3. Introduction
The human body is primarily made up of water and cells
Stationary cells; skin, muscles, bones and organs(heart, lungs,
kidneys)
Circulating cells move throughout the body by travelling in the
blood provide oxygen to all of the stationary cells
Help in fight infection, stop bleeding
Information about these cells can provide important clues about
the overall health of the body.
4. Cont...
CBC, is a lab test that provides information about these circulating
cells
Sample of blood is collected commonly in EDTA tube and sent to
the lab
This tube contains EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid),
which acts as a potent anticoagulant by binding to calcium in the
blood
A lab instrument then automatically/manually counts the number
of each type of circulating cell
6. Conti...
A complete blood count is a series of tests used to evaluate
the composition and concentration of the various cellular
component of the blood.
Most informative single investigation
Tests consists of
1. Counts of RBC, WBC, Platelets
2. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, and red cell indices
3. Platelet count, mean platelet volume
4. Histogram of RBC, WBC, Platelets
7. CBC test can help
To diagnose
1. Anaemia
2. Haemoglobinopathies
3. Bone marrow aplasia
4. Nutritional deficiencies
5. Thrombocytopenia
6. Autoimmune conditions
7. Infections and Parasitemia
8. Malignancies, response to drug, chemotherapy
8.
9. Red blood cells
RBC produced in marrow and requires
Iron, copper, cobalt
Vitamins; especially B12, folic acid
Regulated by erythropoietin, thyroid hormone, androgens
Life span - 120 days
10. Conti...
Biconcave, disk like structure.
Have smooth contours
Appears to be of the same size as the nucleus of the small
lymphocyte.
Have no nucleus
1/3 cell is filled with the HAEMOGLOBIN
13. Increased RBCs
Polycethemia vera
High altitude
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD, emphysema,
chronic bronchitis),
pulmonary hypertension,
Hypoventilation syndrome,
poor blood flow to the kidneys
14. Reticulocyte
Normal value 0.5% - 1.5%. Hence <2% RBCs are replaced per day
Uses
To evaluate anaemia
Response to treatment of anaemia
Note
If the disease causing the anaemia is inside the marrow, the
reticulocyte count is decreased
If the disease causing the anaemia is outside the marrow, the
reticulocyte count is increased
15. RBC Indices
MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
Reference range is 76-96 femto liters,
indicator of the average/mean volume of erythrocytes (RBCs)
Calculate using the hematocrit and RBC count
16. Significance
Increased Decreased
Megaloblastic anaemia
Haemolytic anaemia
with reticulocytosis
liver disease
Iron deficiency anaemia
Thalassemia
sideroblastic anaemia
lead poisoning
17. MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)
Reference range is 26-34 picograms(pg)
indicator of the average weight of hemoglobin in individual RBCs
Calculate using the hemoglobin and RBC count
19. MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration)
Reference range is 32-37 g/dL (SI units 320-370 g/L)
The average concentration of hemoglobin in grams per deciliter
Calculate using the hemoglobin and hematocrit values
20. Significence
Lesser than (<) 32 g/dL MCHC
Indicates hypochromic RBCs, which is seen in iron deficiency and
thalassemia.
Greater than (>) 37 g/dL MCHC
Indicates a possible error in RBC or hemoglobin measurement, or
the presence of spherocytes
21. RDW (RBC distribution width)
Reference range 11.5-14.5%.
Determined from the RBC histogram
Increased proportional to the degree of anisocytosis (variation in
size); coefficient of variation of the mean corpuscular volume
High RDW: Seen post-transfusion, post-treatment (e.g., iron, B12,
or folic acid therapy), idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, in the
presence of two concurrent deficiencies (iron and folic acid
deficiencies)
22. Hct (Hematocrit)
Hematocrit is the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of whole
blood
Males 41-53%
Females is 36-46% (SI units 0.36-0.46 L/L)
Reference range for hematocrit is age and sex dependent
23. Hgb (Hemoglobin):
Reference range for males (conventional units) is 13.5-17.5 g/dL (SI
units 135-175 g/L)
Reference range for females (conventional units) is 12.0-16.0 g/dL
(SI units 120-160 g/L)
Reference range for hemoglobin is age and sex dependent
24. Platelets
PLT (Platelets)
Reference range (SI units) is 150-450 X 109/L (conventional units
150,000-450,000/^L)
Cytoplasmic fragments of large megakaryocyte
2-3 mm in diameter with granules
Promotes clot formation
8-20 per oil immersion field
25. Conti...
MPV (mean platelet volume)
Average size of the platelets
Reference range is 6.8-10.2 fL
MPV is analogous to the MCV for erythrocytes
26. Clinical significance
Thrombocytopenia
Decreased number of platelets (is associated with bleeding)
causes include certain rare inherited disorders, leukemia,
autoimmune disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or lupus) and
medications
Thrombocythemia
Increased platelet count
less common
associated with clotting disorders such as cancers and infections
or other medical conditions
28. Types of WBCS
Granulocytes: have specific granules in their cytoplasm
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Non-granulocytes ; have no specific granules
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
29. Neutrophils (45-65% in cirulation)
Polymorphonuclear cells along with esinophils and basophils(
multi lobulated 2-5 lobules)
Small purple garnules
Most abundant of WBC
Highly motile and play role in acute phase of inflammation
especially bacterial infections
31. Esinophils
Large orange granules and usually bilobed
Stain red dye eosin
Esionphilia
Allergic reaction
Par acetic infection
Leukemia
Autoimmune disoredrs
Esinophenia
Nutritional deficiency
32. Basophils (<1% in circulation)
Large purple black granules
They take up basic dye with blue color like mast cell in apearance
Basophilia
Allergic reaction
CML
Hodgkin’s disease
Oral contraceptive use
Basophenia
Nutritional deficiency
33. Monocytes (3-10%)
Largest of all WBCs
Grey cytoplasm with vacuoles
Irregular nucleus, linear chromatin
Approach three time of RBC diameter
Play role in chronic inflammation, viral infections
Stored in spleen and very motile
What they do
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Cytokines production
34. Lymphocytes (25-45%)
Small , round or oval nucleus
Clumped chromatin
Blue cytoplasm
Three types
1. T-Cell(mature in thymus)
Helper cell; help other cell mature, activate and functions
through cytokines production
Cytotoxic; destroy cells infected with viruses
Memory; remember the antigens of the past infection
35. 2.B-cells(formed in bone marrow)
Plasma-produce large amount of antibodies
Memory-remember past infection
3.Natural killer cells(NK)
Similar role like cytotoxic T-cell, kill virus infected cells and tumour cells