Blood is a vital fluid that transports nutrients and oxygen to cells while removing waste. It consists primarily of plasma and different types of blood cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets, each serving crucial roles in the body. RBCs are primarily responsible for oxygen transport and contain hemoglobin, while WBCs are essential for the immune response and disease indication through their count.

1. Human blood

2. Blood!
Blood is a body fluid that
delivers necessary substances
such as nutrients and oxygen to
the cells.
Transports metabolic waste
products away from those same
cells.
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3. Composition:
Blood is composed of blood cells
suspended in blood plasma.

4. Plasma:
➜ Largest part
of blood.
➜ Light yellow
liquid in which
blood are
absent but
contain
protein and
other
constituents.
➜ It is main
medium for
excretory
product
tranportaion.
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5. Types of blood
Cells:
•Red blood cells (RBCs) or
erythrocytes.
•White blood cells (WBCs) or
leukocytes.
•Platelets or thrombocytes.

6. “
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7. RBCs are
predominent cell
type in the blood.
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8. Responsible for transport of
oxygen from the lungs to body’s
tissues and removal of carbon
dioxide in the reverse direction
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Function of RBCs

9. “ RBCs different
from typical
cell structure
as they have no
nucleus and
organelles.9

10. ➜ No nucleus means
cannot regenerate.
➜ No ribosome means not
able to make proteins.
➜ Not mitochondria not
able to use oxygen. 10

11. Shape?
Donut shaped with biconcave
surface thus increase the cell
surface area for efficient gas
exchange.
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12. 12
RBCs

13. RBCs contain
structural
protein:
1. Actin
2. Spectrin
Function
Help in maintaining the
structure, shape and
stability of the cell

14. Haemoglobin:
It is a protein which is major
component of RBCs.
Composed of four polypeptide
chain each of which is bound to
a red pigment molecule called
heme.

15. Haemoglobin:
Oxygen binds to ferrous ion which
is present in the center of heme.

16. Haemoglobin:
Binding at one site changes the
protein conformation in a way
that facilitates further binding
at other sites.

17. Oxyhemoglobin:
Formation of the haemoglobin –
oxygen complex known as
oxyhaemoglobin.
It is reversible.

18. Hemoglobin:
➜ Oxygen Binds in lungs and
dissociate in tissues.
➜ Carries small amount of
carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide
bind with polypeptide chain of
hemoglobin not with heme.
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19. When
hemoglobin is
oxygenated
When
hemoglobin
deoxygenated
Bright red Dark red

20. Some animals such as mollusks and
crustaceans have
instead of hemoglobin
They have a fluid name hemolymph
instead of blood.
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21. 21
Hemocyanin
Hemoglobin

22. Hemoglobin
Give red color to
blood due to iron
present as
binder in their
molecule.
Hemocyanin
Give blue color
due to copper
present as
binder in their
molecule

23. Blood
Contained in closed
circulatory system
Composed of plasma
in which RBCs,
WBCs and platelets
are suspended.
Hemolymph
Contained in
open circulatory
system
Composed of
plasma in which
Hemocytes are
suspended.

24. Hemocytes and leukocytes both have same
function.
Both play an important role in body immune system
that are involved in protecting the body from
foreign invader

25. White blood
cells:
Derived from multipotent cells
in the bone marrow known as
hematopoietic stem cells.
All white blood cells have nuclei.
Cells that have the capacity to self-
renew by dividing and to develop into
multiple specialized cell types present
in a specific tissue or organ

26. White blood cells:

27. White blood cell
Classification of white blood cells
Myeloid cells Lymphoid cells
A young blood
cell that
originate in the
bone marrow
Provide an immune
response that
attacks specific
kinds of antigens

28. Myeloid cells
(myelocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Basophils
Monocytes

29. Monocytes
Dendritic
cells
Macrophages

30. Lymphoid cells
(lymphocytes
T cells B cells
Natural
killer cells
Helper T
cells
Memory T
cells
Cytotoxic T
cells
Plasma
Cells
Memory B
cells

31. White blood
count:
The number of leukocytes in the
blood is often an indicator of
disease, and thus the white blood
cells count is an important subset
of the complete blood count
The normal white blood count
ranges between 4500-11000 per
microliter of blood or 4 × 109/L and
1.1 × 1010/L

32. Leukocytosis
Increase in the number of
leukocytes over the upper limits.
Leukopenia
Decrease in the number of
leukocytes over the upper limits.
Disorders of WBCs

33. Platelets
Platelets helps in blood clotting or
hemostatis.
Normal platelets range in human body is
150,000 to 450,000 per microliter of
blood.
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34. Disorder of
platelets
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35. Platelets
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