08. EDT 513 2023 Week 8.pptx

RESEARCH IN MEDIA
EDT 513
Educational Technology Department,
School of Science and Technology Education (SSTE),
Federal University of Technology, Minna
(c) 2023
Prof. GAMBARI, Amosa Isiaka
E-mail: gambari@futminna.edu.ng
Phone No: +234 803 689 7955
Week 8: Literature Review

Contents
1. Revision
2. Role of related literature
3. Steps of the literature review
process
4. Sources and search strategies
5. Citation and plagiarism
6. Information analysis, synthesis
and evaluation
7. Structure of the LR

What is literature?
• Literature refers to a collection of
printed materials provided in the form
of books, journals, magazines,
newspaper, abstracts, extracts, etc.
dealing with specific subject.
• literature refers to all printed or non-
printed materials addressing a
particular area of knowledge.

What is literature review?
• Literature review is an exhaustive
survey or search of what has been
done or known on a given problem.
• An account of what has been
published on a topic by researchers,
scholars and practitioners.
• A systematic method for identifying,
evaluating and interpreting the work
produced by researchers, scholars
and practitioners

Why Do We Review Literature?
1. To helps the researcher to discover
the extent of work done already in the
problem area.
2. To help formulate some hypotheses or
straighten out the research questions.
3.To help build a mental picture of what
the solution to the problem may likely
be.

4.To discover whether the. problem has
already been studied.
5.To discover other possible problems
arising as a result of the problem to be
studied.
6.It sharpens the general picture of the
problem under focus so that the
researcher obtains a more, precise
knowledge of the problem.
7.

To discover research techniques,
arguments, analysis, and
conclusions of previous studies of
similar nature.
8.To define and control goals in a
research study.
9.Literature review gives insights into
methods to be used in the study as
well as new approach.

10. It helps the researcher to delimit
his research problems
11.It also exposes the significance of
the study; who should benefit from
the study and how to benefit.
12. Exposes the gap that is existing
after previous studies which the
present study should aim at filling.

Major reasons for doing
literature review
For planning
Primary
research
As an end
in itself

Literature review for planning
primary research
• An overall framework
for where this piece of
work fits in the “big
picture” of what is
known about a topic
from previous
research

Literature review in the research
process
8. Evaluate results and draw conclusions
1. Identify problem areas
2. Survey literature
3. Formulate research questions
3’. Survey literature
4. Construct research design
5. Specify sources of data
6. Specify data collection & data analysis
procedures
7. Execute research plan

Literature review in relation to other
steps
Redefine the
scope of
research as
well as
research
questions
Literature review
Provide
conceptual
frameworks for
data collection
& data analysis

To do
good research
DON’T NEED TO
KNOW
EVERYTHING
HAVE TO KNOW
THE UNKNOWN

The Design of Literature Review
1.Break-up the review in line with the
topic, research questions and
hypotheses.
2.Introduce the steps with a
sentence or two.
3.Review Literature sequentially as
arranged; sub-heading arising from
research questions and
hypotheses.

Cont…
4.Relate each sub-section to the topic
i.e. put each subsection into
perspective.
• In other words, let each step
attempt to throw light to the topic
or the problem.
5.Make a summary of the review at
the end.

Components of Literature Review
1. Conceptual framework
2. Theoretical framework
3. Empirical Studies
4. Summary of Reviewed Literature

Example
(a) Conceptual /Philosophical
Framework
• (1) The Concept, Relevance and
Problems of History Instruction in
Secondary Schools
• (2) Computer Application in Education
• (3) Computer Animations and
Students’ Performance
• (4) Development of Computer
Assisted Instructional Packages

(b) Theoretical Framework
(5) Cognitive Theory of Multimedia
Instruction
(6) Cognitive and Dual Coding Theory in
Multimedia Learning
(7) Cognitive Theories and Computer
Assisted Instruction

(c) Review of Empirical Studies
(8) Computer Assisted Instruction and
Students’ Achievement
(9) Simulation, CAI and Students’
Achievement
(10) Computer Assisted Multimedia
Instructions and Students’
Achievement

Cont…
(11) Ability levels and Students’
Achievement
(12) Gender and Students’
Achievement
(d) Summary of related literature

Sequence in the Review
• The researcher should arrange the
subheadings so that one flows into the
other. He will review the literature in
sequence as it is listed making sure
there is a summary of the review at
the end.

Putting Sub-Headings into Perspective
• Each sub-heading should be linked
to the topic or the problem under
study.
• Each sentence or idea should flow
and point to the topic under study.
• Disjointed ideas or sub-headings
do not towards the contribute
significantly towards the objective
of the study.

Summarizing the Literature Review
• Objective of the review is to discover
the gap that has existed after other
researchers have made their
contributions.
• This is necessary because it is
expected that after the findings have
been made, during the discussion, the
researcher should be able to show
evidence that his study has indeed
filled the gap or not.

Cont…
• So, there is always a link between the
literature review and the findings of
the study.

Conducting Literature Review
• Step one: List key words in the topic.
For example in the topic Job
satisfaction among technical teachers,
the key words are;
• Job
• Job satisfaction
• Teachers
• Technical teachers
• Productivity among workers

Cont…
• The researcher can go to the library
and read books, journals, magazines,
newspapers which have articles
reflecting the key words.
• As he reads, he jots down important
assertions or comments considered
relevant to the problem under study.

Step Two
• Check preliminary sources. These
include index, abstracts, thesaurus
etc. that are intended to help one
identify and locate research articles
and other sources of information.

Sources of Information Data
• Primary Sources: Students research
project reports, report of research
conducted at the national or
international level, journals, abstracts,
publications, conference proceedings,
technical reports, periodicals etc.
• Secondary Sources: Textbooks,
other books, reviews of research
reports, encyclopedias, book reviews
etc.

Organization of Information
Collected
• Arrange the review in sub themes
• synthesize and organise information in
sub-themes. The appropriate sub-
themes should relate to the topic of
the research.

Paraphrasing
• In reviewing literature, a passage or
an idea can either be paraphrased or
cited.
• For paraphrasing, the reviewer
restates the passages in his own
words.
• This means that an idea can be re-
written in another form other than the
form it was found.

• If you are paraphrasing an idea from
another work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of
publication in your in-text reference, but
APA guidelines encourage you to also
provide the page number (although it is
not required.)
• According to Jones (1998), APA style is a
difficult citation format for first-time
learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for
first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

• Using signal phrase: - Involves the
use of the author’s name and date in
the sentence. Use this to introduce
short quotation, paraphrase, or
summary. Mention author’s name
either in introductory signal phrase
with years in parenthesis. For
instance,
• (a) Adekunle (1995) reported that
students’ failure in mathematics can
be attributed to teachers’ factor. tor.

• Or
• (b) According to one study (Adekunle,
1998) students’ failure in mathematics
can be attributed to teachers’ factor.
Or
• (c) In a 1998 study, Adekunle affirmed
that students’ failure in mathematics
can be attributed to teachers’ fac

Parenthetical citation
• :This is the placement of the author’s
name and date of publication in
parenthesis at the end of the cited
material. It must be emphasized that
the citation should be before the
period (full stop). For example
• (a) Students’ failure in mathematics
can be attributed to teachers’ factor
(Adekunle, 1998).

• When several works are cited in
parenthetical form the following basic
rules should be observed
• Works too be ordered alphabetically (e.g.
Ijanaku, 2004, Lawal, 2004, Onyealu,
1990, Ukoli, 1981). Where some of the
works in parenthesis has more than an
author, the ordering is based on first
author
• Works by the same authors to be ordered
using years (e.g. Lawal, 1988, Lawal,
2000, Lawal, 2004, Ukoli, 1981).

• A Work by Two Authors: Name both
authors in the signal phrase or in the
parentheses each time you cite the
work. Use the word "and" between the
authors' names within the text and use
the ampersand in the parentheses.
• Research by Wegener and Petty
(1994) supports...
• (Wegener & Petty, 1994)

• A Work by Three to Five Authors: List
all the authors in the signal phrase or in
parentheses the first time you cite the
source.
• (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow,
1993)
• In subsequent citations, only use the first
author's last name followed by "et al." in
the signal phrase or in parentheses.
• (Kernis et al., 1993)
• In et al., et should not be followed by a
period.

• Six or More Authors: Use the first
author's name followed by et al. in the
signal phrase or in parentheses.
• Harris et al. (2001) argued...
• (Harris et al., 2001)

• Join the authors name in a joint work with
the word and if they are referred to in text
(signal phrase). For example, Ajayi and
Salami (2001) observed that microteaching
is indispensable in teacher education.
However, join the authors name with
ampersand (&) if used in parenthetical
citation. For instance, microteaching is an
indispensable aspect of teacher education
(Ajayi, Salami, Taiwo, & Ogundele, 2001)

• Unknown Author: If the work does
not have an author, cite the source by
its title in the signal phrase or use the
first word or two in the parentheses.
Titles of books and reports are
italicized or underlined; titles of
articles, chapters, and web pages are
in quotation marks.
• A similar study was done of students
learning to format research papers
("Using APA," 2001).

• Note: In the rare case the
"Anonymous" is used for the author,
treat it as the author's name
(Anonymous, 2001). In the reference
list, use the name Anonymous as the
author.
• Organization as an Author: If the
author is an organization or a
government agency, mention the
organization in the signal phrase or in
the parenthetical citation the first time
you cite the source.

• According to the American
Psychological Association (2000),...
• If the organization has a well-known
abbreviation, include the abbreviation
in brackets the first time the source is
cited and then use only the
abbreviation in later citations.
• First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk
Driving [MADD], 2000)
• Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

• Two or More Works in the Same
Parentheses: When your
parenthetical citation includes two or
more works, order them the same way
they appear in the reference list,
separated by a semi-colon.
• (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

• Authors With the Same Last Name: To
prevent confusion, use first initials with the
last names.
• (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
• Two or More Works by the Same
Author in the Same Year: If you have two
sources by the same author in the same
year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with
the year to order the entries in the
reference list. Use the lower-case letters
with the year in the in-text citation.
• Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated
that...

• Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords,
and Afterwords: When citing an
Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or
Afterwords in-text, cite the appropriate
author and year as usual.
• (Funk & Kolln, 1992)
• Personal Communication: For
interviews, letters, e-mails, and other
person-to-person communication, cite the
communicator's name, the fact that it was
personal communication, and the date of
the communication.

• Do not include personal
communication in the reference list.
• (E. Robbins, personal communication,
January 4, 2001).
• A. P. Smith also claimed that many of
her students had difficulties with APA
style (personal communication,
November 3, 2002).

• If you use a source that was cited in
another source, name the original source
in your signal phrase. List the secondary
source in your reference list and include
the secondary source in the parentheses.
• Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith,
2003, p. 102).
• Note: When citing material in
parentheses, set off the citation with a
comma, as above. Also, try to locate the
original material and cite the original
source.

• Electronic Sources
• If possible, cite an electronic
document the same as any other
document by using the author-date
style.
• Kenneth (2000) explained... Or

• Unknown Author and Unknown
Date: If no author or date is given, use
the title in your signal phrase or the
first word or two of the title in the
parentheses and use the abbreviation
"n.d." (for "no date").
• Another study of students and
research decisions discovered that
students succeeded with tutoring
("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

Sources Without Page Numbers
• When an electronic source lacks page
numbers, you should try to include
information that will help readers find the
passage being cited. When an electronic
document has numbered paragraphs, use
the abbreviation "para." followed by the
paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If
the paragraphs are not numbered and the
document includes headings, provide the
appropriate heading and specify the
paragraph under that heading.

• While quoting internet sources use
page number if available. However,
use paragraph as para. or the
paragraph symbol, or the section, if
necessary, for a web document of
hypertext markup language (html) or
other without pagination. For example,
Yusuf (2005) opined that “the Nigerian
national policy on information is
inadequate to improve the integration
of ICT in Nigerian school” (para. 6) or
(¶. 6) or (Conclusion section) or
(section 9).

• Note that in some electronic sources,
like Web pages, people can use the
Find function in their browser to locate
any passages you cite.
• According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind
over Matter section, para. 6).
• Note: Never use the page numbers of
Web pages you print out; different
computers print Web pages with
different pagination.

Citation of Secondary Sources
• In citing a work read in a secondary
source, the original work and
secondary source must be named.
However, only the secondary source
will be cited on the reference list. For
instance,
• (a) In a 1998 study, AbdulKareem (as
cited in Yusuf, 2005) noted that… Or
• (a) Self-efficacy propels greater action
(Bandura, 1989, as cited in Fiest,
1998).

Personal Communication
• Personal communication like,
telephone conversation, personal
discussion, interview, e-mail, and so
on, are considered non-retrievable.
They can be used in-text for research
or publication. Provide first name or
initials and last name of the
communication and exact date (not
years alone). However, since they are
considered as non-retrievable, they
should not be included in the
reference list.

Cont…
• Examples:
• (a) A. Y. AbdulKareem (telephone
conversation, April 2, 2005) noted the
importance of management in
education.
• (b) Education is sine qua non to
national development (A.Y Ajayi,
personal interview, March 5, 2006).

Article without author
• To cite such works use abbreviated title
to replace the author(s). For example, in
a study, it was affirmed that educational
researchers do not use consistent format
(Research process, 1998).
• 9. Article without date: For such to be
cited use n.d. for no date for the date. For
instance, in a study, it was affirmed that
educational researchers do not use
consistent format (Ogunlade, n.d.).

10. Article accepted for publication:
• Use in press for the date For instance, in
a study, it was affirmed that educational
researchers do not use consistent format
(Ogunlade, in press).
• 11.Several articles by a single author in
a year: Letter alphabets to be included
with the dates to indicate different works
(Ajayi, 2002a, Ajayi, 2002b, Ajayi, 2002c,
etc.) The initial letters of the first words of
each work would determine the
alphabetical ordering.

Cont…
12. English translation of a textbook:
Cite the date of publication in the
original language and date of
translation into English of the
publication. For example, (Laplace,
1814/1951)

Copyright Permission Notes
If you quote more than 500 words of
published material or think you may be in
violation of “Fair Use” copyright laws, you
must get the formal permission of the
author(s). All other sources simply appear
in the reference list.
• Follow the same formatting rules as with
Content Notes for noting copyright
permissions. Then attach a copy of the
permission letter to the document.

• If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or
table, from some other source, you must
provide a special note at the bottom of the
item that includes copyright information.
You should also submit written permission
along with your work. Begin the citation
with “Note.”
• Note. From “Title of the article,” by W.
Jones and R. Smith, 2007, Journal Title,
21, p. 122. Copyright 2007 by Copyright
Holder. Reprinted with permission.

Quotation Or Citation
• In citation, usually passages are lifted
the way they are:
• In the past, if a passage is cited, it
was enclosed with quotation marks.
Such practice is no more in vogue as
different styles of citation unfold
everyday.
• Long passages (e.g. 40 words and
above) are usually indented.

Suggestions for Reviewing
Literature
• For first degree project 15 to 30 pages
are ideal; for masters degree project
30 to 55 pages are good; and for
doctoral (PhD) thesis 60 pages and
above are conducive.
• Disjointed rendering the volume
useless and unacademic.

• Do not introduce words that will
compel the reader to go to
dictionary first before
understanding them.
• Always endeavour to summarise
your literature review at the end of
the review; you should be able to
articulate the state of the art with
respect to the problem under
study.

Cont…
• Always acknowledge the contributions
of other people. Do not lift passages
or ideas and claim them as your own.
That practice is referred to as
plagiarism.
• There is the need to be mindful of
tenses, spellings and grammar.

Steps of the Literature Review process
• Selecting the topic
• Getting the information
• Looking at information sources
• Setting the topic in context
• Positioning the literature review
• Using information sources
• Writing the literature review
• Organizing information (information
management)

A simple model
1. Selecting the topic
2. Setting the topic in context
3. Looking at information sources
4. Using information sources
5. Getting the information
6. Organizing information (information
management)
7. Positioning the literature review
8. Writing the literature review

Words
• DISSERTATION: a long piece of writing on
a particular subject, especially one written
for a university degree
• PROCEEDINGS: the official written report
of a meeting, etc.
– E.g. His paper is published in the new issue of
the proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences.
• MONOGRAPH: a detailed written study of a
single subject, usually in the form of a short
book (chuyên khảo)

Types of publications
– Journal articles
– Books
– Conference proceedings; Government
reports
– Theses/ dissertation
– Newspapers/ magazines
– The Internet

Define what you want to know
“I’m looking for literature and data that
focus on the factors influencing
students’ participation in in-class
group work”
• Use this to choose search words
and phrases

Define search words and phrases
• group work
• in-class group work
• students’ participation in group work
• students’ participation in in-class
group work
• speculated factors: motivation,
culture etc.

Look at information sources
Classification of information sources
• General sources: daily newspapers,
news weeklies, magazines etc.
• Secondary sources: books, reviews
of research etc.
• Primary sources: journals,
abstracts, scholarly books etc.

Where?
• Library
• Internet

http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/

In-text Citation Rules
(APA style)
Use the Past Tense or
Present Perfect when
using signal phrases to
describe earlier
research.
E.g. Jones (1998) found
…
Jones (1998) has found ...

Follow the author-date method:
• in the text:
E.g. (Jones, 1998)
• at the end of the paper: a complete
reference should appear in the
reference list

 Use a direct quotation:
• Include the Author, Year, and Page Number as part
of the citation.
• A quotation < 40 words: quotation marks and
incorporated into the formal structure of the
sentence.
E.g. Patients receiving prayers had “less congestive
heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic
therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had
fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently
incubated and ventilated” (Byrd, 1988, p.829).

• A lengthier quotation of 40 or more
words should appear (without
quotation marks) apart from the
surrounding text, in “block” format.
• Use (…) to indicate where you have
omitted the author’s irrelevant words.

Cont…
E.g. Referring to communicative competence,
Savignon (1997) says:
communicative competence is the
expression, interpretation, and
negotiation of meaning; and
communicative competence is
always context specific, requiring
the simultaneous, integrated use of
grammatical competence,
discourse competence,
sociolinguistic competence, and
strategic competence”(p.225)

Plagiarism
Plagiarism:
• uses someone’s words, ideas or
information without referencing them, i.e.
presenting them as your own.
• is a very serious academic offence and
leads to severe penalties.

Plagiarism
To avoid plagiarism, make sure you:
• Use quotation marks for the extracts you
copy directly from a source and
acknowledge the source.
• Use proper paraphrasing and acknowledge
the source.
• Keep careful notes of your source when you
read. Keep the bibliographical information
that you will need to write a full reference for
the source.

Common mistakes
• Lack some of the required
information
• Some sources are cited in text
but are not listed in the
references

08. EDT 513 2023 Week 8.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to 08. EDT 513 2023 Week 8.pptx

Similar to 08. EDT 513 2023 Week 8.pptx (20)

More from Gambari Amosa Isiaka

More from Gambari Amosa Isiaka (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

08. EDT 513 2023 Week 8.pptx