2. Total volumein averageadult isabout 6 L or 7% to 8%
of total body weight;
Blood consistsof cells and theirderivates and a
protein-rich fluid (extracellular component) called
plasma;
Blood cellsand their derivates– erythrocytes (red
blood cells), leukocytes (whiteblood cells),
thrombocytes (platelets);
Therelativevolumeof cellsand plasmain wholeblood
isapproximately 45% and 55%, respectively.
Thevolumeof packed erythrocytesin asampleof
blood iscalled hematocrit.
3. Thehematocrit ismeasured by
centrifuging ablood sampleto
which anticoagulantshavebeen
added and then calculating the
percentageof thecentrifuge
tubevolumeoccupied by the
erythrocytescompared with of
thewholeblood. Normal
hematocrit – 39 to 50% in men,
35% to 45% to women. Low
hematocrit valueoften reflect
reduced numbersof circulating
erythrocytes(anemia) caused
by internal or external bleeding.
4. Delivery of nutrientsand oxygen directly or indirectly
to cells;
Transport of wastesand carbon dioxideaway from
cells;
Delivery of hormonesand other regulatory substances
to and from cellsand tissues;
Maintenanceof homeostasisby acting asabuffer and
participating in coagulation and thermoregulation;
Transport of humoral agentsand cellsof theimmune
system that protect thebody from pathologenic agents,
foreign proteinsand transformed cells(i.e., cancer
cells)
5.
6. Albumin ismain protein constituent of theplasma, accounting for
approximately half of thetotal plasmaproteins, it isresponsiblefor exerting the
concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissuefluid. Themajor
osmotic pressure, called thecolloid osmotic pressure, maintainsthecorrect
proportion of blood to tissuefluid volume.
The
composition of
plasmais
usually an
indicator of the
mean
composition of
theextracellular
fluid in general.
7. For plasmapreparation, an
anticoagulant such acitrateor
heparin isadded to blood
specimen and it isusing for tests
of clotting ability of sample.
Plasmathat lackscoagulation
factorsiscalled serum, using
for several specific
biochemical laboratory tests
8. A drop of blood isplaced directly on aglassslideand spread over itssurface
with theedgeof another slide. Thepreparation isthen air dried and stained
Themodified Romanovsky-type
stain commonly used for blood
smearsconsistsof mixtureof
methyleneblue(abasic dye),
related azures(also basic dyes)
and eosin (an acidic dye);
After staining leucocytesare
traditionally divided into
granulocytesand agranulocytes;
Although bothecell typesmay
contain granules, thegrabulocytes
possessobviuosspecific stained
granules.
9. Theuniquecytoskeletal arrangement
contributesto theshapeof the
erythrocyteand impartselastic
propertiesand stability to the
membrane
Anucleatecellsdevoid of typical
organelles;
Their shapeisthat of abiconcave
discs. Thisshapemaximizesthe
cell’ssurfacearea, an important
attributeof gasexchange
Lifespan isapproximately 120
days;
Erythrocytescontain hemoglobin, a
protein specialized for thetransport
of oxygen and carbon dioxide;
A high concentration of hemoglobin
isresponsiblefor their uniform
staining with eosin.
10. An important factor in blood transfusion istheABO blood group system,
which essentially involvesthreeantigenscalled A, B and O. They arepresent
on thesurfaceerythrocytes. Theother important group system isRhesus
antigen – erythrocyteintegral membraneprotein.
11. Scanning electron micrograph of a
distorted erythrocytefrom aperson who
ishomozygousfor the HbSgene(sickle
cell disease)
Progressivestagesin thediscocyte
echinocytetransformation asviewed by
SEM. Thistransformation isreadily
reversiblein most situations.
12. The5 typesof human
leukocytes. Neutrophils,
eosinophils, and basophils
havegranulesthat stain
specifically with certain
dyesand arecalled
granulocytes. Lymphocytes
and monocytesare
agranulocytes; they may
show azurophilic granules
(lysosomes), which arealso
present in other leukocytes.
13. In connectivetissuethey are
activephagocytes
Electron micrograph of ahuman
matureneutrophil. Thenucleus
showsthetypical multilobed
configuration
Named for their lack of characteristic
cytoplasmic staining;
Readily identified by their multilobal
nucleus;
In women, theBarr body (inactiveX
cgromosome);
Thecytoplasm contais: specific
granules, azurophilic granules, tertiary
glanules;
Half-life6-7 hoursin blood and alife
span of 1-4 daysin connectivetissue
14.
15. E: eosinophil: N: neutrophil; left – U shaped nucleus; righ – Barr body (arrow)
16. Electron micrograph ahuman
eosinophil
Nuclei typically bilobed;
Named for thelarge, eosinophilic,
refractilegranulesin their
cytoplasm;
Specific granules: Major Basic
Protein- responsiblefor
acidophiliaof thegranule;
Eosinophilic Cationic Protein;
eosinophil peroxidase, etc.;
Azurophilic garanulesare
lysomes, containshydrolytic
enzymes;
Eosinophilsareassociated with
allergic reactions, parasitic
infections, and chronic
inflammation
17. Electron micrograph of a
human basophil
Named becauseof numerous
largegranules stain with basic
dyes;
Cytoplasm contains: specific
granuleswith heparine,
histamine, etc; azurophilic
granules– lysosomes;
Lobed nuclei;
Plasmamembranepossesses
numeroushigh-affinity Fc
receptorsfor IgE antibodies;
Functionally related, but not
identical to mast cellsof
connectivetissue;
Associated with hypersencitivity
reactionsand anaphylaxis.
18. Characteristic Features Mast cells Basophils
Origin Hemopoietic stem cell Hemopoietic stem cell
Siteof differentiation Connectivetissue Bonemarrow
Cell divisions Yes(occasionally) No
Cellsin circulation No Yes
Lifespan Weeksto months Days
Size 20-30 µm 7-10 µm
Shapeof nucleus Round Segmented (usually
bilobar)
Granules Many, large,
metachromatic
Few, small, basophilic
Surfacereceptorsfor IgE
antibodies
Present Present
Marker of cellular activity Tryptase Not yet established
20. Electron micrograph of
medium-sized lymphocyte
Immunocompetent cells;
Most common agranulocytes, about
30% of total leukocytes;
Threegroupsaccording to thesize:
small, medium and large, ranging in
diameter from 6 to 30 µm);
Threefunctionally distinct types: T
lymphocytes, B lymphocytesand natural
killer (NK) cells;
In blood smears, most lymphocytesare
small or medium sized;
Haveintensely staining spherical
nucleus;
Thecytoplasm appearsasavery thin,
palebluerim surrounding thenucleus.
21. Electron micrograph of a
human maturemonocyte
Theprecursorsof thecell of the
mononuclear phagocytotic
system;
Largest leukocyte;
Moveto thebody tissues, where
differentiateinto thevarious
phagocytesof mononuclear
phagocytotic system;
Thenucleusof themonocytesis
typically moreindented;
Contain small denseazurophilic
granules(lysosomes);
Well developed Golgu apparatus
and centriolesarelocated in the
siteof cell center.
22. Name of Cell Location
Macropage(histiocyte) Connectivetissue
Perisinusoidal macrophage(Kupffer cell) Liver
Alveolar macrophage Lungs
Fetal placental antigen-presenting cell Placenta
Macrophage Spleen, lymph node, bonemarrow, thymus
Pleural and peritoneal macrophage Serouscavities
Osteoclast Bone
Microglia Central nervoussystem
Langerhan’scell Epidermis
Fibroblast-derived macrophage Laminapropriaof interstine, endometrium
Dentritic cell Lymph nodes, spleen
25. Platelet Diagram
Discoid structureabout 2 to 3 µm in
diameter;
Lifespan isabout 10 days;
Structurally divided into four zones
based on organization and function:
peripherial zone, structural zone,
organellezone, membranezone;
Involved in sevral aspectsof
hemostasis(control of bleeding);
When blood vessel wall isinjured
or broken, theexposed connective
tissueat thedamaged sitepromotes
platelet adhesion, which triggersthe
coagulation cascadereaction
26. Peripheral zone consist of thecell membranecovered by athick surface
coat of glycocalyx. Theglycocalyx consistsof glycoproteins,
glycosaminoglycansand several coagulation factorsabsorbed from the
plasma;
Thestructural zone comprisesmicrotubules, actin filaments, myosin and
actin-binding proteinsthat form anetwork supporting theplasma
membrane;
Theorganelle zone occupiesthecenter of theplatelet. It consistsof
mitochondria, peroxisomes, glycogen particlesand at leatsthreetypesof
granules(α granules – contain mainly fibrinogen, coagulation factors,
plasminogen, etc.; δ granules - contain ADP, ATP, serotonin, histamine,
etc.; γ granules – lysosomeswith hydrolytic enzymes) dispersed within
thecytoplasm;
Themembrane zone consistsof two typesof membranechannels: open
canalicularsystem (OCS) and dense tubularsystem (DTS).
