiency of electricity generation are essential in tackling climate change. A
single percentage point improvement in the efficiency of a conventional pulverised coal
combustion plant results in a 2-3% reduction in CO2 emissions.
 Another technology of growing importance in securing national energy supplies is carbon capture,
utilisation and storage (CCUS). It provides a pathway to two important energy goals of many
countries – producing reliable and affordable electricity from coal power plants while reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and producing more oil to meet growing demand and enhance national
security.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development