Formed elements
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The document summarizes the main formed elements in blood: 1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, have a limited 120-day lifespan, and lack a nucleus to maximize oxygen carrying capacity. 2) White blood cells (leukocytes) fight infection and are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes. 3) Platelets (thrombocytes) are non-nucleated cell fragments that form platelet plugs and clots to stop bleeding through hemostasis.
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![More on the Formed Elements: Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes ,[object Object],Shape = “ biconcave ” discs which allows for increased surface area for gas diffusion. 5 million in one mm 3 (about 1/50 th of a drop) 25 trillion total in human body (average) Main Function = carry oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 )](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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- The liver and kidneys play important roles in blood production and regulation via the hormone erythropoietin. Issues like anemia and sickle cell disease affect blood cell production and function.
Blood constituents&function
Blood performs several essential functions, including transporting gases, nutrients, waste, and cells throughout the body. It also regulates pH, temperature, and water content of cells. Blood consists of blood cells suspended in plasma. The three main types of blood cells are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help protect the body against disease and infection. Platelets help the blood clot to prevent blood loss from injuries.
Blood and lymph
This document provides information about the blood and lymphatic system. It discusses how blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It also describes the functions of blood such as transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body. Additionally, the document discusses blood groups and the ABO and rhesus blood typing systems which determine transfusion compatibility.
blood.pptx
The composition of blood includes plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while plasma transports nutrients, waste, hormones, and antibodies. Hemoglobin carries oxygen by associating with oxygen in the lungs and dissociating to release oxygen in tissues. White blood cells include phagocytes like macrophages that provide non-specific immune response and lymphocytes that provide specific immune response through antibody production.
Chapter 7 & 14
The document summarizes key aspects of blood and the circulatory system in 3 paragraphs or less:
Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding from cuts or wounds.
The circulatory system is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart through arteries, then into capillaries to supply cells before returning to the heart as deoxygenated blood via veins. The double circulatory system separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flows.
When blood vessels
blooditsfunctions-copy-110325121157-phpapp02.pptx
The document discusses the composition and functions of human blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight infection. Platelets assist in blood clotting. Blood also regulates pH and temperature levels. The liver and kidneys help maintain proper blood composition.
Blood cells
This document provides information about the components and functions of blood. It discusses the following:
- Plasma makes up the liquid portion of blood and contains water, proteins, nutrients, wastes, and gases.
- Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin.
- White blood cells include granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes. They defend against infection.
- Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding from broken blood vessels.
The document explains in detail the composition and transport functions of blood components
Blood and its components.pptx
Blood is a connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It has several key functions, including transportation, regulation of pH and temperature, and protection from infection through blood clotting and immune cells. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells provide immune functions and platelets help with clotting to stop bleeding. Disorders can affect the different blood components and lead to issues like anemia or leukemia.
1. Body fluid and blood.pptx
Blood and lymph are the two main body fluids. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Lymph circulates within lymphatic vessels. The document discusses the composition, functions, and formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow give rise to myeloid cells like red blood cells and platelets, and lymphoid cells like lymphocytes. The stages of erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis are described. Anemia results from low red blood cell count, hemoglobin, or hematocrit, and can be classified by cell morphology or etiology.
1. Blood.pdf
Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products throughout the body. It is composed of blood plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, white blood cells help fight infection, and platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. Blood is categorized into blood groups based on antigens on red blood cells. The major blood groups are ABO and Rh, which determine blood type compatibility for transfusions. Blood transports materials between tissues and organs, helps regulate pH and temperature, and protects the body through clotting and immune functions.
Circulation
1. The red blood cell is present in a vein which will carry it back to the heart.
2. It will enter the right atrium of the heart.
3. From the right atrium, the blood cell will enter the right ventricle when it contracts.
4. The right ventricle will pump the blood into the pulmonary artery which will carry it to the lungs.
5. In the lungs, the blood cell will release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen.
6. It will then return to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein to complete the double circulation.
hematologi
This document summarizes key aspects of human anatomy and physiology related to hematology. It discusses the composition and functions of blood, the formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the roles of the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also describes the blood clotting process and fibrinolysis that helps control bleeding and maintain blood flow.
Human blood.pptx
Blood is the main fluid of all living organisms. Without blood, no person on this earth can live. In this presentation, the overview of human blood is discussed. I hope it will help in the studying material for most of the students.
Blood
Blood is considered a connective tissue because it has a matrix. ... Blood Tissue: Blood is a connective tissue that has a fluid matrix, called plasma, and no fibers. Erythrocytes (red blood cells), the predominant cell type, are involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Protection of the cns
The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three layers of tissue (the meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Blood enters the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and drains into venous sinuses which form the jugular veins. The blood brain barrier regulates what substances can enter the brain by restricting passage through tight junctions between endothelial cells.
Deep brain structures
The document summarizes several structures that make up the limbic system and their functions. It discusses the pituitary gland which directs hormone production, its lobes (anterior, posterior, intermediate) and the hormones each regulates. It also describes the hypothalamus which controls the pituitary and regulates various functions, the amygdala which processes emotions, the hippocampus involved in memory, and the cingulate gyrus which regulates emotions and behavior.
Action potential notes
1. A signal travels down a motor neuron axon to the neuromuscular junction.
2. Vesicles at the axon terminal release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.
3. Acetylcholine binds receptor sites on the muscle fiber membrane, causing it to become permeable to sodium ions.
Review motor end plate nmj notes
The document reviews muscle terminology and structures:
- The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm. The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds each myofibril.
- A sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit within a myofibril. Myofibrils contain alternating actin and myosin filaments.
- T-tubules extend from the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber to bring electrical impulses close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcomeres.
- A motor unit is a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. More motor units means more forceful contraction.
Articulations
There are two main ways to classify joints in the human body. Structural classification divides joints into three categories - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial - based on how the bones connect and whether a space exists between them. Functional classification also has three categories - synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis - and considers the degree of movement permitted at each joint. Synovial joints allow the most movement as diarthrosis joints, while fibrous joints permit the least movement and are mostly synarthrosis joints.
Respiratory review part 2
The document summarizes key concepts related to human respiration and lung volumes. It defines that breathing helps ventilate carbon dioxide, heat, and water from the body. It states that the average tidal volume is 500 ml and residual volume is 1200 ml. The total lung capacity in humans averages 6000 ml.
Respiratory review part 1
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It defines key terms like alveoli, bronchioles, larynx, trachea, lungs, and pharynx. It describes the branching structure of the bronchial tree and roles of different parts like the nose, sinuses, tonsils, and lungs in respiration and gas exchange.
Laryn trachea
The larynx, also known as the voice box, contains the vocal cords and is located at the top of the trachea. The vocal cords are longer and looser in males than females, resulting in deeper male voices. The trachea is a tube that extends from the larynx to the lungs, and contains rings of cartilage surrounded by muscle and fibrous tissue. Smoking paralyzes the cilia in the trachea that sweep particles out of the lungs, leading to a buildup of toxins and increased risk of lung damage and disease over time.
Intro nose pharynx
The primary function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen. It has secondary functions of olfaction and sound production.
The main components include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree. The nose warms, moistens, and filters incoming air and produces sound. It has external cartilage and skin and internal nasal cavities separated by the nasal septum.
The pharynx is a common tube that functions as an important junction. It contains the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The pharynx contains tonsils that screen microorganisms and attack them with immune cells. Hum
Bronchial tree alveoli lungs review
The document describes the structure and function of the bronchial tree and lungs. It begins by explaining how the trachea branches into primary bronchi, which then branch further into secondary and tertiary bronchi. The smallest branches are bronchioles that lead to clusters of alveoli in the lungs. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs. The lungs have a very large surface area due to the large number of alveoli, which allows for efficient gas exchange.
Breathing
The document discusses the process of breathing and the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation. It notes that breathing involves two phases - inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the active intake of air and can involve contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Expiration is the passive release of air and relies on relaxation of these muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs. Forced exhalation uses additional contraction of the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles.
Volumes capacities 2
The document defines and provides average values for various lung volumes and capacities, including:
- Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing, averaging 500 ml.
- Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled beyond normal tidal breathing, averaging 3200 ml.
- Residual volume is the air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation, averaging 1200 ml.
- Total lung capacity is the total amount of air the lungs can hold, averaging 6000 ml.
Axial skeleton parts 1 2
The document summarizes the axial skeleton and its components. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of 29 bones divided into 5 areas: the cranium (8 bones), facial bones (14 bones), hyoid bone (1 bone), ossicles of the ear (6 bones), and Wormian bones (? bones). The cranium contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones include the nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer bones.
Appendicular skeleton
The document summarizes the bones that make up the human skeletal system, including those of the axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities. It lists the specific bones in each region, such as the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges that comprise the upper extremities, and the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges that make up the lower extremities.
Axial skeleton parts 3 5
The document summarizes the organization and components of the human skeleton. It describes the axial skeleton, which includes the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton. It provides details on the bones and structures of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and their functions in supporting the body and vital organs. Key bones mentioned include the cranium, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.
Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Simple reflexes are handled by the spinal cord alone, while other reflexes involve the brainstem. When a reflex occurs in the spinal cord, a signal is sometimes also sent to the brain by an interneuron. This allows the brain to interpret the stimulus and react in addition to the reflex response. Examples of reflexes include the knee jerk response controlled by the spinal cord, sneezing controlled by the brainstem, and withdrawing a hand from a hot stove initiated by a spinal cord reflex and followed by a brain response.
Tissue
Nerve tissue consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs. It contains neurons, which come in three types - sensory, interneuron and motor neurons. Nerve tissue also contains neuroglia cells which outnumber neurons 10 to 1 and support and nourish them. Nerve tissue is specialized in irritability, responding to stimuli like touch, and conductivity, carrying signals between the brain and body. It appears as either gray matter containing neuron bodies or white matter containing myelinated axons.
Neuroglia
Neuroglia are cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the central nervous system. There are several types of neuroglia, including astrocytes which provide energy and structural support for neurons, microglia which remove dead material, and oligodendrocytes which myelinate axons in the central nervous system. Schwann cells perform a similar role of myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system. Myelination allows for faster nerve impulse transmission along myelinated axons.
Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Simple reflexes are handled by the spinal cord alone, while other reflexes involve the brainstem. When a reflex occurs in the spinal cord, a signal is sometimes also sent to the brain by an interneuron. This allows the brain to interpret the stimulus and react further. Examples of reflexes include the knee jerk response controlled by the spinal cord, sneezing controlled by the brainstem, and withdrawing a hand from a hot stove initiated by the spinal cord but also sending a signal to the brain. Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors, sensory and motor neurons, and an effector like a muscle.
More from Michael Wrock (20)
Formed elements
- 3. Note the concave or “depressed” surface of the erythrocytes. In Red Blood Cells the nucleus is removed to allow for more volume for hemoglobin . This allows for greater 0 2 carrying capacity per cell, but is also why erythrocytes have a limited life span. Erythrocytes
- 4. Red Blood Cells contain hemoglobin (Hgb), the O 2 carrying protein that also gives blood its distinct color. Hemoglobin is made from a complex protein molecule called “ globin ” combined with an iron (chemical symbol = Fe) containing a pigment called “ heme ”. Iron ( Fe ) Heme Iron ( Fe ) Heme
- 6. White Blood Cells or Leukocytes WBC : RBC ratio = 1 : 700 – 1000 Main Function = Fight infection There are five different types of leukocytes lymphocyte monocyte eosinophil basophil neutrophil
- 7. Granulocytes Cytoplasm has a “granular” look Produced in red bone marrow Short-lived ~ 60% Agranulocytes Cytoplasm has a non-granular look Monocytes produced in red bone marrow Lymphocytes produced in lymph tissue monocyte lymphocyte eosinophil basophil neutrophil ~ 2 – 4% ~ 1% ~ 30% ~ 3 – 9% Long-lived (especially lymphocytes) The five are divided into two categories:
- 8. Platelets or Thrombocytes Actually non-nucleated cellular fragments They function in the process of “ Hemostasis” , which is simply “the stoppage of bleeding,” by the following mechanisms: - Platelet plugs - Vasoconstriction or vessel spasms causing a decrease in vessel diameter, as well as fibrin precipitation are also involved in larger clot formation - Blood clot formation (coagulation) Platelets
- 9. “ Activated” platelets are “sticky” and cling to damaged tissue and each other at the edge of wounds. For small wounds a platelet plug can prevent further blood loss. Common Hemostasis Mechanisms:
- 10. Coagulation occurs at the site of larger wounds when fibrinogen precipitates out as fibrin trapping activated platelets and red blood cells in a “web-like” mesh forming a blood clot .
- 11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/leukemia">leukemia</a> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/infectious+mononucleosis">infectious mononucleosis</a>