This document provides an overview of the plumbing services for Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital. It includes information on the hospital's water supply sources, storage tanks, distribution systems, and sanitation facilities. Some key details: - The hospital sources water through daily water lorry deliveries, as there is no local groundwater. Treated water is distributed through a pressurized pumping system. - Overhead and underground tanks provide around 500,000 liters of total water storage capacity. Distribution pipes are sized based on water demand and pressure requirements. - Sanitation facilities include toilets, baths, sinks, and other fixtures meeting standards. Phase II was designed for universal accessibility.

1. Compiled by ,
AR.SELVENDIRAN
ER.SHRAVAN KUMAR
AR.VARSHINI
LITERATURE OVERVIEW
PLUMBING SERVICES
FIRE SAFETY
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
PROJECT MANAGEMENT

2. 2
LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
INTRODUCTION :
•Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital is one of the Tertiary Care Hospital committed to deliver
scientific modern medical care to the society with International standards at an affordable
cost.
•The Hospital is pioneered not only in advanced scientific management of diseases but
•The Hospital is pioneered not only in advanced scientific management of diseases but also
in equipping with modern technologically advanced Gadgets
INAGURATED:
PHASE I: 2005
PHASE II: 2013
SITE AREA: 2.5 Acres
BUILT UP AREA:
Phase I=basements+Ground+3 floors.(6310 Sqm) =
Phase II = Ground + 4 floors(28948Sqm)
WORKING TIME: 24 HOURS
NO.OF VISITORS: 400/ day
PROJECT TEAM:
Architect: Sarath C Kanth
Consultancy Services: Jehovah king Consultants Service
Consultants: Phase I= TTS
Consultants Phase II =SR Associates

3. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
2
• Source of water
• Water storage
• Water supply
• Drainage
• Sanitation
• Solid waste management
The origin of all sources of water is rainfall. Water
can be collected as it falls as rain before it reaches
the ground; or as surface water when it flows over
the ground or is pooled in lakes or ponds; or as
ground water when it percolates into the ground
and flows or collects as ground water; or from the
sea into which it finally flows.
Riser
Pipe
MAINS
CUT OFF
VALVES
BRANCHES SUB-MAINS
DISTRIBUTION
RESERVOIRS
Rise
r
pipe
MAIN
S
WATER SUPPLY/
DISTRIBUTION
1. Dead End
2. Grid Iron
3. Circular
4. Radial
DEAD END SYSTEM
RADIAL
SYSTEM
GRID IRON SYSTEM
CIRCULAR SYSTEM
SOURCE OF WATER

4. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
4
WATER TREATMENT
BEFORE STORAGE
The water may be stored either in overhead tanks (OHT) and/or
underground tanks (UGT).
– Materials used for the tank
– Man hole and access to the tank
– catch ring and ladder
for tanks higher than 900 mm deep
– Overflow pipe - overflow pipe size shall be
one size higher than the inlet pipe
– Vent pipe
For tanks larger than 5000 l capacity
– Scour pipe
– Connection of overflow and scour pipe
– Inlet and Outlet pipe -The outlet pipe shall
be fixed 50 mm to 75 mm above the
bottom of the tank
MATERIALS USED
Reservoirs and tanks for the reception and storage of water
shall be constructed of reinforced concrete brick masonry,
ferrocement precast, mild steel, stainless steel or plastic.
Tanks made of steel may be of welded, riveted or pressed
construction. The metal shall be galvanized coated externally
with a good quality anti-corrosive weather-resisting paint. Lead-
based paint shall not be used in the tank. Lead-lined tanks shall
not be used.
• hours of supply at sufficiently high pressure to
fill up the overhead storage tanks
• frequency of replenishment of overhead tanks,
during the 24 h;
• rate and regularity of supply
• consequences of exhausting storage
particularly in case of public buildings like
hospitals.
• the number and kind of fixtures installed
• the fixture unit flow rate
• the probable simultaneous use of these
fixtures.

5. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
5
WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENT AS PER BUILDING TYPE
Water Storage :
In case water is available in the city mains at
sufficient pressure and quantity
throughout the day to rise upto the highest
floor, no storage will be necessary at all and
all fixtures could be supplied directly But it is
usually not so. Storage of water within a
premises is thus necessary,
a) to tide over period of intermittent supply
b) to provide for interruption of the supply
from the main itself, caused by various
reasons like repairs in the system, failure of
power etc.
c) to meet the peak flow requirements
within a building if the city mains do not
meet it.
d) to maintain a storage for fire fighting
requirement of the building.
The storage capacity required for a building
depends on hours of public supply,
pressure in the mains, demand pattern in
the building and the fire fighting need.
Water
storage is usually done in underground tank
or tanks at the ground level or overhead
tanks.

6. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
6
•Water for the domestic purpose is proposed
to be outsourced since the ground water is
extremely blackish.
•As per standards for an Hospital Building if the
capacity exceeds than 100 beds then the water
requirement is 450 ltrs per bed
• KMH is 500 bedded capacity Hospital :
•Therefore @ 450 ltr per bed considering
500 Beds, the daily requirement of water will be
225000 ltr per day for beds alone.
•Approximately no of visitors = 400/day
So considering 15 liters per head= 400x15 ltr
Total = 6000 ltr
•Total consumption of water per day is 231000ltr.
•For hospital needs it is advisable to have
2 days storage which will be 462000 lit.
•And the requirement of water storage capacity
With an UG storage will be 5,00,000 Lit capacity
WATER SUPPLY AS PER STANDARDS:
•Arrangements shall be made to supply 10000
litres of portable water per day to meet all the
requirements (including laundry) except fire
fighting.
•Storage capacity for 2 days requirements should
be on the basis of the
above consumption.
•Round the clock water supply shall be made
available to all wards and departments of the
hospital.
•Separate reserve emergency overhead tank shall
be provided for operation theatre.
•Necessary water storage overhead tanks with
pumping/boosting
arrangement shall be made.
• The laying and distribution of the water supply
system shall be according to the provisions of IS
2065.
SOURCE: BIS

7. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
7
PHASE I

8. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
8
PHASE II

9. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
9
SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY
•There is no Ground Water source and Metro
Water source.
•Hence the Water supply is through Outsource
only. (through Lorry Service)
1 Load of water = 12,000 ltrs
15 loads/day= 3,00,000 ltr
3,00,000 ltr of water they use to buy on daily basis.
This is only for external use
•Again for Drinking Purpose they buy 20 ltr
mineral water cans of 100 nos.
•The raw water is treated before use. The treated
water shall be distributed to
•The raw water is treated before use. The treated
water shall be distributed to various points of use
by pressure, using hydro pneumatic pressurized
pumping system.
•The sewage generated will be taken to the STP
plant

10. OVERHEAD TANKS
DISTRIBUTION
LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
10
DIRECT PUMPING
SYSTEMS
HYDRO-PNEUMATIC
SYSTEMS
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Communication pipes
• Consumer pipes
• Joints
• Backflow prevention method and
device used.
• Barometric loop
• Air gap
• Atmosphere vacuum breaker
• Pressure vacuum breaker
• Double check valve
• Reduced pressure
backflow device.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND PIPE WORK:
The piping systems to distribute the water within the building through the
different fixtures must be designed to provide uniform flows and pressure in all
areas and floors within certain practical limitations.
The SIZES OF PIPES depend on:
a) maximum rate of discharge required;
b) length of pipes;
c) head loss due to friction in that length and
d) roughness of the interior surface of the pipe.
e) Available pressure
f) Piping material
g) Select design velocity
h) Elevation differences
i) Developed length to most remote fixture.

11. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
11

12. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
12
HOT WATER SUPPLY
• Heating system
– Electric storage heater
– Gas water heater
– Solar heating system
– Centralized hot water system
• Storage system (capacity, location)
• Pipeline locations
• Materials used for pipes and storage vessels
• Appliances
• Cold water inlet to heaters
Disinfection of inlet water
• Method and chemicals used for disinfection
Buildings such as hospitals, hotels, multiple dwellings and schools
require large quantities of water to be heated, stored and
distributed.
Heating is usually carried out by a separate boiler, a steam coil or
a heat exchange from a central heating or other system, and the
temperature is normally controlled to within fairly narrow limits,
60 °C being an average temperature setting in some countries.
Thermostatic devices should be installed to cut off the incoming
heat source should the water in the storage vessel become
excessively hot, and pressure relief valves should also be
provided.
Both these safety devices should be set in such a way that audible
or visible warning is given whenever they come into operation.
Heating and storage vessels should be clearly marked with their
safe working pressure limits, and gauges should be fitted to
enable a regular check to be made that those limits are being
observed.
Water heaters for the supply of hot water should always be
installed strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
instructions
PLUMBING LINES – MAINS & INLETS
HOT WATER SUPPLY – FROM TANK TO HEATER TO WATER INLET

13. 13
LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
The following principles shall apply for the mains:
a) Service mains shall be of adequate size to give the required rate of flow.
b) The mains shall be divided into sections by the provisions of sluice valves and other valves so that water
may be shut off for repairs.
c) To avoid dead ends, the mains shall be arranged in a grid formation or in a network.
d) Where dead ends are unavoidable, a hydrant shall be provided to act as a wash-out.
e) The wash-out valve shall not discharge directly into a drain or sewer, or into a manhole or chamber directly
connected to it; an effectively trapped chamber shall be interposed, into which the wash-out shall discharge.
f) Air valves shall be provided at all summits, and wash-out at low points between summits.
g) Mains need not be laid at unvarying gradients, but may follow the general contour of the ground. They shall,
however, fall continuously towards the wash-out and rise towards the air valves. The gradient shall be such that
there shall always be a positive pressure at every point under working conditions.
h) The cover for the mains shall be at least 900 mm under roadways and 750 mm in the case of footpaths. This
cover shall be measured from the top of the pipe to the surface of the ground.
i) The mains shall be located sufficiently away from other service lines like electric and telegraph cables to ensure
safety and where the mains cannot be located away from such lines, suitable protective measures shall be accorded
to the mains.
MAINS

14. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
14
SOURCE: NBC
Patient Conveniences (Sanitary requirements):
Toilet for an individual room (single or two bedded) in a ward unit shall be 3.5
square meter comprising a bath, a wash basin and WC.
Toilet common to serve two such rooms shall be 5.25 square meter to comprise a
bath, a WC in separate cubicle and a wash basin. For multiple beds of a ward unit,
requirement of fitments are given below:

15. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
15
ITEM NUMBERS REQUIRED
Water closets •1 for every 8beds or part thereof (male)
•1 for every 6 beds or part thereof (female)
Ablution taps •1 for each water closet plus
•1 water tap with drainage arrangement in the vicinity of water
closet
Urinals •1 for every 12 beds or part thereof (for male only)
Wash basins •1 for every 12 beds or part thereof
Baths •1bath with shower head for every 12 beds or part thereof
Bed pan washing
sinks
•1for each ward in dirty utility and sluice room
Cleaner’s sinks and
sinks/ slab for
cleaning
mackintosh
•1for each ward in dirty utility and sluice room
Kitchen sinks •1for each ward in ward dishwashers pantry
SOURCE: BIS

16. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
16
•The provided Toilet size is 2.8 sqm
•Phase I is not an universal free design
•But where as Phase II is an universal free design.
•Toilets have been provided for physically challenged people
PHASE II

17. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
17
TYPICAL FIRST FLOOR AND SECOND FLOOR PLAN

18. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
18
THIRD FLOOR PLAN

19. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
19
FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

20. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
20
TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

21. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
21
ZOOM IN WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE PIPELINE FOR ONE OF THE SHAFTS

22. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
22
MATERIALS FOR PIPES
Pipes may be of any of the following materials:
a) cast iron, vertically cast or centrifugally (spun) cast,
b) steel (internally lined or coated with bitumen or a bituminous
composition, and out-coated with cement concrete or mortar, where
necessary),
c) reinforced concrete,
d) prestressed concrete,
e) galvanized mild steel tubes,
f) copper,
g) brass,
h) wrought iron,
j) asbestos cement,
k) polyethylene,
l) unplasticized PVC,
m) chlorinated PVC, or
n) stainless steel.
The material chosen shall be resistant to corrosion,
both inside and outside or shall be suitably protected against corrosion.
Polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes shall not be installed near
hot water pipes or near any other heat sources. For temperature
limitations in the use of polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes to
convey water, reference may be made to good practice
MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED FOR
HOT WATER SUPPLY
In general tinned copper and other
metals such as monel metal etc are
suitable for most types of water. The
suitability of galvanized mild steel for
storage tanks depends upon the pH
value of the water and the extent of its
temporary hardness. For values of pH
7.2 or less, galvanized mild steel
should not be used. For values of pH
7.3 and above, it can be used
TYPES OF VALVES

23. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
23
DETAIL OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM & DRAINAGE SYSTEM
LEGEND:
A-Domestic water supply stack, C-Hot water supply, D–Hot water return stack, E-Flush water supply stack
1-110 mm diauPVCsoil stack
2-75 mm diauPVCwaste stack
3-75 mm diauPVCvent stack
4-110 mm dia u PVC soil pipe
6-75mm dia u PVC waste pipe
9-European water closet
12-Shower
13-Health faucet
19-Deep seal Multi way Floor Trap

24. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
24
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
System of rain water harvesting
Rain water pipes , roof gutters etc.
Harvesting in urban areas
In urban areas with the rainfall limited during the monsoon
period (usually from 15-90 days) roof top rain-water cannot
be stored and used as mentioned above and is best used for
recharging the ground water. For individual properties and
plots the roof top rainwater should be diverted to existing
open or abandoned tubewells. In a well planned building
complex the system should be laid out so that the runoff is
discharged in bore-wells as per designs specified by the
Central Ground Water Board of the Government of India.
For roof top rain water harvesting in hilly areas reference
may be made to good practice.
Care to be taken in rain-water harvesting
Water conservation technique discussed above shall be
constructed with due care taking following precautions:
a) No sewage or waste water should be admitted into the
system.
b) No waste water from areas likely to have oil, grease or
other pollutants should be connected to the system.
c) Each structure/well shall have an inlet chamber with a silt trap to prevent any silt from finding its way into the
sub-soil water.
d) The wells should be terminated at least 5 m above the natural static sub-soil water at its highest level so that
the incoming flow passes through the natural ground condition and prevents contamination hazards.
e) No recharge structure or a well shall be used for drawing water for any purpose.

25. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
25
STORM WATER DRAINAGE
Design of the system
Design factors Estimate of the quantity that reaches the storm water drain
depends on the following factors
a) Type of soil and its absorption capacity determined by its soil group.
b) Ground slope and the time in which the area is drained.
c) Intensity of the rainfall for a design period. d) Duration of the rain/storm.
The planning of the area should ensure that:
a) All areas become self draining by gravity with respect to the high flood
level of the area or the drainage channels passing which ever is higher.
b) As far as possible, natural drainage pattern with respect to the whole
area be maintained except when low lying areas need to be filled up for
grading purposes.
c) The drainage in the area shall be planned in accordance with the natural
slopes.
d) Levels of the main highway or road connecting to the property shall be
determined to ensure proper drainage
and protection of the site
• Time of concentration
• Nature of infiltration
• Discharge point and source

26. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
26
DRAINAGE AND SANITATION
Waste water disposal
• Determine the type of system used for
collection of waste water
– Two pipe system -
– One pipe system
• Single stack system.
• Types and number of sanitary appliances
– Soil appliances
– Waste appliances
• Materials used
• Types of fittings
• Ventilating pipes
• Gradient
• Traps
– Type
– Size
Waste appliances
• Wash basin
• Washthrough
• Sink
• Bathtub
• Drinking fountain
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Waste disposal systems-
•It combines collection, processing and disposal all in
one system:
•the shredded food waste moves from the collection
stations to the wet waste collection system using low
pressure suction
• once there the food waste is prepared for further
treatment and to allow easy removal by recycling
companies, by extracting its moisture.

27. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
27
Drainage and Sanitation:
•The design, construction and maintenance of drains for waste water, surface water, sub-soil water and
sewerage shall be in accordance with IS 1742.
•The selection, installation and maintenance of sanitary appliances shall be in accordance with IS 2064.
•The design and installation of soil, waste and ventilating pipes shall be as given in IS 5329.
Waste Disposal System:
•The guidelines provided by Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests shall
be followed.
SANITARY FITTINGS
All fittings required in house drainage for efficient collection and removal of sewage from the house to
the drain
• Bath tubs
• Flushing cistern
• Sink
• Urinal
• Water closet (WC)
• Wash basins etc.
•In this system of plumbing, the soil and the waste pipes are distinct and separate. pipes are distinct and
separate.
•The soil pipes are connected to the building sewer directly. Waste pipes are connected to the building
sewer through a trapped gully.
•The gully trap forms a barrier to the passage of foul air from the sewer into waste pipe.
TWO PIPE SYSTEM HAS BEEN USED:

28. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
28
TRAPS
Depressed or bent sanitary fitting which is always filled with water
Contains water seal- measured as the vertical distance between crown and dip (25-75mm)
Prevent the passage of foul air or gases but allows sewage to pass through
Effectiveness depends on depth of water seal
Requirements for traps
• Easily cleaned
• Easily fixed
• Free from inside projections
• Simple construction
• Smooth surfaces
Classification of traps:
• P- trap : Has the shape of “P”. The legs of the trap are at right angles
• Q- trap : The legs meet at an acute angle
• S- Trap: Has the shape of “S”. The legs of the trap are parallel
Gully trap:
• Forms the starting point of horizontal flow of sewage
• Situated near external face of wall
• Leads the sewage to inspection chambers, manholes or sewers.
Floor trap:
• Provided as points of exit of waste water in the house
• Placed in bathrooms, kitchens etc.
• Forms the starting point of waste water flow
• Also known as nahni trap
Intercepting trap:
• Provided in the last manhole
• Conveys sewage from house to the public sewer
• Also known as interceptor or disconnecting trap

29. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
29
Ventilating pipes should be so installed that water can not be retained in them. They
should be fixed vertically. Whenever possible, horizontal runs should be avoided.
Ventilating pipe shall be carried to such a height and in such a position as to afford by
means of the open end of such pipe or vent shaft, a safe outlet for foul air with the least
possible nuisance.
The ventilating pipe shall always be taken to a point 1500 mm above the level of the
eaves or flat roof or terrace parapet whichever is higher or the top of any window within
a horizontal distance of 3 m.
Size of ventilating pipe
a) The building drain ventilating pipe shall be of not less than 75 mm diameter when,
however, it is used as MSP or MWP. The upper portion, which does not carry
discharges, shall not be of lesser diameter than the remaining portion;
b) The diameter of the main ventilating pipe in any case should not be less than 50
mm;
c) A branch ventilating pipe on a waste pipe in both one-and two-pipe systems shall be
of not less than two-thirds the diameter of the branch waste ventilated pipe; subject
to a minimum of 25 mm; and
d) A branch ventilating pipe on a soil pipe in both Pipe systems shall be not less than 32
mm diameter.
VENTS

30. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
30
SIZING OF SEPTIC TANK
• Minimum Capacity for septic tank = 2720litres
• Calculation for sizing the total capacity of the septic tank
(C = 150P +2000 ) (Minimum Standards)
P denotes No. of Persons, C = Total Volume in litres
1000 litres = 1Cubic.metre
let’s design capacity of septic tank
for 30 persons
C= (150*30) + 2000 = 6500 litres
total volume should designed is
6500 litres
So take septic tank size of
3200 mm x 1400mm x 1500mm
= 6720000000 cu.mm
Which is equal to 6.72cu.m
Total volume arrived is 6720 litres.

31. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
31
MANHOLES
• Type of manhole
• Spacing of manholes
• Size of manholes
• Materials used
• Size of manhole
• Manhole cover
The size of manhole covers shall be such that there shall be a clear opening of at least
500 mm in diameter for manholes exceeding 0.90 m in depth. The frame of manhole
shall be firmly embedded to concrete alignment and level in plain concrete on the top
of masonry.

32. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
32
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
The Biological system is based on suspended
Growth biological system, popularly known as
Activated sludge process. The system has been
designed with aeration process with sludge
Recycle.
Waste disposal systems
• Chute system
• Box and can system
• Trench or pit system
• Chemical latrines
• Water borne sanitation system
– Sewange laying
– Septic tank
– Seepage pit
– Sewage treatment plant
Support and protection of pipes
• Joints
• Bedding
• Surrounding or encasing
• Connection to existing sewers
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
• SEPARATE SYSTEM
• PARTIALLY SEPARATED SYSTEM
• COMBINED SYSTEM
• SOLIDS-FREE SYSTEM
• OPEN CHANNELS AND DRAINS SYSTEM
• VACUUM SYSTEM
• PRESSURISED SYSTEM

33. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
33
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

34. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
34
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

35. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
35
Design Capacity-130kl/ Day
Average flow per hour -130/24 = 5.4m3
With 22 hrs working and 2hrs maintenance,
flows rate/hr = 130/22=5.9 m3
Thisbeingahospitalthereisnoabruptpeakflowsareencountered.
PATTERNOFCONSUMPTION:
•40%ofconsumptioninthemorning,
•40%between1pm–7pm
•20%atnight.
Raw Sewage Quality:
•The organic loading is mainly from toilets, living Rooms, Dining and floor washes.
The nature of sewage generated is similar to domestic sewage.
The BOD and suspended solids are moderate.
There is no abnormal characteristics observed, except for the high level of sanitary
cleaners and disinfectants are present.
A BOD load of 300mg/ltand 200 mg suspended solids considered for design of the
system..
130kl/ Day ,130/24
lows rate/hr = 130/22=5.9 m3
sludge @10kg/m3 concentration to sludge holding tank= 1.165m3 day

36. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
36
RAW SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS

37. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
37
MAINTENANCE
• Cleaning of Drainage System
– Cleaning method
– Safety measures followed
• Maintenance of
– Pipelines
– Gullies
– Traps
– Storage units etc.
Solid waste management
• Refuse Chute System
– Opening or feeding of the refuse chute chamber
– Refuse collection chamber
– Material of chute
– Size of trolley
– Dumb waiter
• Shutters used
• Sorting of garbage to remove toxic matters
• Treatment by vermi composting

38. LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
38
The following operations shall be carried out during periodical cleaning of a drainage system.
• The covers of inspection chambers and manholes shall be removed and the side benching
and channels scrubbed;
• The interceptive trap, if fitted, shall be adequately cleaned and flushed with clean water.
Care shall be taken to see that the stopper in the rodding arm is securely replaced;
• Any defects revealed as a result of inspection or test shall be made good;
• The covers or inspection chambers and gullies shall be replaced, bedding them in suitable
grease or other materials; and
• Painting of ladders/rings in deep manholes and external painting of manhole covers shall
be done with approved paints.
• allow no smoking or open flames and guard against parks.
• erect warning signs.
• use only safety gas-proof, electric lighting equipment.
• test the atmosphere for noxious gases and oxygen deficiencies (presence of hydrogen
sulphide is detected using lead acetate paper and that of oxygen by safety lamps).
• if the atmosphere is normal, workmen may enter with a safety belt attached and with two
men available at the top. For extended jobs, the gas tests shall be repeated at frequent
intervals, depending on circumstances.
• if oxygen deficiency or noxious gas is found, the structure shall be ventilated with pure air
by keeping open at least one manhole cover each on upstream and downstream side for
quick exit of toxic gases or by artificial means. The gas tests shall be repeated and the
atmosphere cleared before entering. Adequate ventilation shall be maintained during this
work and the tests repeated frequently.