photography applications pro forma

1. Photography and Digital
Manipulation
Robbie Hickman
1
Photographic Applications

2. Advertising Photography is the most prominent form of photography in the present
day as it can be found almost anywhere e.g. mobile applications. It combines the
decision regarding the style of image the photographer is looking for and the
understanding of the message he/she intends to convey via the elements of the
advert they hope to create. The photographer would then determine where a shoot
will be taking place, as well as which technique to employ because there is a
variety of different ones to choose from. The reason for this is because the best
possible image needs to be created in order to ensure the customer is intrigued and
the product is sold successfully.
Promotional Photography, on the other hand, is defined as the utilization of
photography to publicize and advertise a product in a variety of ways. It is
considered similar to advertising photography as it is devised with the purpose of
raising the status of a product. However, there are some differences. For example,
it is not-for-profit; in other words, this form of photography is not employed with
the intention of making money. It is not used for direct advertising purposes either.
The primary intention behind the commission of this form of photography is raising
awareness for a product, hence the term ‘promotional photography’.
The primary focus of advertising photography is to create an image which best sells
a media product. Therefore, one would expect to find advertising photography on
posters, leaflets and websites as these provide an effective means to distribute a
product to the customer successfully. For example, a poster for a film could easily
advertise a media product through use of various techniques and styles for the
image such as use of certain colours to provide connotation as well as lighting to
indicate what atmosphere the film provides e.g. dark or foreboding.
One would expect to see instances of promotional photography on magazine
covers or CD/DVD cases; these contexts would most likely feature an image that
shows off the positive aspects of a product or individual e.g. the CD cover for a rock
band like Linkin Park may depict the group posing in a specific way and feature
black-and-white colours. The result would be that all the positive aspects of the
band are put forward, therefore raising awareness of the band and highlighting
them as positively as possible.
Long lenses (also referred to as telephoto lenses) could be used for both advertising
and promotional photography as they provide a great deal of focus on a subject,
even when the photographer is standing some distance away and zooms in on that
subject. For advertising, the photographer may not want to get close to the subject
or can’t get close. The reason why the photographer wouldn’t want to get too close
might be that he/she hopes to take multiple images of a person (in different shots
by zooming in) from a single viewpoint rather than having to move forwards
constantly.
Advertisement and
Promotional Images created for advertising and promotional purposes
tend to be controlled; this means that the subject within
the image would be required to pose in a specific manner
so that the photographer can obtain the image they
desire. In other words, the photographer would most
likely be looking for quality in his/her images especially if
it comes to taking pictures of an actor to promote a new
film. Photographers will also position objects e.g. a new
brand of deodorant in a way that is considered suitable
e.g. in the centre so that it attracts the customer’s eye.
Artificial Lighting is typically used in advertising and
promotional photography. The reason for this is because
the photographer will want to make an image look as
intriguing as possible, therefore that person will want to
add light to the scene the photo is being taken at. This
will ensure that the subject appears to stand out and
looks very bright in the overall image.
Lots of post-production will take place when it comes to
advertising/promotional photography. This is due to the
fact that photographers intend to obtain the best image
for the product they hope to advertise and seek the best
way to intrigue the audience. Therefore, a great deal of
adjustments will be made to the image so that it takes on
a professional look and implies alteration of colour e.g.
into black and white, contrast etc.

3. Advantages:
Advertising Photography can allow for an increase in the sales of
various media products e.g. DVDs, CDs and magazines because it
draws attention to the presence of them. It would be fairly
straightforward when it comes to promoting specific ads through use
of images. Images are very likely to depict a product and intrigue the
customer successfully. Photographing in this style can also allow
advertisers to reach a significant amount of people, and messages can
be conveyed easily.
Disadvantages
There is a lot of competition within advertising/promotional
photography which could make advertisers/photographers feel less
confident and may therefore hinder whatever they plan to make. In
other words, other photographers will be looking to contribute
positively to the media. The creativity of photographers could be
limited because it can be difficult to be unique. This can be considered
a disadvantage as people can struggle to come up with ideas.
Mike Harrington
Harrington is a prominent photographer for advertising and
promotion in the present day. He has worked since 1997, having had
15 years of experience capturing creative images. He has worked with
high-profile clients in the U.K., as well as international brands e.g.
Barclays, Microsoft and Lotus Cars, producing highly stylized stock
photos for these companies so that they can advertise and promote
more easily. The fact that he works within a studio of his own and can
travel to anywhere in the world makes Harrington a well-known
photographer. He can also shoot any style of image a person/company
desires.
In my opinion, advertising and promotional photography is a good way
to create an image for a media product, whether it be a CD or DVD
cover, magazine etc. and promote an artist or company thus enabling
a wide range of people to recognise it. Therefore, an artist, company
or product can become hugely popular and the product could appeal
to the audience. However, it could be quite complicated to create an
image for a media product because one needs to ensure the best
possible image is given to convey a message.
This image depicts an advertisement for a specific brand
of soft drink: Coca Cola. I chose this image because it
clearly advertises a specific product and the obvious
alteration of lighting, contrast and colour saturation
makes it look highly intriguing. My opinion for this image
is that it looks highly professional; the impression of
water droplets, as well as the illusion that no one is
holding the can (it appears to be pouring a drink on its
own) implies a strong sense of sophistication regarding
the photographer, editor etc. The image defines
advertising and promotion because it is clearly aiming to
raise awareness for Coca Cola and a variety of techniques
appear to have been employed during post-production to
make it look as intriguing as possible; the obvious
purpose of this image is to raise awareness for the
product and therefore attract as many people as
possible.

4. Fashion Photography is an application which is mainly employed
with the purpose of selling clothes, promoting fashion labels etc. A
wide range of different styles are used to ensure a product e.g. a
new brand of clothing looks visually appealing to the customer and
stands out. These styles vary depending on the way the
photographer captures/edits the images so that they look eye-
catching. Fashion photography could also tie in to advertising and
promotion because it involves raising awareness of fashion.
Fashion Photography mostly appears on magazine covers (and
within magazines); possibly with the purpose of attracting the eye of
the customer and making them want to buy a magazine based on
the look of its cover, or by promoting a celebrity. It can also be seen
on the sides of buses, as well as on the sides of bus shelters. This
ensures that a lot of people can see it, therefore this context does
well to raise awareness. The application is also utilized in a variety of
different contexts such as catalogues, billboards, cut-outs in shop
windows and the internet. The internet in particular is an important
context for fashion because people nowadays tend to purchase
things like clothing or a specific brand e.g. Superdry using online
websites such as Amazon. The internet provides a wide range of
sources that show off clothing, thus increasing the options for the
customer when it comes to looking for clothes or other products
related to fashion to buy.
Like advertising and promotional photography, telephoto lenses may
be used in fashion photography. These lenses can be used to zoom in
to a subject without the overall image losing quality. The image will
also retain every bit of detail despite the alteration of focus; the
quality of the image actually increases when the photographer
zooms in. Telephoto lens would most likely be suitable because of the
focus it provides on certain aspects of the individual, object etc.
Shooting might take place within a studio and the photographer
might want to keep a certain distance from the subject.
Fashion Photography Images in this style are controlled; the subject will be required to
position his/her self in a specific way rather than have the
photographer capture them as how they naturally appear; when it
comes to fashion the sole purpose is to create an atmosphere or
story as well as promote clothing, fashion labels etc. This would be
quite difficult to achieve without any adjustments during the shoot,
therefore it is important to make changes so as to attract the
audience through aesthetic qualities. If the product looks visually
appealing there is a better chance of it attracting a wide range of
people; fashion photographers would bear this in mind. Images of
fashion photography tend to be heavily staged. For example, a
subject will be required to pose in a variety of ways so that the
photographer can choose from a range of shots for his/her product.
Artificial Lighting will most likely be used in fashion photography.
The photographer will want to make the image look very intriguing,
just like in advertising and promotional photography, so that it
appeals to the customer. In some cases, the photographer might
want to use ambient (or natural) lighting when it comes to fashion
photography. For example, one may want to capture a subject at a
beach using the sunlight as the only available light source. Most of
the time however, a photographer would desire to capture a subject
within a studio, using lamps as the light source to make that
subject stand out against a black background, enhance their
appearance etc.
A huge amount of post-production can take place in fashion
photography. The photographer would desire to enhance the
appearance of a subject to a great extent; the result would be that
the subject looks significantly different in the image compared to
what they actually look like in real life. This implies that a variety of
specific techniques e.g. cropping, colour saturation, alteration of
lighting and contrast etc. takes place in the post-production process.
The manipulation of the aspects of the image e.g. lighting allows for
the photographer to obtain the desired atmosphere provided by the
image.

5. Advantages:
Fashion Photographers are likely to be successful because the
application is well-known and highly popular, especially when it comes
to promoting brands of clothing. Photographers will be admired for
their creative abilities, therefore it is easy to gain attention.
Photographers will get the opportunity to meet a wide variety of people
including professional models, and there are lots of options when it
comes to the style of image one desires to capture.
Disadvantages:
It can be quite unpredictable when working within the industry;
sometimes photographers will need to work for extended periods of
time and this could keep them away from their families. Photographers
might have to work under extreme weather conditions e.g. rain or wind
which could result in problems for the photographer and the subject. It
can also be difficult to ensure images are professional and of a high
quality.
Victor Dermachelier:
Victor Dermachelier is a prominent individual in photographic fashion
art in the present day. He was born and raised in New York City and he
was most likely inspired by his father; Patrick Dermachelier who is a
well-known French fashion photographer. His father is in fact one of the
world’s most coveted photographers in this application, having created
iconic portraits and took images for a wide range of influential
publications. Employed by his father, Victor works within a fashion
studio and has the opportunity to meet up with a wide range of
professional clients, including Victoria Secret, Interview Magazine and
Vogue France. His father was an influential person because he had a
positive outlook on life and attributed his own regrets, mistakes he
made etc. into the images he took in order to communicate the things
he has ensured in the past in a more positive light.
My opinion for fashion photography is that it is a great opportunity for
someone to communicate their skills with photography and the styles
they can employ to create meaning within an image. It would be highly
beneficial because it offers a wide range of opportunities regarding
meeting new people, especially professional clients, as well as travelling
to places around the world and discovering new styles and techniques
to make an image look professional and also unique.
This image strongly relates to fashion photography. I
chose it because it not only represents a specific brand
of clothing (which relates to fashion), it also highlights
the age group it could appeal to; it obviously appeals to
teenagers and young adults, both male and female.
Another reason why I chose it is because the lighting
and colour saturation makes the image look
aesthetically pleasing, therefore it could attract people
and convince them to purchase this specific brand of
clothing (which is Superdry). The image defines fashion
photography because the four subjects are posed in a
certain way and artificial light has clearly being used (a
lamp will have been positioned to the left of the
subjects). This proves that the shoot was staged and
that the photographer desired to create the best
possible image to attract the customer.

6. Photo Journalism is an application that involves ‘collecting,
editing and presenting’ news material in the form of images. It
is a form of journalism that employs images to contribute
significantly to news broadcasts and help to tell stories.
Photojournalists create images that help to tell a story (or
multiple stories in one image); these images should be honest
and journalists are required to tell the story in a journalistic
manner. Photojournalism is characterized by three different
factors of image. They are:
Timeliness: images rely on the context of a series of events
that have been recorded recently. In other words, images
should present current events or something else on the news.
Objectivity: images represent an event or situation fairly and
accurately. Photojournalists should look for images that are
truthful and honest in the way they report situations, and
therefore not misleading and/or damaging in any way.
Narrative: images are combined with other news elements so
as to make facts relatable to the viewer. For example, images
could be combined with a written article to make it easy for
the viewer/reader to imagine the nature of the situation
implied.
The different styles of images can include war, sport, paparazzi
etc. The factors above state that these styles should be
presented accurately, so that they are relatable and if they
have only just occurred in recent times. For example, a war
photo (depicting World War II) should represent actual events
and imply facts that the audience can relate to, rather than
suggest something entirely different took place that the
audience might believe was an actual event.
Photo Journalism Photojournalist images are candid (or observational)
because they are not staged in any way and subjects
within them are captured as how they appear naturally.
The subjects within the image are not required to pose or
stand in a certain position like they would in fashion or
advertising photography; instead one or more individuals
would appear to be going through certain activities,
possibly without even being aware they are being
photographed. Subjects will also appear to be ‘relaxed’ as
opposed to the way they might appear if they were
posing, in which case they would be positioned in the
centre of the image in a standing position, walking etc.
The elements within photojournalist images aren’t
influenced whatsoever because the image needs to be as
accurate and truthful as possible.
Ambient light is most likely the type of lighting used in
photojournalism. This means that only available light
sources on the location of the shoot are relied on and
shown within the image. These can include sunlight,
street lights or lights in a room etc. Photojournalist
images won’t have to rely on quality to attract audiences;
no lamps will be used and the shoot wouldn’t take place
within a studio because the image is observational. This
means that the photographer will not be required to
make adjustments to create the best possible looking
image. Images would be presented truthfully and in the
way they appear, therefore no changes such as lighting
would be necessary in this application.

7. Photo-Journalism (CONT.)
• You would expect to see photojournalism on news programmes, in newspapers and even on billboards which
can also present news as well as advertisements to passing drivers and pedestrians. You could also see
photojournalism on the internet. This application of photography is most likely used with these contexts so that
a lot of people can see it and therefore, news stories can become hugely popular. For example, a large amount
of people tend to use the internet nowadays; this means that news material is accessed by a lot of people and
not just from watching television. This shows that there are multiple ways to depict photojournalist images as
well as utilizing news programmes and newspapers.
• Long (telephoto) lenses may be used to capture a subject in good detail; this would ensure that the image is
presented clearly to the viewer and the subject is shown up-close rather than too far away. The photographer
will be stood some distance away from the subject and the lens allows him/her to zoom in and capture the
subject; the quality of the image would not decrease despite zooming in; this can be considered an advantage
of using the telephoto lens. Although photojournalist images are observational, a photographer might desire to
capture an image at the right moment e.g. to depict a soldier falling following being shot; this was obvious in
the 1936 photo ‘The Falling Soldier’ taken by Robert Capa. As shown within the image, the photographer took
the photo at the exact moment the soldier was shot. It is obvious that the photo was taken some distance away
because the person who took the photo would not want to get close to the fighting as it is too dangerous.
Photojournalists also tend to capture precarious or dangerous situations on-camera to be shown on the news;
sometimes they would even risk their own safety and get close to the situation (using a wide lens to take the
photo); in this way they are also getting close to the action. Both telephoto and wide lenses offer the
opportunity to capture high-quality images and therefore either one can be used in photojournalism.
• No post-production would take place in photojournalist images because they should be purely observational
and honest. They shouldn’t be misleading to the public, so only minor adjustments should be made to the
image e.g. changes in saturation or lighting to make certain dark areas a little bit clearer. The primary purpose of
photojournalist images in photography is to tell stories rather than rely on image quality to gain attention. In
other words, the photographer tends to be more focused on what an image could imply in relation to a specific
event, especially one that has occurred recently. If it did occur, post-production effects might include alteration
of contrast, colour saturation etc. These techniques would help to create an atmosphere or connotation that is
quite different in comparison to what the image would create if it wasn’t edited at all in post-production. A
possible reason why no post-production would take place is because the wrong things could be implied e.g. an
image depicting a tragedy could be unintentionally represented in a positive light through use of certain colours
and lighting (using saturation and alteration of brightness).
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8. Advantages:
Images in this style can be exciting and eye-catching. They can offer a lot of
things for the customer to think about. There is a wide range of subjects that
can be explored e.g. war, sports and paparazzi within images and each of these
can create meaning and evoke emotion in different ways. For example, war
could evoke fear or sadness and sport can evoke elation. These different
subjects contrast with each other greatly, therefore it can be easy for
photographers to create images that are different to someone else’s. This
means that it could be easy to be unique.
Disadvantages:
It can be hard to communicate the kind of story a photographer is trying to tell,
as well as to convey what a series of images are supposed to mean. Although
images can offer a lot to think about, the narrative implied could be difficult for
the audience to comprehend. This could result in confusion and irritation for
the reader/viewer. As for the photographer, it can be quite difficult to come up
with ideas because images need to be truthful; this means there are less
options for the photographer.
Alfred Eisenstaedt:
Eisenstaedt was one of the most influential photographers of the twentieth
century, having being a professional photographer and photojournalist for
nearly 70 years. He was German-American, having fled Nazi Germany in the
mid-1930s. He shot for LIFE Magazine from 1936 – 1972, which featured 90 of
his images and allowed him to achieve prominence. One of his most influential
photographs is a shot of the celebration of V –J Day which ‘shows off the
euphoria felt by Americans as the war came to a close’ (referring to the end of
World War II in the year 1945). He was renowned for producing observational
images of events that were not regarded as disturbing in any way; this could
explain why he become prominent as a wide range of people would be able to
view his photos without any concerns about how disturbing they would be.
In my opinion, photojournalism is an area of photography that can offer a
variety of options for both the photographer and the customer, the latter of
whom could be offered a great deal of insight regarding the events of a
football game or the severity of a past conflict, simply through the presence of
images on magazine pages, on TV etc. The photographer on the other hand has
the opportunity to be creative and push boundaries; in essence, they can
capture anything they desire. This application could also be vital for ensuring
journalists have something interesting to talk about; if they didn’t, news
companies could suffer greatly due to a lack of appreciation by customers.
This image clearly defines photojournalism because
it represents an event in the past and helps to tell a
story. It evokes emotion and creates a dark and
foreboding atmosphere as it depicts a child who is
quite obviously in distress. It is also observational;
quite obviously not staged in any way and possibly
taken in the 1940s. I chose this image because it
does not depict the situation or highlight the source
of the child’s distress; therefore it raises questions in
the minds of the customers. This was clearly
accomplished with the framing used; only the child
is in focus and just smoke can be seen in the
background. This could suggest the child’s home has
been destroyed by war. Because it is interesting, the
image could easily be utilized by journalists in a
news story.

9. Portraiture Photography, or ‘portrait photography’ for short, is an
application which involves capturing a subject at close range with
the purpose of providing an up-close and detailed view of an
object, subject or situation. In the resulting image, only a person’s
face, facial features and facial expressions are made predominant
i.e. superior to any other aspect of that person. The aim of
photographers who use this application is to provide emphasis on
the subject’s face which becomes the main focus within the
image. Photographers will most likely desire to capture the
emotions of the subject as the images they capture will provide
great focus on facial expression. Therefore, these images would
create meaning.
In portrait photography, the rest of the person’s body can still be
shown even though it isn’t the primary focus. This can be
considered an advantage because photographers aren’t limited in
terms of what they desire to capture; they don’t necessarily have
to focus on just the face of the subject.
Portrait Photography can be found in numerous galleries where
multiple works of art can also be found. It can also be found
within family homes as a family can be depicted in an image of
this type. Things like weddings can be depicted also. Anyone can
use portrait photography, therefore you could see it almost
anywhere. This explains why portrait photography is one of the
most prominent forms of photography. DVD or CD cases might
feature up-close shots of a subject on the front. For example, the
front cover for the film Die Hard 2 (1990) features a close-up
image of Bruce Willis. Magazine covers can depict a subject in a
specific way on the front cover with the means of gaining
audience attention.
Portraiture Photography
Images in this style can be either controlled or observational.
There are multiple approaches to Portrait Photography, all of
which result in a different outcome compared to each other;
for example, the constructionist approach utilizes an idea or
two around the portrait. These ideas are constructed by the
photographer and centre around depicting individuals in
images e.g. a family photo and creating an atmosphere. The
atmosphere created by a family photo would be generally
peaceful. This shows how portrait images are controlled; the
photographer desires to influence the aspects of the image
and intrigue other people.
Another approach to these images is the candid approach;
this approach involves capturing images of people going
through daily activities e.g. walking around or eating without
their knowledge. The photographer will most likely utilize this
approach in an effort to depict the aspects of everyday life
rather than create an image which could attract the attention
of the customer through its subjects posing in a certain way.
Candid images are not staged in any way, nor edited in post-
production.
Both ambient and artificial lighting are used in the
approaches of portrait photography. The candid
(observational) approach only captures aspects of everyday
life and therefore relies only on the available light source e.g.
sunlight, sun reflecting off shop/car windows to provide
brightness to an image, whereas the constructionist approach
uses artificial lighting to add aesthetic effects to the image
e.g. through use of lamps. Artificial Lighting ensures that the
subject(s) within the image stand out against their
surroundings; the photographer would desire to make the
image look more enhanced and the use of lighting in this
manner would enable them to accomplish this.

10. Portrait Photography (CONT.)
Both telephoto and wide lenses would be used in portrait photography due to the presence of multiple approaches to
capturing an image utilizing this photography application. A telephoto lens would be used to zoom into a subject in good
detail and quality; the constructionist approach of portrait photography would ensure that subjects are depicted within
the image in great detail e.g. family members in a family photo. The photographer would most likely want to use a long,
telephoto lens in the camera to capture subjects in this manner so as to feature a close-up and detailed shot within their
image. This would make the image look intriguing. Using the environmental approach, a wide lens would be used to
produce a wide angle of view in which the subject would be depicted in relation to the environment around them,
whether it be in the middle of a city during the day or in an empty street in the middle of the night. Establishing the
subject(s) in this manner ensures that meaning is created e.g. a foreboding or peaceful atmosphere depending on the
nature of the surroundings. A wide lens ensures that all of this is focused on in the image.
The photographer might use a telephoto lens to capture images of people without their knowledge because it enables
them to remain some distance away from the subject(s) the photographer hopes to capture and zoom in to focus on the
subjects in great detail. The reason why a telephoto lens would be used is because the photographer wouldn’t want to
get too close to people if they are unaware they are being photographed, however they can capture an up-close image
of them by zooming in.
Post Production can take place in portrait photography. A good example of where it could take place is within the
constructionist approach in which certain effects e.g. alteration of lighting and brightness to make the aspects of the
image appear more enhanced, and therefore making the subjects within the image stand out more. Also, the creative
approach for this photography application allows for skilled manipulation of the image to produce portraits; this could
be considered an example of post-production within portrait photography. Post-production increases the chances that a
customer will buy a product, especially if an image depicting a subject up-close is on the front page of a magazine, on
the case for a CD or DVD cover etc.
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11. Advantages:
In portrait photography, the rest of the person’s body can still be shown even
though it isn’t the primary focus. This can be considered an advantage because
photographers aren’t limited in terms of what they desire to capture; they don’t
necessarily have to focus on just the face of the subject.
There are a wide range of styles that can be employed e.g. the subject doesn’t
have to look into the camera and distinct angles for the shoot are desired by the
photographer. This increases the options for the photographer. Also, the
subjects of portrait photography don’t have to be professional models. They can
be anyone e.g. families, couples or executives. This ensures that the application
is highly popular and appeals to everyone.
Disadvantages:
Based on false understanding, people tend to have views or opinions about
portrait photography that are generally incorrect, referring to images as
‘snapshots’ or simply ‘a photograph of a person’, and therefore assuming
portraiture is not an application. These are misconceptions because images in
this style are controlled; the subject would have to pose in a specific way for the
shoot. It can be quite difficult to achieve a professional portrait, therefore
professional photographers are needed and relied on. You might need to pay for
them and this could be expensive.
David Lazar:
David Lazar is a travel photographer who is prominent with portraiture
photography; he has captured images regarding culture as well as moments of
life. Lazar bears an interest in locations that have a ‘rich cultural background’
and employs portrait photography to capture photos of these locations. He has
travelled to many countries around the world, including Brazil and Myanmar
where he has captured images of tribesmen. He is quite influential because of
the manner in which he captures unique photos of individuals from various
countries e.g. monks and represents them positively within his images. The way
he presents things like wildlife and landscapes at foreign countries makes him a
unique individual in many ways.
In my opinion, portrait photography is the right application to use when it comes
to representing someone in any way you desire. The fact that anyone can use
this application could make it hugely popular and the wide range of techniques
and styles that are available to use provides photographers with a variety of
options. This could make portrait photography more advantageous compared to
other applications because people can come up with anything and be able to
achieve the best possible representation of a person, animal etc. most of the
time through editing techniques during post-production.
This image defines portraiture photography. I chose
it because it depicts a random individual; someone
who is clearly not famous in any way and is just a
normal person. The usage of black and white and
low key lighting within the image creates a grim
atmosphere that possibly relates to the nature of
the place this person is living in. It clearly defines
portrait photography because it is an up-close
depiction of a person; only the head and shoulders
are in focus and the person’s facial expression is
shown. The photographer clearly desired to capture
the emotions of the subject and this was obviously
accomplished through use of techniques during
post-production which mirror the melancholy
expression on the person’s face.

12. A high street studio is defined as a studio that represents different
types of photography including portraiture photography and
wedding photography. It tends to involve the public; anyone is able
to book an appointment and have a photo taken at a studio,
whether it be a family that is looking for a family portrait or a
professional individual who wants to have a professional image
taken. Photographers at a high street studio are able to shoot
generally creative images; the photographers understand the
aspects of the studio and the camera e.g. lenses to use and locations
or scenes to choose from.
Like portrait photography (which is involved in High Street Studio
photography), this type of photography can be seen in galleries (as
works of art up on walls), in family homes (family portraits) and on
posters or cut-outs in windows. The reason why cut-outs of high-
street photography might be present is because a studio might be
hoping to attract the public through use of intriguing images which
show off the creativity of the photographers. Because anyone can
use a high street studio to obtain images, it is obvious that you could
see images of this style almost anywhere; not only in family homes
but also on billboards, leaflets and magazine covers. These contexts
would do well to advertise studio sessions and therefore attract a
lot of people.
A long, telephoto lens could be used to capture subjects in great
detail. Because people would normally enter a studio wanting to
obtain a family portrait, wedding portrait etc. they might want an
image which depicts them up-close and in detail. This would
enhance the quality of the image and would also be the ideal type
of lens to utilize when it comes to capturing subjects in front of a
backdrop within the studio. It would also allow the photographer to
obtain multiple shots of different types, therefore those being
photographed can choose from a variety of photos rather than
being stuck with one photo that they aren’t satisfied with.
High Street Studio
Images in this style are controlled; those wanting a photo captured
of them within a studio would desire to obtain an image that is
visually appealing. For example, a family might want to pose in a
certain way e.g. sit on a sofa or lie on the floor within a studio.
Although it would be up to the subject, the photographer might
suggest certain positions for the subject e.g. in the centre of the
frame in order to make the image look more professional. Images
in this style will not be observational because the aspects of the
image are controlled e.g. subjects posed in a certain way. The
subject(s) would be fully aware that they are being photographed.
Because images of this type are taken within a studio, artificial
lighting will be used. The most likely purpose would be to create a
positive atmosphere, especially if a portrait is centred around an
idea regarding things like family. This would be accomplished
through use of lamps within the studio, and the use of a backdrop
would make the image seem very bright if the lamps shine onto it.
Because the shoot would be taking place within a studio, the
lighting wouldn’t be ambient as all forms of lighting within the
studio are controlled and used with the intention of adding light to
a scene; this would not count as ambient lighting.
To create the desired mood and atmosphere within an image, the
photographers would utilize a wide range of techniques during
post-production. These techniques could range from lighting to
alteration of contrast and colour saturation, however there could
be many more. Images are often heavily edited in order to create
the impression of a professional appearance within the image; this
would benefit the image because its aspects could intrigue others
and look good within a family home or on a wall in a gallery. The
result is that the subject would stand out if a lot of techniques are
employed using editing software. Some aspects of the image might
not be too visible, therefore sharpening of the image would take
place to ensure these are clear. A good example of sharpening the
image would be alteration of lighting in order to remove shadows
from within the photo.

13. Advantages:
The people being photographed are allowed to explore the studio, thus
making the session more like an event. The first few images taken would
be free. The studio is fairly professional and it will offer a variety of
locations, scenes or poses. This increases the range of options for those
wishing to be photographed. Studios also have software that would
enable skilled image manipulation and common issues in post-production
are able to be corrected easily.
Disadvantages:
A photo shoot within a studio can take quite some time (up to an hour
long). This can be time-consuming for those wishing to be photographed.
The shoot is fairly expensive; it could cost up to £50 overall as those who
want to be photographed need to pay for their own images as well as the
sitting fee. It can cost even more money to purchase digital copies of the
images taken. The studio also has to pay for the photographers as well as
power, rent etc.
Frazer Visser:
Frazer Visser can be considered a prominent individual in high street
studio photography. In the present day, he is a member of the Master
Photographers Association and the British Institute of Professional
Photography, both of which are qualified professional bodies based
within the UK. He is a portrait photographer who has had 15 years
experience with this application; he also provides seminars i.e.
discussions regarding portraiture. He is influential because he captures
various images of families, babies etc. within Hamilton Studios which
specializes in providing an environment in which families can get
comfortable for a photo shoot at their own request. Frazer also edits
images of families and provides them with the option to decide what to
do with their photos, whether it be to alter them further or take them
home for display.
High Street Studio photography is highly beneficial in my opinion. It
provides people with the opportunity to obtain images of everyone in
their own families to go on display within their own homes rather than
possess images of each family member individually. This application is
quite interesting because people who visit the studio can look around
rather than just come in for the shoot; this means that there is far more
to high street photography than just photo shoots.
This image clearly defines high street studio photography.
The reason I chose it is because it depicts a family
positioned in front of a backdrop, quite obviously within a
studio and staged in many ways i.e. the photographer will
have wanted to create the best possible image for the
family. The family will have also desired to obtain the best
possible image to take home with them. The fact that
there is nothing in the background ensures that only the
family members are in focus; this element in particular
caught my attention. The image defines high street studio
photography because the application mainly involves
people coming in to be photographed in an interior
environment, against a backdrop etc. This image is a good
example of how a high street studio works and what the
overall image(s) will look like following the shoot.

14. Architectural Photography means capturing images of buildings
or similar structures e.g. houses usually with the purpose of
attempting to intrigue customers into buying a house and living in
it, or providing inspiration for the construction of a new structure.
It tends to involve design and building, and therefore people who
work as architects. Images are most likely distributed so that
other people can see them; these images could influence people’s
decisions regarding things like going on holiday, visiting a city
based on how certain structures look, or if they want to live
somewhere else.
Architectural Photography is most commonly used by architects,
property developers, surveyors etc. for a wide range of purposes.
These could include inspiration for construction or to intrigue
other people to buy a house, therefore you could find this type of
photography in adverts, leaflets, brochures etc. These contexts
provide the means for a company to promote a location; as well
as an easy way to gain attention as people could hand out leaflets
on the street, lots of people watch TV etc. You could see this
application on websites and even on certain programs and 3D
analysis when it comes to construction. Because a lot of people
use the internet nowadays, they could easily come across images
regarding architecture on certain sites e.g. Rightmove or Zoopla;
these sites relate to properties for sale.
Tilt-Shift Photography could be used when it comes to capturing
images of buildings; it allows the photographer to adjust the
position of the subject within the area of the image, and therefore
alter the depth of field without moving the camera back and forth
constantly. A wide lens would most likely be used so that the
camera can take in a lot of the scene, thus featuring the entire
structure within the image rather than only depicting it partially.
It would be ideal to use this lens because it could be easy for the
camera to encompass a structure e.g. the Empire State Building in
New York City, U.S.
Architectural Photography Images in this style can be either candid/observational or
controlled. This would depend on the desires of the photographer
because one might simply want to capture aspects of a building
e.g. the interior and display these aspects as works of art. This is
an example of how images in this style could be controlled
because structures would be photographed with the desire to
create fine art i.e. images that can look very intriguing and attract
customers. The purpose of this would be to simply create art
rather than present something with the hopes that people might
buy them/ want to visit them. In this regard, images would be
observational because the structures would be captured in the
way they would appear in real life. They would not be edited
because this could mislead people. For example, an image of a
house which looks very convincing due to techniques e.g.
alteration of lighting might seem very different in real life
compared to the image itself, and in a negative way. This could
result in dissatisfaction for the customer.
Both artificial and ambient lighting can be used in architectural
photography because buildings and similar structures can be
captured for a wide range of purposes, not just for selling
properties but also for attempting to intrigue people through the
creation of art. In the latter case, artificial lighting would be
utilized because the image would need to look as intriguing as
possible and would therefore require light to make specific
aspects stand out. For example, if an image of a hallway was
captured, artificial lighting could remove the presence of shadows
within the overall image and make the scene look brighter.
However, most images which are architectural would not use
lamps. Instead, photographers would shoot images during
midday with the intention of achieving the best form of lighting
for the shoot; this is an example of ambient lighting and can have
a positive impact on the overall image.

15. Architectural Photography (CONT.)
• Post-Production could take place in architectural photography, however in most
cases of this form of photography, it might not take place. Post production can
include alteration of image brightness and contrast, changes in colour saturation
or use of high/low key lighting. This would depend on what the photographer
desires to do with the overall image, as well as the purpose for which it was
created in the first place e.g. to attract customers.
• Post-production would be carried out if the photographer hopes to make an
image of a building look visually attractive; in essence, the purpose would be to
attract a wide range of people through the quality of the image itself. The image
could be depicting a holiday resort or buildings in a specific city in a positive
light with the intention of attracting as many customers as possible. Post-
Production effects would not take place if the image depicts a house for sale,
most likely because it would be a big and costly decision to make for the
customer and misleading the customer in this manner could have negative
results. Using techniques such as lighting, contrast and colour saturation could
make these changes to the image, making it appear different compared to how
it naturally appears.
15

16. Advantages:
Architectural Photography offers accurate and aesthetically pleasing
representations of buildings, structures etc. It enables a company to sell a
property through use of images representing the interior and exterior elements;
these images can influence the desires of the viewer to purchase and therefore,
this application stands out amongst other methods of photography. It also
enables documentation of the various stages of construction and building
development; this allows architects to keep records of the building progress.
Disadvantages:
Architecture can come in many different sizes e.g. they could be vast thus
making it difficult for a photographer to choose a lens that could enable the
entire structure to fit within the frame. It might not be possible to fit an entire
building into a frame, therefore photographers will be limited in terms of what
they can capture. It can also be complicated to estimate the cost of taking
photographs of a building, however this could depend on the location, size etc.
Photographing some buildings could be quite expensive. It could also be difficult
to know what you are allowed to take pictures of. For example, it might not be
legal to capture images of specific structures because some can even be
‘copyrighted’’ in some way. The same thing also applies to photographing
private residences. However, people can take pictures of sculptures or landmarks
in public places e.g. Big Ben in London.
Simon Kennedy
Simon Kennedy is a well-known photographer based in London who specializes
in architectural and interior photography. He has experimented for 15 years with
this application, therefore he has a unique understanding of architecture, being
able to deliver high-resolution images of buildings and interior locations. His
work has been exhibited widely and he has had the opportunity to meet the BBC,
Hopkins Architects, Rivington Street Studio, Jansen Magazine etc. This makes
him a highly influential person as he also provides editorial images.
My opinion for architectural photography is that it is the ideal application to use
if one desires to show off the aspects of a structure, both exterior and interior,
with the purpose of intriguing others. It can be considered vital in some ways in
regard to not only architects, but a large amount of people looking for a suitable
place to live or go on holiday. I think the reason why the application is widely
known is because buildings, houses, landmarks etc. are everywhere. This means
that people can take photos of buildings almost anywhere in the world, bearing
in mind that capturing images of certain buildings might be illegal.
This is an image depicting the Eiffel Tower in Paris in a
low angle shot using a wide camera lens. The image
strongly defines architectural photography because it
depicts a massive structure which took many years to
build. Almost all of the Tower is shown within the image
and techniques were clearly used in post-production to
alter the lighting, as well as to create the impression of
dark storm clouds. The representation of the landmark
is quite positive; it takes on a visually pleasing
appearance and provides a representation of a specific
place: the city of Paris or even the whole of France. I
chose it because there is a great deal of sophistication
implied amongst those who took and edited the image.
However, the atmosphere created by the effects is quite
brooding and the structure looks imposing in the photo;
these aspects caught my attention.

17. Illustrational Photography is the creation of images which strongly depict
a subject and convey information regarding that subject, usually in relation
to an event or situation that has taken place either recently or in the past.
The primary intention of illustrational photography is influence the
thoughts of a reader and help them to visualize the aspects of an event i.e.
the image would help to create a picture in the reader’s mind. The reader
does not necessarily have to read through a book that is only filled with
writing and try to imagine the situation that is implied; illustrational
images can be featured on the pages e.g. step by step images within a
cook-book and these images depict the situation in detail.
People are likely to come across illustrational photography in a wide range
of different contexts. It could appear within newspapers in the form of
images positioned next to columns of text; these images would explain
what is being discussed in an article. It is also present within cook-books
with the means of making it easier for someone to make food using a
recipe, as well as providing a vision regarding what the finished product
will look like. This form of photography would also be present within text-
books based on a variety of subjects e.g. History or Literature with the
possible purpose of enhancing the level of knowledge that can be obtained
for educational reasons. You could also see it in magazines; for example
EDGE Magazine (a gaming magazine) features multiple images depicting
the characteristics of video games alongside areas of text; these images do
well to influence the reader’s opinion regarding what is being discussed
within the articles.
The types of lenses that can be used would vary greatly depending on the
nature of the subject, as well as what context is being focused on e.g. cook-
books, literature and news. If illustrational images were to be produced for
a cook-book, a telephoto lens would be used so that the photographer can
zoom in to focus on the object on a table, depicting it in great detail and as
clearly as possible. This would benefit the product because it ensures that
the customer understands what he/she is aiming for just by studying a
detailed image carefully. Telephoto lenses may also be used to depict a
subject e.g. a person in a street for display within a newspaper article
highlighting an event that has occurred recently. Wide lenses can also be
used to display a subject in association with their environment in this way.
Illustrational Photography Illustrational images can be both controlled or observational depending on
the nature of the image and what it represents. For example, an image of a
finished food product in a cook book will feature the product positioned in a
certain way on the table, usually with the purpose of making it easier to see
within the image. The table might be white; this could add detail to the
product because there would be nothing else to focus on within the image; it
would appear as if there is just a food product in front of a white background
that doesn’t represent anything. This proves that the image is controlled
because the photographer intends to make it look as intriguing as possible as
well as stand out. Images displayed alongside newspaper articles tend to be
candid because they would be captured as how they naturally appear; this
context would regard news stories and therefore, images should not be
misleading. They should be truthful in the way they appear because they
represent real life situations. These images would be observational because
people tend to believe the stories more if they can relate to the images as
real-life rather than just art; art can be placed over photographs in a specific
style e.g. fine art.
Ambient lighting would be used in illustrational photography when it comes
to displaying images in newspapers; as stated above these images should be
observational because they need to represent reality and be honest and
accurate. Photographers would capture images as how they appear
naturally; therefore they would rely on things like sunlight or the sun
reflecting off car and shop windows to brighten the overall image rather than
use lamps to add light. This might be the case for capturing images of food
products or photographs to be featured within text-books e.g. educational
literature. This refers to the use of artificial lighting which would be employed
with the purpose of making the product look brighter and thus more visually
appealing. For example, this would benefit a cook-book because the images
of a finished product could be highlighted as a positive end result to baking
that product if lighting is used to make it stand out.
Depending on the subject, post-production could take place in this application
in order to make a product look more appealing to the customer, seem more
clearer within an educational book etc. Post-production might be carried out
on images if there are certain dark areas that need brightening up; this would
benefit the image because it ensures that every aspect is clear and visible.
The reason why it might not take place is due to the fact that the image
needs to be relatable to the viewer/reader and therefore shouldn’t be edited.

18. Advantages:
Illustrational Photography makes its way into commercial and retail sectors,
therefore allowing the application to become more popular. It is a good way to
promote a specific product in a unique manner; if one desires to differentiate
themselves from another in terms of the images they take, this style can be
used to ensure their own images look different compared to the images
someone else has taken. A style created through illustration can be original and
therefore utilized as a brand message, and images taken in this style are very
likely to be cohesive in relation to what is being presented. Messages can also
be conveyed in a manner which photographs would struggle to do.
Disadvantages:
There are common misconceptions regarding illustrational photography. For
example, people assume that images in this style ‘lack the immediacy of
photography’ and tend to be vague and obscure. This could cause the
application to become unpopular. Although it is possible to convey conceptual
images in this style, other people might find it difficult to understand what the
images are trying to tell them.
Rebecca Pitt
Rebecca Pitt is a London-based photographer who specializes in illustrational
photography and graphic design. She has been prominent with this application;
there is a wide range of media products she has worked on (as shown on her
website). These products consist primarily of brochures, posters etc. They
feature strong usage of images alongside text; these images clearly present
what is being discussed within the texts and help to create a picture within the
mind of the customer. The things Pitt has created as shown on her website (see
References) are strong evidence as to why she is a highly influential individual.
She has utllized illustrational photography to advertise a wide range of
different products e.g. clothing, food and locations.
In my opinion, illustrational photography is a great opportunity to visualize
what a finished product will look like, as well as to provide a depiction of a
subject or location. In fact, it is beneficial for both the photographer and the
customer. For the photographer, there would be minimal concern regarding
how the customer might struggle to gain a picture of what a story is trying to
tell because without images to illustrate it, there is a chance the reader might
struggle to imagine what is going on in that story. For the customer, there is
more to interact with when it comes to reading through a brochure or reading
a book of any genre.
This image is a good example of how photography has
been combined with artistic illustration. It clearly defines
illustrational photography because it communicates
something fairly different compared to what a normal
photograph could represent. The image creates a picture
in the mind of the customer and is also fairly conceptual
i.e. relates to the mental concepts someone came up with.
The image is a good example of how an immediate idea
someone came up with was communicated in an indistinct
manner. I chose this image because it looks similar to an
image one would come across within a comic book. For
example, the KA-BOOM illustration conveys the sheer
force of the punch within the image; this is common in
comic books. Also, the style employed within the image
makes it seem quite distinct compared to the type of
image found in other photography applications.

19. Fine art photography is an application that involves a wide variety of
different photography styles; this style of photography can encompass
almost anything including advertising photography, portrait
photography, architectural photography etc. and depict them in a
variety of different places as works of art. It can be quite complicated
to obtain a true definition for fine art photography because it utilizes
different forms of photography; this would depend primarily on the
choices of the photographer regarding what they desire to capture and
display as a work of art. This form of photography is very different
compared to other applications because it doesn’t have a specific
purpose whereas the other ones do; this can put fine art photography
at a bigger advantage compared to different applications in which
certain options would be limited in some way.
You could see fine art in the form of prints; these prints could be for
sale and therefore available for anyone to purchase, most likely as a
portrait within a family home to make living space appear more
attractive. It can also appear within text-books as illustrational images
depending on the context of that book e.g. fantasy. In this case, images
would be illustrative and displayed with the purpose of helping the
reader to imagine what is going on within a story. Fine art can also be
featured on brochures, leaflets etc. with the purpose of attracting
customers to go on holiday through use of intriguing images on the
pages. It can also be featured in galleries as works of art which a lot of
people would visit. Because it can be used across almost any
photography application, it could be found pretty much everywhere.
Both telephoto and wide lenses can be used within fine art
photography because this particular style utilizes many other types of
photography e.g. illustrational and architectural. Wide angle lenses
would most commonly used if a photographer desired to capture a city
skyline, expanse of countryside as art; this lens would allow for every
aspect of a location to fit into the frame as it provides a wide angle of
view for a scene. Telephoto lenses could also be used to capture
subjects/objects in great detail for display within a book.
Fine Art Photography Images in this style would be both controlled or observational. This could
depend on the nature of what is being photographed; a variety of subjects
can be focused on when it comes to fine art photography e.g. wildlife,
portraiture and architecture. A photographer could make the decision to
pose a subject in a specific way and prepare him/her for a shoot within a
studio. Fine art images tend to rely on quality and therefore photographers
will need to take measures to ensure their overall image(s) look
professional e.g. placing an object in a certain position within the frame of
the camera. This is an example of how images could be controlled. Images
would be observational if the photographer hopes to capture wildlife, city
skylines etc. on camera. The photographer would capture things like
wildlife as how it appears naturally; this is evident due to the fact that
he/she would not be able to influence the aspects of wildlife and adjust it
to create the right image. However, there is a good chance that the images
would be controlled because photographers might desire to make an
image look as good as they possibly can; therefore they would try to
influence the elements within their image.
Artificial lighting is likely to be used in fine art photography because artists
would desire to create meaning e.g. a positive atmosphere through use of
lamps that would do well to provide brightness to an image. Artists might
also desire to convey a specific emotion. The use of lamps within a studio
to provide brightness to an image would allow the artist to accomplish this.
If the artist wants to intrigue customers with an image that looks
professional, he/she can use artificial lighting to enhance the quality of the
image. In fine art photography, photographers may only rely on the
available (ambient) light e.g. sunlight if it comes to capturing images of
wildlife. Fine art does not have a specific purpose, therefore either lighting
technique can be employed in the favour of the artist/photographer.
A huge amount of post-production can take place in this application,
however at the same time there may be no post-production. As stated
before, it all depends on what the photographer wants to create. If the
purpose lies with aesthetic quality to intrigue others, post-production
techniques may be employed so that the image gains quality and all
aspects of the image are clearly visible. However, if the photographer is
creating an image for observational purposes, no post production would
take place in order to ensure the image is believable.

20. Advantages:
Fine art does not have a specific purpose, therefore there are a variety of
options for the photographer regarding what he/she wants to make. The
photographer isn’t limited at all with this application of photography. Fine
art also allows the photographer to create an image in relation to a vision
of their own; artists are able to communicate anything that aspires them,
anything that has affected them etc. in any way they want.
Disadvantages:
It can be hard to determine what is acceptable within this application e.g.
use of disturbing content even though one can create anything they
desire. If the work seems too disturbing, a lot of people might not like the
image and therefore it could lose popularity. It can also be difficult for the
photographer to decide what style in particular he/she wants to create.
Because fine art does not have a specific purpose, it can be hard to find
inspiration without studying the works of others and risk their own work
looking similar in many ways.
Emir Ozsahin:
Ozsahin is quite prominent with fine art photography in the present day.
The images he took depicted the concept of death in a ‘sentimental, less-
traumatizing way’ and were inspired by the haunting experience he went
through upon seeing an article about the death of his pet on a highway.
He captured images of dead animals, however he altered the aspects of
the image to give the impression that they were resting or sleeping.
Ozsahin was quite influential because his images ensured that relatives of
recently deceased individuals could have a photo to remember their loved
ones by; he stated that he wanted to ‘show death in an optimistic manner
rather than something that is inevitable’.
My own opinion of fine art photography is that it offers a broad range of
options for the artist/photographer and therefore offers a variety of
benefits for the photographer. The fact that no specific purpose exists for
fine art photography is hugely beneficial; primarily because it allows
photographers to explore and depict any subject they want in their own
unique way. This variety of options means that the images photographers
create are more likely to be unique; therefore, there could be reduced
stress due to worry about images being too similar to someone else’s and
therefore getting into trouble.
This image clearly defines fine art photography. I
chose it because it looks aesthetically pleasing,
strongly reflecting professional standards through use
of black and white, alteration of colour saturation and
contrast, low key lighting etc. This wide range of
techniques makes the image look intriguing to the
customer, and the fact that there isn’t a specific
purpose for the image (e.g. advertising purposes) is a
good example of why this image defines fine art
because the application does not have a specific
purpose. Any photographer can create anything
he/she wants. The image depicts a lion in an up-close
shot; it got my attention because the type of lens used
is implied. The telephoto lens will have most likely
been used to capture the image because the
photographer would not want to get too close to the
animal.

21. Documentary Photography is a widely used and therefore highly popular
application that is utilized to chronicle significant events in the past or
aspects of daily life in narratives that tend to be multi-strand and
complicated i.e. the narrative focuses on two or more isolated groups of
characters (affected individuals or reporters) and multiple stories existing
at once. It often refers to working on long term projects covered by
photojournalism, however it could also be for academic or artistic
purposes. To help tell a story, documentary photography utilizes multiple
images rather than a single image; these help the viewer/reader to obtain
a bigger picture of the event the documentary is referring to; images are
able to depict the event in detail.
Documentary Photography would appear within magazines because there
is a fairly large amount of space to display a series of images alongside
areas of text; this ensures that the pages of a magazine feature text
combined with images; this ensures that the reader is intrigued
throughout the narrative implied. This form of photography can also
appear in websites where there is also a lot of space to display images
regarding events, daily life etc. A lot of people use the internet, therefore
they are likely to come across these sources easily. Educational text-books
could also feature documentary images so that the reader does not have
to attempt to picture the narrative whilst reading through text when there
are images present to ensure the narrative is depicted.
Depending on what is being focused on in a documentary, a variety of
lenses can be utilized to capture images. Long, telephoto lenses could be
used because they allow the photographer to capture a subject very
closely and in good detail; when it comes to documentaries an accurate
representation is needed of people in a society (if subjects are being
represented) to ensure the representation is believable and accurate. Wide
angle lenses could be used if the photographer wants to feature images
that can present large objects e.g. buildings or even an expanse of city
skyline, countryside etc. This would benefit the reader/viewer because it
enables them to focus on the scale of a location e.g. a major city without
having to imagine the size of the location. Representing a city is also a
good way to represent where people live as well as to imply how the city
has changed compared to what it might have looked like in the past. This
could intrigue the viewer/reader even more.
Documentary Photography
Documentary style images are observational because they tend to be
captured as how they appear in real-life i.e. they are not staged in any way
and the photographer will want to make the documentary look as realistic
as possible so that people can connect to it more as an educational work
rather than a visually intriguing set of images. If the images are to gain the
interests of the customer they mustn’t be staged because they could be
seen as promotional images or a fine art images. Also, documentaries
revolve around real-life situations and things that have occurred in the past
e.g. a war, a terrorist attack or a natural disaster. Images of these events
must depict how they really happened; this would enable the reader/viewer
to gain insight as to how destructive that event was.
Ambient lighting would be used in documentary photography. The main
reason for this is that images of this style are observational, therefore they
won’t be staged in any way e.g. positioning lamps off-screen to add light to
an image. Only the available light would be used because the documentary
needs to show off the aspects of the world we live in truthfully and
accurately, otherwise the work wouldn’t be as interesting. For example, if
the images featured sunlight within them, people are more likely to relate
that to real life. However, if lamps were used to add artificial lighting to a
scene, the look of the images could be misleading because they create a
false impression of how visually intriguing a specific place is compared to
how it really looks.
The images could be subject to some post-production in an effort to correct
them, remove any shadows or make certain aspects seem brighter so they
look clear. Some documentaries often utilize special effects; for example, to
convey the effects of a disaster using a world map. Some will also feature a
realistic impression of the planet from space; when it comes to this, low key
lighting may be used with the purpose of creating a dark and foreboding
atmosphere. In some cases however, post-production would not be used
because the work has to be believable and the content within the images
needs to look the same way as it did in real-life. This ensures that the reader
or viewer remains interested in the narrative that is taking place within the
documentary as they can connect with it easily and achieve an
understanding of the aspects of reality.

22. Advantages:
This form of photography uses multiple images; this can benefit the customer
because there are more aspects to interact with, thus ensuring that the
documentary keeps the customer intrigued. Documentaries also depict reality in
a truthful way and explores the daily lives of subjects, representing them in a
positive light. It is also an effective way to look at reality and all things that are
correct. It can be inspirational to a wide range of people, thus increasing its
popularity. It allows people to keep up with what is going on in the world and
understand what is going on all around them.
Disadvantages:
Documentary Photography could be considered an invasion of privacy; this can
result in complaints from individuals or a lack of appreciation for the application.
It can also be difficult to gain the attention of the audience due to a lack of
contexts to depict documentary style images on, therefore it could be quite
unpopular. Also, it can be difficult to ensure the reader/viewer isn’t offended in
any way because there could be disturbing elements within the images captured
e.g. instances of violence or implication of death due to natural disasters.
Enrique Metinides:
Enrique Mentinides was a prominent photographer in the past for this
application. He worked for 30 years and his work involved capturing images of
crimes, murders and disasters in a specific place: Mexico City. The images he
took depicted dead people in relation to gathering crowds, as well as the tragedy
in general. His work strongly related to reality, but his images were highly
disturbing and therefore unsuitable for a wide range of people, however when it
comes to documentaries, photographers tend to ‘push boundaries’ in order to
accomplish something quite different, and therefore unique in comparison to the
ideas of others. Metinides is a good example because he went a step further
than most photographers; and the result is that he is well-known in the present
day.
In my opinion, documentary photography is useful when it comes to obtaining
information about events or gaining a clear understanding of how the world
works, the attitudes of others etc. The presence of narrative within a
documentary has the potential to make the work quite entertaining, therefore
keeping the viewer/reader hooked and ensuring that they do not want to divert
their attention. It could be very popular and the fact that people can make
anything they desire, as well as the acceptability of ‘pushing boundaries’ is a
highly positive aspect of documentary photography as it allows for a wide range
of options.
This image defines documentary photography because it
represents an actual event that took place in the past;
referred to as the ‘Death Traps of Dhaka’ where a series
of fires broke out and devastated people’s property,
workplaces, malls and public places. Another reason why it
defines documentary photography is because it chronicles
a significant incident which had an impact on everyday
life. The representation of the image is truthful and
accurate; the event is depicted the same way as it really
happened and this is a characteristic of documentary
photography. I chose the image because it creates a
foreboding atmosphere and evokes sympathy within the
viewer. Also, it represents people in relation to their
surroundings; in this case, people’s lives have been ruined
by the destruction of their own home. What makes the
image effective is the fact that other people can connect
to it easily because it is real-life.

23. Medical Photography is an application of photography that is concerned
with producing accurate and truthful images representing the clinical
presentation of patients in hospital, whether it be due to injury or
disease, with the purpose of assisting doctors/nurses in the diagnosis
and monitoring of conditions within the hospital. Medical Photography
is significantly different compared to other applications because it is a
highly specialized area of photography concerned with science and
medicine, as well as the communication of medical terminology.
Medical Photography could be seen within leaflets; possibly with the
purpose of offering vacancies for a job in the application. It can often
appear in magazines and newspapers if a major surgery has taken place
or a patient has come close to death in hospital as news stories; images
in these contexts wouldn’t be too graphic but would still be able to
provide insight as to how the subject is recovering from his/her situation
as well as using X-Ray images to communicate this even further.
Therefore, medical photography could appear on television in news
programmes also. Images can be found on the internet or on specific
websites e.g. NHS or Health Careers which include medical photography
as images on the site, as well as within 3D programs and digital analysis
within hospitals; these tend to document operations or provide images
of internal organs through X-Rays.
Long, telephoto lenses would be used to capture close-up images of
patients, as well as operations taking place. The photographer would
clearly have to stand some distance away from the procedure and
capture the image from far away rather than get too close to the
surgeons. This kind of lens could also be useful if it comes to capturing
close-up photos of wounds, bites or sores on a patient’s skin. These
would be shown in good detail. A wide-angle lens could be used to
capture a line of patients lying on hospital beds in a room, most likely
with the purpose of depicting what the interior of the hospital looks like.
This lens could also be used to show off the size of operating theatre,
the post-mortem room etc. This lens ensures that the photographer can
get an image which depicts these locations in great detail.
Medical Photography Images in this style will be observational because the reason they
are created is to truthfully depict the symptoms of diseases, the
severity of injuries, the effects of mental illnesses etc. The
photographer would be aiming to assist medical research and
enhance articles and reports, and this can be accomplished by
capturing images of patients, rooms etc. as how they appear
naturally without being staged in any way. These images would
prove useful in providing more to an article or report regarding
medical purposes, as well as to assist doctors in medical progress.
The presence of progress in medicine is important, therefore
images need to be 100% accurate if they are to be helpful as well
as believable.
Only ambient lighting would be used in medical photography. The
available light sources would normally be operating theatre
lamps, AV systems (computers, screens etc.) or sunlight coming
through windows. A photographer would not stage a shoot using
lamps as a means to add light to the image because he/she needs
to depict the situation truthfully and accurately. However,
cameras used might have flash which can help to provide
additional light to the photo; this can prove useful if conditions
become too dark to get anything on camera whatsoever.
Depending on the manner of the image, post-production could
take place in medical photography. For example, if endoscopy was
used in a medical procedure (to photograph internal organs),
someone might want to correct any areas of distortion which may
obscure the organs from view; this can be done on a computer
through correction e.g. brightening of the image or alteration of
contrast. Also, if time-lapse cinematography is employed with the
purpose of documenting illnesses or injury among patients, a
specific editing program would be used to place the images next
to each other in a timeline, effectively forming a video which
could be used by doctors. It could also appear online as an appeal
for people to donate blood, money etc.

24. Advantages:
Images taken are truthful, accurate and objective, therefore there is a good
chance that people will be able to relate to them as well as for doctors to
gain information from them. The images can influence the specific needs of
medical studies, and the appropriate equipment can usually be obtained.
Medical photographers are able to reduce the need to recall patients as
they work quickly and their own images tend to be highly efficient. There
would be a wide range of aspects to capture, and therefore a lot of options
are provided for the photographer.
Disadvantages:
A strong grasp of the techniques used within the medical setting is
required, as well as an understanding of the medical environment and
anatomy, physiology, the symptoms of diseases etc. A precise approach to
image capture and data recording is also required and the photographer
must be able to select the correct equipment. All of this can be very
demanding. The style of photography can be quite unpopular due to lack of
audience; images can contain graphic content which could be disturbing.
Jo Truelove:
Joe Truelove is an individual who is highly prominent within medical
photography in the present day. She has worked as a medical
photographer for 12 years and her primary roles consist of providing
feedback on medical image quality, supplying photography equipment,
providing protocol guidance and preparing for new clinical trials. During an
average week of work, she reviewed images using analysing software and
provided and completed paperwork regarding medical procedures. Her role
in medical photography is clearly prominent, primarily due to the fact that
she has worked for an extended period of time and is consistent when it
comes to meeting new people, ‘whether they be clients or patients’ as she
has stated herself.
In my opinion, medical photography is hugely beneficial because it can help
to save lives. Its purpose does not necessarily lie with the media in general,
but rather with medical progress and the studying of illnesses and injuries.
It is also unique; images do not rely on quality to attract attention, but are
instead shot with the purpose of providing vital information that can
influence a specific industry. All of this makes medical photography highly
complex as a wide range of different situations, as well as how to capture
them, are closely linked together in a sophisticated way.
This image strongly represents medical
photography. I chose it because it implies the level
of technological innovation in the present day;
people can study conditions regarding the human
skeleton and use X-Rays to capture images. The fact
that this image is an example of innovation got my
attention, as well as the fact that it was created for
no other purpose other than to provide information.
The image clearly defines medical photography
because it is an image produced of the inside of the
human body, however the primary purpose would
be to study the bones of the human body and
identify a wide range of conditions. The image
produced is accurate and honest; it shows off all the
details of the skull and spinal column which are in
focus in the image. It is not misleading in any way.

25. References
1. Medical Photography: Job Roles
http://creativeskillset.org/job_roles_and_stories/job_roles/385_medical
_photographer
2. Alfred Eisenstaedt: 22 Amazing Photos
http://time.com/3491299/unforgettable-eisenstaedt-22-amazing-photos-
by-a-master/
3. The 50 Greatest Fashion Photographers Right Now
http://uk.complex.com/style/2014/12/the-50-greatest-fashion-
photographers-right-now/sebastian-kim
4. Hamilton Studios – East Grinstead Photographer – Family Portraits
http://www.hamiltonstudios.com/
5. Simon Kennedy
http://www.simonkennedy.net/information/
6. Rebecca Pitt: Design and Illustration
http://www.rebeccapitt.co.uk/#!designillustration/c3c1
7. Angkor Photo Festival 2012 Preview
http://invisiblephotographer.asia/2012/11/27/angkorphotofestivalprevie
w-socialdocumentaryphotography/