PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD

1. BLOOD COMPOSITION AND ITS
FUNCTIONS
BLOODCOMPOSITION
AND ITSFUNCTIONS

2. BLOOD COMPOSITION
• BLOOD:
o blood isthe main circulating fluid in the humanbody.
o Studyof bloodiscalled HAEMA
TOLOGY
.
o It is a fluid connective tissue derived from mesoderm.
o Bright red in colour, slightly alkaline (pH7.4), salty, and heavier
than water.
o The adult has 5 lit of blood which constitute about 8%of the
total bodyweight.

5. Blood is divided into twoconstituents,
1.cellular composition
2.non-cellular composition

9. Blood
Cellular
composition
Blood
corpuscles
RBCs WBCs
Granulocyte
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
Agranulocyte
Monocyte L
ymphocyte
platelets
Non-cellular
composition
Plasma

10. Cellular
composition
RBCs WBCs platelets

13. ERYTHROCYTERBCs:
• Erythrocytesarealsocalledas red blood corpuscles.
• Theyarecircular , biconcave, enucleatedcells.
• Its size 7.8micrometer in diameter to 2.5 micrometer in thickness.
• TheaveragevolumeoftheRBCis90to95cubicmicrometers.
• There areabout 5.1to 5.8million R
B
C
sper cu.mmin adult maleandin
adult female itis about 4.3to 5.2million.
• Averagelife spanisof 120days.
• RBSscanconcentratehemoglobinin thecell fluiduptoabout 34g/100ml ofcells.

14. • Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in your blood normally 40% to
45%
• The whole blood of men contains an average of 15 g hemoglobin/100ml for
women, it contains an average of 14 g hemoglobin/100 ml.
• Each gram of hemoglobin can combine with 1.34 ml of oxygen if the
hemoglobin is 100% saturated
• In the average man, a maximum of about 20 milliliters of oxygen can be
carried in combination with hemoglobin in each 100 milliliters of blood, and
in women 19 milliliters of oxygen can be carried

22. WBCs
Granulocytes
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
Agranulocytes
Monocyte L
ymphocyte

23. LEUCOCYTESWBCs:
• Leucocytes are also known as white blood corpuscles
• They are colourless , nucleated , amoeboid ,and phagocytes cells.
• Due the amoeboidal movement they squeeze out of blood capillaries, this iscalled as
DIAPEDESIS.
• It is of size 8 to 15 micron metre
• They are about 5000 to 9000 WB
C
s percu.mm
• The average life span is of 3 to 4 days.

25. Leucocytesare divided in two types on the basisof
presenceof granulesare asfollows
WBCs
Granulocytes Agranulocytes

26. Granulocytes
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

30. GRANULOCYTE
Cytoplasmicgranules, that
stained with basic dyessuch
asmethylene blue .
Twisted nucleus.
 Theyconstitute about
0.5%of total WBCs.
Functions: theyare non-
phagocytic .
Theyrelease
heparin(anti-
coagulant) and
histaminealso.
EOSINOPHIL
Cytoplasmic granules
which are stained with
acidic dyes suchaseosin.
Nucleus is bilobed
constitutes 3%oftotal
WBCs.
 Functions:Theyare
non-phagocytic and
increase during
allergic reactions
 Theyshow anti-
histamine property.
 Increase in number
of eosinophil is
called as
EOSINOPHILIA.
BASOPHIL

34. Agranulocyte
L
ymphocyte Monocyte

35. AGRANULOCYTE
Lymphocyte :
Largeround nucleus.
It constitute about 25 -
33%of total WBCs.
Functions : it produces
antibodies andresponsible
for immune response of
the body.
Monocytes :
Largestof all WBCs,
kidney shaped nucleus.
It constitute about3-
9%of total WBCs.
Functions : they are
phagocytic in function,
sothey known as
SCA
VENGER.

37. PLATELETS:
• Thisare small fragments of bone marrow cellsand therefore not
really classifiedas cells themselves.
Functions :
 vasoconstriction.
 form temporary platelet plug tostop bleeding.
 secrete procoagulants to promotes blood clotting.
 digest and destroybacteria.
 Secrete some chemicals to attract neutrophil andmonocyte to the site of
inflammation.
 secrete growth factor to maintain the lining of blood vessel.

38. Non –cellular
composition
Plasma

39. Plasma :
• It isstraw coloured , slightly alkaline , viscous fluid.
• It contains 90-92 % water, 10% of solutes and7%of protein.
• Plasma proteins such as serum albumin, serum globulin,heparin, fibrinogen and
prothrombin as a coagulating factors in the inactive form.
• nutrients such as glucose, amino acids,& glycerols.
• Nitrogenous waste as urea , uric acid, ammonia,and creatinine.
• Gases like oxygen, carbon-dioixde , nirtogen.
• Regulatory substances such as enzymes and hormones .
• Inorganic substances like bicarbonates , chlorides, phosphates, sulphates, Na, K,
Ca & Mg ions, etc.

43. Functions of blood:
REGULATION:
Regulates pH
Adjusts and maintain
body temperature
Maintains water
contents of cells
Hemoglobin is
an excellent acid-
base buffer
TRANSPORTATION:
Respiration
Nutrient carrierfrom
GIT
Transportation of
hormones from
endocrine glands
Transportation of
metabolic waste.
PROTECTION:
WBCs protects
against diseaseby
phagocytosis
Reservoir for
substances like
water,electrolytes.
Performs
haemostasis.