The document provides guidance on conducting a literature survey or review. It discusses defining literature and the objectives of a literature survey, which include gaining an understanding of the fundamentals and state-of-the-art in an area and discovering research topics based on existing research. The document outlines the main elements of a literature survey, including reviewing previous research, identifying gaps, and justifying how the present research will address gaps. It also provides tips on writing the literature survey, such as summarizing key findings and conclusions of sources. Finally, it discusses strategies for conducting an effective literature search, including refining topics and choosing appropriate databases.
A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.
A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
How to Identify the Research Gap While Writing a PhD Dissertation Literature ...PhD Assistance
PhD Assistance gives you tips to Identify Research Gaps in the Literature Review for writing a PhD dissertation.
A Research Gap is a Topic or field for which insufficient data restrict the ability to conclude a research question. If we are looking for a research issue, what is the healthiest beverage for humans? You can discover multiple studies and potential answers to the questions. Research gap identification eventually makes way for new and exciting research.
PhD Assistance offers UK Dissertation Research Topics Services. When you Order Dissertation Services at PhD Assistance, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Learn More:http://bit.ly/3aomOF3
Contact Us:
For Any Queries : Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough about the study so that he can place it in its general scientific context, judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. For this purpose there is the need of proper layout of the report. The layout of the report means as to what the research report should contain. A comprehensive layout of the research report should comprise preliminary pages, the main text and the end matter.
The literature review is not merely a simple compilation or a list of every item and resource with any possible relation to your topic. A good literature review is a critical appraisal of narrowly focused, selected and truly relevant work that provides the current status (perspective) of the topic. This presentation basically is a brief guide on the process of doing and writing a literature review for a thesis, research proposal, research paper, etc.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
How to Identify the Research Gap While Writing a PhD Dissertation Literature ...PhD Assistance
PhD Assistance gives you tips to Identify Research Gaps in the Literature Review for writing a PhD dissertation.
A Research Gap is a Topic or field for which insufficient data restrict the ability to conclude a research question. If we are looking for a research issue, what is the healthiest beverage for humans? You can discover multiple studies and potential answers to the questions. Research gap identification eventually makes way for new and exciting research.
PhD Assistance offers UK Dissertation Research Topics Services. When you Order Dissertation Services at PhD Assistance, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Learn More:http://bit.ly/3aomOF3
Contact Us:
For Any Queries : Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough about the study so that he can place it in its general scientific context, judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. For this purpose there is the need of proper layout of the report. The layout of the report means as to what the research report should contain. A comprehensive layout of the research report should comprise preliminary pages, the main text and the end matter.
The literature review is not merely a simple compilation or a list of every item and resource with any possible relation to your topic. A good literature review is a critical appraisal of narrowly focused, selected and truly relevant work that provides the current status (perspective) of the topic. This presentation basically is a brief guide on the process of doing and writing a literature review for a thesis, research proposal, research paper, etc.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
Overview of Presentation:
-Introduction – What is a literature Review?
-Why is it necessary?
-Types of literature review
-The Steps and literature review cycle
-Purpose of the Literature Review
-Four main reasons for reviewing the literature
-Organizing Your Literature Review
-Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews
..........................................
قدم هذا العرض يوم الخميس,25 ربيع الثاني/ 4 فبراير
أنشــأ بواسطة ياسر الشريف و اياد كمال
جامعة ام القرى
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
This is lesson 4 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Guide to know about components of Research Paper and how to write one. Deep understanding of components.
According to Goddard and Melville (2001, p.1), research goes beyond the process of gathering information; rather, it is also about finding answers to unanswered questions as part of discovering and/or creating new knowledge. And in order for this newly discovered or created knowledge to be recognized or noticed, you have to prove that it is valid.
Determining the validity of your study is anchored on your research paper’s methodology. According to Somekh and Lewin (2005), a research methodology is both “the collection of methods or rules” you apply to your research, as well as the “principles, theories, and values” that support your research approach. Simply put, a research paper’s methodology section must shed light on how you were able to collect or generate your research data and demonstrate how you analyze them (SHU Library, 2020).
For novice researchers, writing the methodology of a research paper can be an overwhelming process, especially considering the intricate elements covered by this section (J. Ellis & Levy, 2009, p. 323). The goal of this article is to guide novice researchers in writing an effective research methodology by helping them gain a clear understanding of a research methodology’s structure.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Research Methodology Module-03
1. 1
Module 3
Literature survey
1) DEFINITION OF LITERATURE AND LITERATURE SURVEY
Definition of Literature
Learning; acquaintance with letters or books.
The collective body of literary productions, embracing the entire results of knowledge
and fancy preserved in writing; also, the whole body of literary productions or writings
upon a given subject, or in reference to a particular science or branch of knowledge, or of
a given country or period; as, the literature of Biblical criticism; the literature of
chemistry.
The class of writings distinguished for beauty of style or expression, as poetry, essays,
or history, in distinction from scientific treatises and works which contain positive
knowledge; belles-lettres.
The occupation, profession, or business of doing literary work
Literature survey
Objectives of literature survey
• Gaining an understanding on the fundamentals and state-of-the art of the area
• Learning the definitions of the concepts
• Access to latest approaches, methods and theories
• Discovering research topics based on the existing research
Valid sources
• Refereed article in a journal or a conference
• Book published in scientific series
• Articles referred to in other articles are excellent sources
• At some stage you will learn to evaluate the coherence
And concept definitions
• TKK library has courses and material on searching for scientific information
2. 2
Example of the content of a literature survey
• Title and author
– Name, student id and other information as usual
• Abstract (summary)
– Brief presentation of the content
• Keywords
– Give a list of names of essential concepts, approaches and
Methods that you have covered in your work
– Do not just collect some words that just sound nice
• Introduction
– What is the topic and why it is important
– To what larger wholeness the survey topic belongs
– What you plan to accomplish in your literature survey
– Remember to briefly explain the content
• Definitions of concepts
– Description of the meaning of the concept
– Possible competing definitions
– Concepts that might cause misunderstandings and confusion
– Possible methods and approaches
• The actual content with appropriate titles
– E.g. description and comparison of approaches, methods and models and examples.
• Conclusions
– Most important discoveries and conclusions
– Proposals for further research
– Separate your own argumentation clearly from the work of others
• References
– A good list of references is important
– Has to follow some known referencing practice (E.g. Harvard referencing)
2) NEED OF LITERATURE
The literature review is important because:
It describes how the proposed research is related to prior research in statistics.
It shows the originality and relevance of your research problem. Specifically, your
research is different from other statisticians.
It justifies your proposed methodology.
It demonstrates your preparedness to complete the research.
In your literature search you will:
discover what statistical knowledge exists related to you research topic
3. 3
increase your statistical knowledge in your research area
find gaps (and possibly errors) in published research
generate new original ideas
avoid duplicating results of other statisticians
justify the relevance of your proposed research
3) SOURCES OF LITERATURE
Primary sources
A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand
information. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness
accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art
objects. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies --
research where an experiment was done or a direct observation was made. The results of
empirical studies are typically found in scholarly articles or papers delivered at
conferences, so those articles and papers that present the original results are considered
primary sources.
Secondary sources
A secondary source is something written about a primary source. Secondary sources
include comments on, interpretations of, or discussions about the original material. You
can think of secondary sources as second-hand information. If I tell you something, I am
the primary source. If you tell someone else what I told you, you are the secondary
source. Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers or popular magazines,
book or movie reviews, or articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate
someone else's original research.
4. 4
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Primary Source Secondary Source
Conference Papers
Correspondence
Dissertations
Diaries
Interviews
Lab Notebooks
Notes
Patents
Proceedings
Studies or Surveys
Technical Reports
Theses
Criticism and Interpretation
Dictionaries
Directories
Encyclopedias
Government Policy
Guide to Literature
Handbooks
Law and Legislation
Monographs
Moral and Ethical Aspects
Political Aspects
Public Opinion
Reviews
Social Policy
Tables
5. 5
4) ELEMENTS AND OBJECTIVES OF LITERATURE SURVEY
The Literature Review has four essential elements.
1. General
Statement(s):
What is this section about?
2. Reference to
previous research:
What has been done before in this area?
Once you've identified the references you want to cite in your report
you need to decide on 3 things:
1. Choose whether you want to emphasize the
information OR the author(s)
2. Choose the order of the citations:
a. Grouped by approach.
b. Ordered from distant (more general) to close
(more specific).
c. Ordered chronologically
3. Choose the method of writing:
i. Quoting
ii. Paraphrasing
3. Gap in research: What is missing from the previous research?
This section leads to the reason why you have
carried out the research project presented in this
report.
4. Reference to
present research:
What does the study in this report plan to
achieve?
(Re-stating the objective)
Objectives
Define your topic: you must define your topic and components of your topic
Search for materials: use search tools (such as the library catalogue, databases,
bibliographies) to find materials about your topic
6. 6
Evaluate what you have found: read and evaluate what you have found in order to
determine which material makes a significant contribution to the understanding of
the topic
Analysis and interpretation: provide a discussion of the findings and conclusions
of the pertinent literature -
The purpose of a literature review is to:
establish a theoretical framework for your topic / subject area
define key terms, definitions and terminology
identify studies, models, case studies etc. supporting your topic
Define / establish your area of study, i.e. your research topic.
The three key points of a literature review
Tell me what the research says (theory).
Tell me how the research was carried out (methodology).
Tell me what is missing, i.e. the gap that your research intends to fill
5) STYLE OF LITERATURE SURVEY
A literature review is a summary of research that has been published about a particular
subject. It provides the reader with an idea about the current situation in terms of what
has been done, and what we know. Sometimes it includes suggestions about what needs
to be done to increase the knowledge and understanding of a particular problem.
The articles used must be from professional journals, which means we can trust that the
authors are trained professionals, and others have examined their work. Some studies are
more easily read and summarized than others. Be sure you feel comfortable with your
choices, since it is difficult to summarize ideas you don't understand.
Once you have found the articles, read them and take notes. Write the literature review
from your notes.
Writing the paper:
A literature review usually has three sections although they will not be identified as such
in the paper.
1) Introduction: Introduce your topic and briefly explain why this is a significant or
important area for study. Define terms if necessary.
7. 7
2) Summary of articles: In a paragraph or two for each study, briefly explain the purpose,
how it was conducted (how information was gathered), and the major findings. When
referring to an article, use the last name of author or authors and date of publication in the
text. Example: Calvin and Brommel (1996) believe family communication . . .
Or
Communication serves two primary functions in families--cohesion and adaptability
(Galvin and Brommel, 1996).
3) Conclusion: Briefly summarize the major findings of the studies chosen. Comments
about what questions need to still be answered may be included.
4) References: List the studies used on a separate page according to APA style format.
HOW TO WRITE A LITERATURE REVIEW
BACKGROUND in this first section of the summary, get the reader's
interest with a sentence or two explaining the need for the review.
LITERATURE. List the documents you included in the review. For
example: 31 original investigations, one monograph, five reviews, four
popular articles, one manuscript
. FINDINGS. Write several sentences here to outline the main findings of
the documents you reviewed. Give data and interpret magnitudes of
effects. Use plain language and no abbreviations
. CONCLUSIONS. This section of the Summary should need only a
sentence or two. Try to include a conclusion of practical significance.
FURTHER RESEARCH. Indicate what you think now needs to be done.
The summary must consist of less than 300 words. Be as economical with
words as possible, but do not compromise grammar.
6) STRATEGIES OF LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature Review
For advanced research, the goal of your search strategy will be to locate the major
resources on the topic, and additional scholarly and professional resources on closely
related topics. Your initial efforts will need to be broad. You need to be willing to seek
out thousands of potential resources, knowing that only a few will be relevant. More than
8. 8
one search tool will likely be necessary. For example, for a topic in psychology,
PsycINFO should be the primary database to use, but it shouldn't be the only database
you use. In Education, ERIC is the most important database, but it shouldn't be the only
research tool you use to find research.
Steps in the Process
Before you can start your own research efficiently, you will need to outline and follow a
search strategy. This strategy will include doing some background reading, searching the
literature of the field, finding specific a resources that you can use in your research, and
staying focused on the topic even as you broaden, narrow, or modify it, based on your
research findings.
Background Reading
Before you dive into the unknown depths of a research project, test the water. That's what
background reading helps you do. Background reading can include books, newspaper
articles; academic journals, popular magazines, web sites, and (what is often overlooked)
reference sources.
Background reading will help you get up to speed if you don't already know something
about the topic. At the beginning stage of the process, all you need be looking for at this
point is a cursory description of the subject that will better acquaint you to a topic and
learn about people and their contributions to the field. You may wish to begin with
overviews and resources that can give you a preliminary understanding of a subject.
You can concern yourself with the details later.
You can use background reading as a means to discover how to go about further research.
You can see what direction or focus other people have taken and what recent trends are.
From this you might be decide what approach you might wish to take with a topic.
Since most academic fields rely on jargon, but it can make the reading of academic
journals and some magazine articles almost incomprehensible to the uninitiated. Some
reference sources will provide definitions to initiate you to the terms of special subject
areas.
In many ways, background reading will tell you where to go. Find out what sources other
people have been using. When the same sources and authors are cited often, the repetition
should be a clue that these persons or works are important to this field of study. Locating
authoritative sources on the topic is a major goal of background reading
9. 9
Refining Your Topic
You will begin to refine your topic as soon as you select it. As you start your research,
your topic may be a vague idea, but as you learn more, your understanding will change
and so will your topic. Since it will be an ongoing effort, keep in mind a few things about
refining a topic. Be open minded and don't limit yourself. Don't look for evidence that
will prove your point; be willing to make a conclusion based on the evidence.
Keep focused. Through the library, you may find thousands of sources to sort through,
and online there may be millions. Knowing what questions you want to address will help
determine which sources are the most relevant for you to use. Keeping a clear focus in
mind will help you sort through and evaluate sources. Based on what you learn, you will
change and refine your topic, but try not to be distracted or led away from the main
thesis. Your focus should guide you as you make these changes. Research is not
compiling little piles of unconnected facts. A clear focus will help tie your ideas together
and allow you build a cohesive unit.
Choosing a Database
Since there are so many search tools available for starting a literature review, it is
important to keep in mind three different types of online databases. There are two basic
types of periodical databases. Some are general and multidisciplinary. They index both
popular and scholarly articles. To access the scholarly literature of a particular discipline
there are subject specific databases. Some examples are ERIC for education, SOC Index
for Sociology, Psyc INFO for psychology, Biology Abstracts for biology and life
sciences, and ABI/Inform for business and management. For lists of the best databases to
use in your area of study, go to the main library webpage and look for a subject research
guide. There will be one for every major at Ithaca College, and there are many for
Specific courses and special topics.