Chapter-4.pptx

MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
NETWORK AND SUPPLY COMPONENTS
Chapter 4

Tourism and Hospitality Components
• The travel industry is a tourism and hospitality
network, which includes both the public and private
sectors.
• Gee, Choy, & Makens (1997) define the travel industry
as “the composite of organizations, both private and
public, that are involved in the development,
production, and marketing of products and services to
serve the needs of the travelers.”
• Businesses and corporations are regarded as
components of the travel industry classified as direct
providers, support services, and developmental
organizations.

1. The first category, direct providers, include businesses that are
associated with travel, such as airlines, hotels, restaurants, ground
transportation, travel agencies, and retail shops. These businesses
provide services, activities, and products that are consumed
and/or purchased directly by travelers. They represent the sectors
of the industry that are visible to the travelers.
2. The second category, support services, lend support to direct
providers. It includes specialized services such as tour organizers,
travel and trade publications, hotel management firms, and travel
research firms. It also includes basic supplies and services, such as
contract laundry and contract food services. Support services
provide goods and services for both the traveler and for
organizations that sell goods and services directly but not
exclusively to tourists.
3. The third category, tourism developmental organizations, is
different from the first two, since it includes planners, government
agencies, financial institutions, real estate developers, and
educational and vocational training institutions.

Tourism and Hospitality Supply
1. Natural resources – include elements in an area for the
use and enjoyment of visitors such as climate,
landforms, terrain, flora, fauna, bodies of water,
beaches, natural beauty, and water supply for drinking,
sanitation, and similar uses.
2. Infrastructure – consists of all underground and surface
developmental construction such as water supply
systems, sewage disposal systems, gas lines, electrical
and communications systems, drainage systems, and
other constructed facilities such as highways, airports,
railroads, roads, drives, parking lots, parks, night
lighting, marinas and dock facilities, bus and train
station facilities, and similar tourist service installations.

3. Superstructure – is the above ground facility services such as
airport buildings, passenger traffic terminals, hotels, motels,
resorts, restaurants, shopping centers, places of
entertainment, museums, stores, and similar structures.
4. Transportation and transportation equipment – include
items such as ships, airplanes, trains, buses, limousines,
taxis, automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway, and similar
passenger transportation facilities.
5. Hospitality resources – include the cultural wealth of an
area which makes possible the successful hosting of tourists.
Examples are the welcoming spirit of tourist business
employees, attitudes of the residents toward visitors,
courtesy, friendliness, sincere interest, willingness to serve
and to get better acquainted with visitors, and other
manifestations of warmth and friendliness. Also included are
the cultural resources of an area such as fine arts, literature,
history, music, dramatic art, dancing, and shopping.

DIRECT COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK
• Direct elements of the Tourism Industry are
those areas of the tourism industry which
come into direct contact with tourists Sales,
Accommodation, Transport, Activities,
Attractions, and Ancillary Services.

INDIRECT COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK
• Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry are
often called support sectors. Those parts of
the tourism industry which may not come into
direct contact with tourists, but without the
rest of the industry could not function. They
include infrastructure, Roads, Airports,
Communications, Public Toilets, Signs,
Manufacturing, Building Industry, Electricity,
Water supply and Sewerage and waste
disposal.

Hospitality Resources
• Hospitality resources refer to the general feeling of being
welcomed that the visitors receive while visiting a destination
area. It is the way that tourist services are delivered by service
providers, as well as the general feeling of warmth from the
local population.
• Tourists will have a more enjoyable vacation if they feel
welcomed by the host population and will certainly feel
awkward and unhappy if they feel rejected.
• Hospitality resources can be improved by training tourism and
hospitality personnel to be hospitable to encourage positive
feelings toward tourism and hospitality and tourists by the
general public.

Hospitality Resources
• Hospitality Resources is a total supply
company for hospitality products and
equipment for all food and beverage service
industry-hotels, resorts, restaurants, catering
industry and entertainment outlets.

5 best ways to improve efficiency in
your hospitality resources:
1. Cloud-based POS systems. Cloud-based point of
sale (POS) systems are becoming more and more
sophisticated, allowing hospitality businesses to
operate more efficiently – leaving you more time to
provide better customer service
2. Online booking
3. Boosting customer loyalty
4. Offer free wifi
5. Online accounting software

Different Types of Tourist Accommodations
• Sleeping accommodations range from hotels of international
standards and condominiums to campgrounds and the homes of
relatives and friends.
• A sufficient quantity of accommodations of the right quality should
be provided for the needs of the tourists.
• The type of accommodations provided is also partly determined by
what competitors are providing.
• Appropriate accommodations should be available for all segments
of the market.
• Expensive hotel accommodations may be demanded by those who
want the best and are willing and able to pay accordingly. On the
other hand, tourists who are unable or unwilling to pay for
expensive accommodations should have cheap facilities available.

Types of Accommodations
1. Hotels – provide accommodation, meals, and refreshments for those who may
reserve their accommodations in advance but need not do so. In broad terms,
they provide facilities that meet the needs of the modern travelers. They portray
an image of efficiency and service;
2. Condominium – is an apartment or individual dwelling unit owned by an
individual but the management and services, such as maintenance and security,
are handled by an independent company. The company often contracts to rent
the condominium when it is not being used by the owner. Each owner can sell
his or her unit independently of the other owners;
3. Motels or motor hotels – provide bedrooms, bath, and parking to motorists;
rooms are usually accessible from the parking lot. They are usually near the
highways;
4. Inns – are lodging establishments catering to transients which do not meet the
minimum requirement of an economy hotel;
5. Apartments – are hotels (Apartelles), buildings, or edifices containing several
independent and furnished or semi-furnished apartments that are regularly
leased to tourists and travelers for dwelling, on a more or less long-term basis
and offering basic services to its tenants similar to hotels;

6. Paradores – are old convents, monasteries, castles, or fortresses
converted into hotels by the government and operated by a
national tourism office. First- class paradores are found in Spain
and Ireland. They are generally priced reasonably with full-meal
plans. They appeal to tourists who would like to experience the
romances and ambiances of the past in a fifteenth-century
Augustinian monastery or a nineteenth-century mansion;
7. Pensions – are private or family-operated tourist accommodations
similar to boarding houses or guesthouses. They offer food and
lodging to tourists and are well-known for their informal family
atmosphere;
8. Bed-and-breakfast accommodations – provide a room, bath, and a
hearty breakfast to tourists and/or travelers. They are known as
B&Bs and are popular in Britain, Ireland, and the United States;

9. Hostels – provide minimal amenities such as a bunk
bed and a commonly shared toilet and bathroom. The
traveler provides his or her own bedding. They appeal
mostly to young travelers;
10. Campgrounds – appeal mostly to families who travel
in recreational vehicles (RVs);
11. Health spas – are hostels and resorts which cater to
individuals who go to spas or mineral springs for
weight reduction or medical treatment; and
12. Private homes – provide lodging to tourists when
accommodations are not available during peak
periods.

Hotel Classifications
• There are different ways of classifying hotels.
• One way is by location, such as city center, suburban, airport,
highway, and resorts.
• Another way is by type of guest, such as commercial, convention,
and resort.
• A more meaningful classification is one based on price such as
economy or budget, standard or midscale, first-class, or deluxe.
• A star rating system is often used to classify hotels in Europe and
other parts of the world outside the United States. Stars are
assigned according to the quality of restaurants, rooms, amenities,
and service.
• The highest is the five-star hotel and the lowest is the one-star
hotel.
• Other classifications are deluxe, first-class, standard, and economy.

Hotel Types by Star Rating
• One Star − A guest can expect a small hotel operated and managed
by the owner and family. The ambience as more personal and the
guest rooms with basic amenities. The restaurant would be at a
walking distance. There would be a small commercial area and a
nearby public transportation hub.
• Two-Star − These hotels are mostly part of a chain of hotels that
offer consistent quality but limited amenities. They are either small
or medium size hotels with a phone and TV. They lack the
convenience of room service, but provide a small on-site restaurant
at a walking distance within the hotel premises.
• Three-Star − These hotels are usually located near a major business
center, express way, and/or shopping area. The rooms are clean and
spacious rooms, and decorative lobbies. An on-site restaurant offers
all meals such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The facilities such as
valet and room service, fitness center, and a swimming pool are
also available.

• Four-Star − This hotel would be large, often standing as a
part of a cluster of similar hotels with a formal appearance
and very good services. The hotel would be located in the
prime area of the city around shopping, dining, and
entertainment joints. The guest can expect furnished and
clean rooms, restaurants, room service, valet parking, and a
fitness center within the hotel premises.
• Five-Star − This hotel would be large and luxurious, which
offers the highest degree of room and personal service. It is
built with beautiful architecture, and is managed keeping
elegance and style in mind. The guest rooms are equipped
with high quality linens, TV, bathtubs, and special outside
view from the room. The hotel provides multiple eating
joints in its premises such as coffee shops, restaurants,
poolside snack joint, and bar. They also provide 24X7 room
service, valet service, and personal protection service.

What gives a hotel a 7-star rating?
• Officially, there is no such thing as a 7-star rating. The
term 7-star was created by a journalist who attended
the opening of the Burj Al Arab in Dubai and felt the
standard five stars didn’t do its decadence justice.
• Even a 5-star rating can vary country to country as
there is no global standard for star ratings. But what we
can gather from hotels who market themselves as
having seven (and very few claim to have six) is that
they are a really, really luxury property with the
glitziest and flashiest extras you can imagine.
• Let’s take a look at what you can experience at the
world’s most outrageously opulent hotels, along with
just how much it will cost to get a room there.

Our list of the best seven-star hotels
around the world includes:
• Burj Al Arab (United Arab Emirates)
• Taj Falaknuma Palace (India)
• Emirates Palace Hotel (United Arab Emirates)
• Signiel Seoul (South Korea)
• Pangu Hotel (China)
• Seven Stars Galleria (Italy)
• Laucala Private Island (Fiji)

1. Hotel Burj Al Arab, Dubai

• Hotel Burj Al Arab is where the idea of a seven-star hotel
came to life. It’s hard to say what it was about the sail-
shaped Burj Al Arab that inspired the phrase but the all-
suite property’s fleet of Rolls-Royce Phantoms (available to
pick you up after your flight to Dubai lands) and 24-hour
butler service might have had something to do with it.
• The décor at Dubai’s most famous hotel is as upmarket as
its clientele, with more than 21,000 square feet of 24K-gold
leaf gracing the property. Helicopter transfers, gold-plated
iPads and caviar facials are standard here, as are multiple
attendants for every suite.
• Price: A one-bedroom suite at Burj Al Arab starts from
$2,500 AUD. The Royal Suite will set you back an average of
$8,900 USD ($11,000 AUD) per night – down from $24,000
USD when it first opened!
Address: Burj Al Arab, Jumeirah Road, Umm Suqeim 3,
Dubai, United Arab Emirates

2. Taj Falaknuma Palace, Hyderabad
• Labelled as the only 7-star hotel in India, the Taj Falaknuma Palace was
built in 1884 and was once owned by the Nizam (ruler) of Hyderabad, who
was the world’s richest man at the time.
• An architectural splendour, the palace was built in the shape of a scorpion
with two stings spread out as wings and includes a walnut-clad replica of
the library at Windsor Castle. Inside this phenomenal palace are a number
of priceless artworks, manuscripts and furnishings including Belgian Osler
Chandeliers and an extensive jade collection. Clumsy guests should head
somewhere else!
• Now managed by Taj Hotels, the Indian palace has been restored to its
19th-century glory. It also offers guests the option of an arrival in a classic
horse-drawn carriage and a welcome of scattered rose petals. Quite a
difference from backpacking and train travelling in India, don’t you think?
• Price: A Historical Suite with city view starts from 40,000 INR (approx.
$770 AUD) per night.
Address: Taj Falaknuma Palace, Engine Bowli, Fatima Nagar, Falaknuma,
Hyderabad, India

3. Emirates Palace Hotel, Abu Dhabi
• Anyhing Dubai does, Abu Dhabi has to go one better. The Emirates Palace
Hotel wins the award for being one of the world’s most expensive hotels.
• Costing a whopping three billion US dollars to build, the Emirates Palace is
mind-boggling. This hotel features 1.3km of private beach, 128 kitchens,
114 domes and marble imported from 13 different countries (we assume
the first 12 ran out!). The opulence extends from the grounds to the
ceilings with 12 outdoor fountains, more than 1000 Swarovski crystal
chandeliers and a gold vending machine – for when you’re caught short
without enough precious metal. Gold is not just worn at the Emirates
Palace but eaten too. Everything from camel burgers to the in-house
cappuccino get a dusting.
• Price: Calling themselves ‘the people’s palace’, rooms at Emirates Palace
start at $800 AUD a night. Go on, treat yourself!
Address: Emirates Palace Hotel, West Corniche Road, Abu Dhabi, United
Arab Emirates

4. Signiel, Seoul
• 4. Signiel, Seoul
• Signiel Seoul, in Lotte World Tower, has quickly
established itself as the most luxurious (and one of the
most expensive) hotel in South Korea.
• A stay at Signiel Seoul comes with helicopter transfers,
Michelin-starred chefs, the largest champagne bar in
Asia and a bill for thousands of dollars.
• Price: Suites at Signiel Seoul have dropped in recent
months, and will set you back around $500 AUD per
night.
Address: Signiel Seoul, Sincheon-dong, South Korea,
Seoul

5. Pangu 7 Star Hotel, Beijing
• Built by world-renowned Taiwanese architect CY Lee,
whose portfolio includes the 508-metre Taipei 101 Tower,
Pangu boasts 234 rooms that fuse Chinese classical
tradition with contemporary European glamour while
following the principles of feng shui.
• Standard rooms are a fairly pocket-friendly $320 AUD per
night, but for the ultimate luxury experience, you need to
book the Sky Courtyard, a two-storey private residence
with a rooftop garden, wading pool, electronically
retractable glass roof and artwork by Sir David Tang.
• Price: The price tag for the Sky Courtyard is a cool one
million CNY (approx $193,000 AUD) a night.
Address: Pangu 7 Star Hotel, 27 N 4th Ring Rd Middle,
Chaoyang Qu, Beijing Shi, China

6. Seven Stars Galleria, Milan
• The Seven Stars Galleria in Milan is the only official 7-star hotel on
this list. That’s because the owner hired a company to create a
European ranking so they could officially take the title.
• With only 20 rooms available, it’s the most exclusive hotel on this
list and you’ll be pretty lucky to get a room. If you can nab one, they
tailor everything including the bed, meals and ambient music to
each guest’s individual preference, making it the perfect way to get
over jetlag after your long flight to Milan.
• This hotel is ‘seventh heaven’ for shopaholics as the property’s
private lift drops you directly in Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Italy’s
oldest and grandest shopping arcade.
• Price: Room rates start at EUR 1000 ($1,500 AUD) per night.
Address: Seven Stars Galleria, Via Silvio Pellico, 8, 20121 Milano,
Italy

7. Laucala Private Island, Fiji
• The closest 7-star hotel experience for Australian travellers also happens
to be the world’s most expensive! Owned by Red Bull co-founder, Dietrich
Mateschitz, Laucala is where the likes of Oprah go on holiday away from
the prying eyes of the public.
• Laucala Private Island in Fiji is the largest private island in the Southern
Hemisphere, and its hefty price tag makes it one of the world’s most
exclusive holiday destinations too.
• The island has 25 private villas for rent, including the owner’s hilltop
residence, if you have $45,000 USD to spare! Activities you can partake in
on the island include a paddle in a clear-bottom kayak, a ride on the
resort’s submarine (yes, really) or a round of golf with a resident pro.
• Laucala Private Island is under renovation until 2021. Who knows what
new amenities they’ll emerge with?
• Price: 1 night in a 1 bed villa starts from $4,200 USD (approx. $5,300 AUD).
Address: Laucala Private Island, Fiji

Basic Standard Requirements for Restaurants
1. The facades and architectural features of the
building shall be appropriately designed. It shall be
provided with a proper entrance and exit. There
shall be an adequate and secured parking space
provided free to customers. A receptionist shall be
available to usher in the guests. A waiting lounge
with a telephone shall also be provided;
2. The dining room shall be adequate in size, with
sufficient and well-maintained furniture;

3. There shall be cuisine of good quality and presentation and served
with distinction. There shall be a menu book or card which shall
be presentable, clean, and easy to read with the menu items listed
in logical sequence. All tables shall have clean table cloth and
cloth napkins of good quality. No piece of crockery, cutlery, and
tableware in use shall be chipped, cracked, or glazed. The
silverware shall be kept polished and clean at all times; and
4. Adequate number of well-trained, experienced, efficient, and
courteous staff shall be employed. The bar shall be well-stocked at
all times. The kitchen, pantry, and cold storage shall be in good
operating condition at all times and shall be of good quality
fixtures and fitting and provided with running water. Tissue paper,
soap, paper towels, and/or hand drier shall be provided. All main
dining or function rooms shall be fully air-conditioned and/or well-
ventilated.

What are the 5 most popular types of
restaurants?
1. Fast food
• Fast food, or quick service restaurant (QSR)
establishments offer food served on-the-go, whether
from a drive-through window or counter. Customers
can also dine in, although it’s less common. These
types of restaurants are well-known chains or
franchises with a nationwide or even global presence.
The menus are made up of standardized fare — think
greasy double-patty burgers, crispy fries, and creamy
milkshakes in America, street tacos in Mexico, and hot
noodles in Japan — and typically feature lower price
points (Dollar Menu, anyone?) making them accessible
for a breadth of customers.

2. Fast casual
• Fast casual restaurants offer a more upscale and
diverse (though still limited) menu selection with
slightly higher price points than fast food
establishments. But similar to fast food, these
types of restaurants have a counter service model
where customers place their orders at the cashier
and bring them back to their own table. Think:
customized chopped salads, signature paninis,
superfood-filled smoothie bowls, or higher-quality
burgers and shakes, for instance. As a bonus, this
category has demonstrated consistent
growth over time.

3. Casual dining
• Casual dining encompasses a large segment of
the restaurant industry. These types of
restaurants cover everything from local
independent spots to big franchises, but defining
characteristics include table service and a sit-
down meal. There’s generally a theme, specific
decor, and ambiance that make the dining
experience stand out. Depending on the cuisine,
a customer dining at a casual establishment could
find nearly anything: a salad bar, spaghetti and
meatballs, pad thai, or even all-day breakfast
offerings like pancakes and waffles.

4. Contemporary casual
• Contemporary casual, a relatively new type of
restaurant, is a sit-down dining experience
marked by an emphasis on the atmosphere
and experience. These types of restaurants
often balance a relaxed eating environment
with modern culinary trends like sustainability,
farm-to-table, fusion cuisine, and craft
beverages.

5. Cafés
• A café is — at its simplest — a beverage-focused
establishment. Offerings usually include coffee, tea,
and a smaller menu of food or snacks. These types of
restaurants typically offer counter service and prices
are low to moderate. Every country has different
traditions for enjoying their caffeinated brews — in
America, for instance, coffee is often consumed on the
go in infamously large cups. But around the world,
many cultures sit and sip for hours. Australian café-
goers love a flat white (similar to a latte); Italians love
pure espresso; and the French might reach for a café
au lait or a cappuccino — and use it as a vessel for
dipping croissants.

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